1
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Doeven EH, Connell TU, Sinha N, Wenger OS, Francis PS. Electrochemiluminescence of a First-Row d 6 Transition Metal Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319047. [PMID: 38519420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We report the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of a 3d6 Cr(0) complex ([Cr(LMes)3]; λem=735 nm) with comparable photophysical properties to those of ECL-active complexes of 4d6 or 5d6 precious metal ions. The electrochemical potentials of [Cr(LMes)3] are more negative than those of [Ir(ppy)3] and render the [Cr(LMes)3]* excited state inaccessible through conventional co-reactant ECL with tri-n-propylamine or oxalate. ECL can be obtained, however, through the annihilation route in which potentials sufficient to oxidise and reduce the luminophore are alternately applied. When combined with [Ir(ppy)3] (λem=520 nm), the annihilation ECL of [Cr(LMes)3] was greatly enhanced whereas that of [Ir(ppy)3] was diminished. Under appropriate conditions, the relative intensities of the two spectrally distinct emissions can be controlled through the applied potentials. From this starting point for ECL with 3d6 metal complexes, we discuss some directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Timothy U Connell
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi Kamand, Mandi, 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
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2
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Zhu Z, Zeng C, Zhao Y, Ma J, Yao X, Huo S, Feng Y, Wang M, Lu X. Precise Modulation of Intramolecular Aggregation-induced Electrochemiluminescence by Tetraphenylethylene-based Supramolecular Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312692. [PMID: 37747050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The precisely modulated synthesis of programmable light-emitting materials remains a challenge. To address this challenge, we construct four tetraphenylethylene-based supramolecular architectures (SA, SB, SC, and SD), revealing that they exhibit higher electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensities and efficiencies than the tetraphenylethylene monomer and can be classified as highly efficient and precisely modulated intramolecular aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (PI-AIECL) systems. The best-performing system (SD) shows a high ECL cathodic efficiency exceeding that of the benchmark tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride in aqueous solution by nearly six-fold. The electrochemical characterization of these architectures in an organic solvent provides deeper mechanistic insights, revealing that SD features the lowest electrochemical band gap. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the band gap of the guest ligand in the SD structure is the smallest and most closely matched to that of the host scaffold. Finally, the SD system is used to realize ECL-based cysteine detection (detection limit=14.4 nM) in real samples. Thus, this study not only provides a precisely modulated supramolecular strategy allowing chromophores to be controllably regulated on a molecular scale, but also inspires the programmable synthesis of high-performance aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Huo
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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3
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Imai T, Sakamaki D, Aoyagi S, Amaya T. Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Multi-Redox Systems Based on Cyclic [3]Spirobifluorenylene Compound. Chemistry 2023:e202302670. [PMID: 37740416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic [3]spirobifluorenylene with bulky alkyl groups at the ends (1) was designed and synthesized to investigate the electron transfer phenomena in a π-conjugated system including orthogonal π-conjugated chains. The three bifluorenyl units in 1 are conjugated to each other via spiro-conjugation, resulting in the splitting of the HOMO levels to a small extent. Therefore, the SOMO-HOMO gap of the radical cation species is small, which is considered to allow the facile intramolecular electron transfer. The electronic properties of 1 and its partial structures were characterized by absorption and fluorescence measurements and electrochemical analysis. From the electrochemical oxidation, the interchain Coulombic repulsion was observed. In the TD-DFT calculations for the radical cation species of 1, the geometry-featured interchain electronic transitions were visualized by NTO calculations. The radical cation species of 1 generated by chemical oxidation with SbCl5 exhibited a broadened and lower-energy NIR absorption band exceeding 2000 nm. Considering the results of the TD-DFT calculations, the NIR band of the radical cation of 1 was attributed to the intramolecular electron transfer processes among the bifluorenyl units in the macrocycle. ESR experiments also indicated the delocalization of a spin of 1⋅+ in the whole molecule via hole hopping in the ESR time scale at room temperature. This work demonstrates the usefulness of spiro-conjugation as a bridging unit in molecular wires to facilitate smooth electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Imai
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8501, Japan
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4
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Rathore R, Abdelwahed SH. Design and Synthesis of Cofacially-Arrayed Polyfluorene Wires for Electron and Energy Transfer Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093717. [PMID: 37175127 PMCID: PMC10180040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of cofacially arrayed π-systems is of particular importance for the design of functional materials for efficient long-range intra-chain charge transfer through the bulk semiconducting materials in the layers of photovoltaic devices. The effect of π-stacking between a pair of aromatic rings has been mainly studied in the form of cyclophanes, where aromatic rings are forced into a sandwich-like geometry, which extensively deforms the aromatic rings from planarity. The synthetic difficulties associated with the preparation of cyclophane-like structures has prevented the synthesis of many examples of their multi-layered analogues. Moreover, the few available multi-layered cyclophanes are not readily amenable to the structural modification required for the construction of D-spacer-A triads needed to explore mechanisms of electron and energy transfer. In this review, we recount how a detailed experimental and computational analysis of 1,3-diarylalkanes led to the design of a new class of cofacially arrayed polyfluorenes that retain their π-stacked structure. Thus, efficient synthetic strategies have been established for the ready preparation of monodisperse polyfluorenes with up to six π-stacked fluorenes, which afford ready access to D-spacer-A triads by linking donor and acceptor groups to the polyfluorene spacers via single methylenes. Detailed 1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy of F2-F6 have confirmed the rigid cofacial stacking of multiple fluorenes in F2-F6, despite the presence of rotatable C-C bonds. These polyfluorenes (F2-F6) form stable cation radicals in which a single hole is delocalized amongst the stacked fluorenes, as judged by the presence of intense charge-resonance transition in their optical spectra. Interestingly, these studies also discern that delocalization of a single cationic charge could occur over multiple fluorene rings in F2-F6, while the exciton is likely localized only onto two fluorenes in F2-F6. Facile synthesis of the D-spacer-A triads allowed us to demonstrate that efficient triplet energy transfer can occur through π-stacked polyfluorenes; the mechanism of energy transfer crosses over from tunneling to hopping with increasing number of fluorenes in the polyfluorene spacer. We suggest that the development of rigidly held π-stacked polyfluorenes, described herein, with well-defined redox and optoelectronic properties provides an ideal scaffold for the study of electron and energy transfer in D-spacer-A triads, where the Fn spacers serve as models for cofacially stacked π-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Sameh H Abdelwahed
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
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5
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Huang H, Wu Y, Qian M, Yang X, Qi H. Iridium(III) solvent complex-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence and photoluminescence sensor array for the discrimination of bases in oligonucleotides. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108368. [PMID: 36634465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of rapid and sensitive method for the discrimination of bases in oligonucleotides is of great importance in clinical diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate the first case of single iridium(III) solvent complex-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and photoluminescence (PL) sensor array for the discrimination of bases in oligonucleotides. One iridium (III) solvent complex ([Ir(ppy)2(DMSO)Cl], ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, probe 1) was designed as both ECL and PL probe while five bases (guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine and uracil) were chosen as analytes. Two-element sensor array was built for the discrimination of five bases based on the fingerprint response of probe 1 to bases via coordination interactions. The combination of unique ECL and PL variations with principal component analysis was applied for the quantitative analysis of five bases in a linear range of 1.0 μM-10 μM and for the effective discrimination of individual base, the mixture of bases and oligonucleotides. Moreover, the sensor array was successfully applied to discriminate different mismatched ss-DNAs from HIV gene (a fully-matched ss-DNA), even at single-base difference. This work demonstrates that the sensor array using single iridium (III) solvent complex is a promising approach for the discrimination of bases with good sensitivity and simpleness in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Manping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China.
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China.
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6
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Wu K, Zheng Y, Chen R, Zhou Z, Liu S, Shen Y, Zhang Y. Advances in electrochemiluminescence luminophores based on small organic molecules for biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:115031. [PMID: 36571992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has several advantages, such as a near-zero background signal, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, simplicity, and is widely used for sensing, imaging, and single cell analysis. ECL luminophores are the key factors in the performance of various applications. Among various luminophores, small organic luminophores exhibit many intriguing features including good biocompatibility, facile modification, well-defined molecular structure, and sustainable raw materials, making small organic luminophores attractive for the use in the ECL field. Although many great achievements have been made in the synthesis of new small organic luminophores, solving various challenges, and expanding new applications, there are almost no comprehensive reviews on small organic ECL luminophores. In this review, we briefly introduce the advantages and emission mechanisms of small organic ECL luminophores, summarize the main types, molecular characteristics, and ECL properties of most existing small organic ECL luminophores, and present the important applications and design principles in sensors, imaging, single cell analysis, sterilization, and other fields. Finally, the challenges and outlook of organic ECL luminophores to be popularized in biosensing applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Songqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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7
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Luo Y, Zhao B, Zhang B, Lan Y, Chen L, Zhang Y, Bao Y, Niu L. A scaffold of thermally activated delayed fluorescent polymer dots towards aqueous electrochemiluminescence and biosensing applications. Analyst 2022; 147:2442-2451. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) polymer dots were prepared, which enables aqueous electrochemiluminescence of TADF polymer emitters and its biosensor application for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Luo
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bolin Zhao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yeying Lan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices c/o School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Wang X, Qian M, Jiang J, Gao Q, Zhang C, Qi H. Mechano-chromic and mechano-enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tetra[4-(4-cyanophenyl)phenyl]ethene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12847-12850. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04735g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechano-chromic and mechano-enhanced ECL of tetra[4-(4-cyanophenyl)phenyl]ethene (TCPPE) is observed. TCPPE can be used as a promising mechano-chromic and mechano-enhanced luminescent material in rewritable and optical-recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Manping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, P. R. China
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9
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Li YJ, Cui WR, Jiang QQ, Liang RP, Li XJ, Wu Q, Luo QX, Liu J, Qiu JD. Arousing Electrochemiluminescence Out of Non-Electroluminescent Monomers within Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47921-47931. [PMID: 34601862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with stable long-range ordered arrangements are promising materials for organic optoelectronics. However, their electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from non-ECL active monomers has not been realized. Here, we report a design strategy for ECL-emitting COF family. The donors and acceptors co-crystallized and stacked into the highly aligned array of olefin-linked COFs, so that electrons can be transported freely. By this means, a tunable ECL is activated from non-ECL molecules with the maximum efficiency of 32.1% in water with the dissolved oxygen as an inner coreactant, and no additional noxious co-reactant is needed any more. Quantum chemistry calculations further demonstrate that this design reduces the COFs' band gaps and the overlap of electrons and holes in the excited state for better photoelectric properties and stronger ECL signals. This work exploits a basis to envisage the broad application potential of ECL-COFs for various biosensors and light-emitting display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Li
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wei-Rong Cui
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xue-Jing Li
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Luo
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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10
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Zhang X, Wang P, Nie Y, Ma Q. Recent development of organic nanoemitter-based ECL sensing application. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Huang P, Zhang B, Hu Q, Zhao B, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Kong Y, Zeng Z, Bao Y, Wang W, Cheng Y, Niu L. Polymer Electrochemiluminescence Featuring Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:726-732. [PMID: 33624418 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) based on conjugated polymers or oligomers is persistently being pursued owing to its huge application scope ranging from ultra-sensitive bioanalysis to ultra-resolution imaging and spectroscopy. Because of the theoretical limit in radiative exciton generation yield (typically ∼25 %) of those polymers or oligomers, the corresponding ECL efficiency is still limited, which hampers its ECL performance and its related applications. Herein, we report ECL based on a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) polymer scaffold, which is characteristic of all-exciton harvesting in the ECL process, and thus potentially capable of achieving ∼100 % ECL efficiency. These desired properties of the TADF polymer ECL is attributed to a fast and efficient up-conversion process from non-radiative triplet to radiative singlet states under thermal activation, which is absent in conventional fluorescent polymers/oligomers, such as F8BT. In this study, various ECL modes, including annihilation or co-reactant mode using TPrA or S2 O8 2- as co-reactant, are confirmed for our model TADF polymer ECL system, which was different from fluorescent polymer ECL counterpart. Furthermore, solid-state ECL sensing on L-cysteine (an important marker of disease) is also evaluated by using the model TADF polymer. Ultralow detection limit in combination with high sensitivity and good specificity are achieved for this model system, indicative of a high potential of the TADF polymer scaffold for applications in the broad field of ECL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bolin Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yi Kong
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zihui Zeng
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Centre for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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12
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Kwon DK, Myoung JM. Wearable and Semitransparent Pressure-Sensitive Light-Emitting Sensor Based on Electrochemiluminescence. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8716-8723. [PMID: 32644780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors are being researched as a key technology for developing an electronic skin and a wearable display, which have recently been attracting much attention. However, to develop a next-generation wearable tactile sensor, it is necessary to implement an interactive display that responds immediately to external stimuli. Herein, a wearable and semitransparent pressure-sensitive light-emitting sensor (PLS) based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is successfully implemented with visual alarm functions to prevent damage to the human body from external stimuli. The PLS is fabricated with a very simple structure using the ECL gel as the light-emitting layer and a carbon nanotube embedded polydimethylsiloxane as the electrode. The ECL light-emitting layer using a redox reaction is advantageous for the fabrication of next-generation wearable devices due to the advantages of a simple structure and the use of electrodes without work function limitation. The PLS can display various external stimuli immediately and operate at a high luminance, making it safe to use as a wearable sensor. Therefore, the PLS using ECL can be a simple and meaningful solution for next-generation wearable tactile sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Kyun Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Myoung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Soedaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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13
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Wang Z, Wang N, Gao H, Quan Y, Ju H, Cheng Y. Amplified electrochemiluminescence signals promoted by the AIE-active moiety of D-A type polymer dots for biosensing. Analyst 2020; 145:233-239. [PMID: 31746824 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01992h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-component conjugated polymers of a strong donor-acceptor (D-A) type could be synthesized by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling polymerization reaction of 1,2-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (M-1) with 9-octyl-3,6-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (M-2) and 4,6-bis((E)-4-bromostyryl)-2,2-difluoro-5-phenyl-2H-1l3,3,2l4-dioxaborinine (M-3). Among them, P-1 and P-2 with high TPE ratios at 0.95 and 0.9 showed obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior; in contrast P-3 with a low TPE ratio at 0.8 showed an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) phenomenon. In particular, the three resulting polymer dots (P-1 to P-3 Pdots) exhibited a 200 mV lower electrochemiluminescence (ECL) potential due to their strong D-A electronic structure. Most importantly, the ECL signals of Pdots could be enhanced as high as 3 times by increasing their AIE-active TPE moiety ratios from 0.8 (P-3) to 0.95 (P-1) via the band gap emission process. Herein, P-1 Pdots with the strongest ECL signal were successfully used as ECL biosensors for the detection of catechol, epinephrine and dopamine with detection limits of 1, 7 and 3 nM, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for developing highly sensitive ECL biosensors by the smart structure design of the AIE-active Pdots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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14
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Ji SY, Zhao W, Gao H, Pan JB, Xu CH, Quan YW, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Highly Efficient Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence of Polyfluorene Derivative Nanoparticles Containing Tetraphenylethylene. iScience 2020; 23:100774. [PMID: 31887665 PMCID: PMC6941856 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) of polyfluorene derivative nanoparticles containing tetraphenylethylene (TPE) in aqueous media is reported in this work. The TPE unit limits the intramolecular free rotation of phenyl rings, as well as the π-π stacking interactions of molecules, which significantly enhances ECL signal of the polyfluorene nanoparticles. With co-reactants of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) and S2O82-, the copolymer nanoparticles show visualized ECL emissions at both positive and negative potentials. The ECL efficiency of copolymer nanoparticles in solid state is 163% compared with that of standard ECL species, Ru(bpy)32+. And at negative potential, the ECL intensity of copolymer nanoparticles is even stronger with 6.5 times compared with that at positive potential. The ECL generation mechanisms are analyzed detailed by annihilation and co-reactant route transient ECL test (millisecond scale). This work provides a reference for the organic structure design for AIECL and shows promising potential in luminescent device and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Gao
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Bin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cong-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yi-Wu Quan
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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15
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Connell TU, Fraser CL, Czyz ML, Smith ZM, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Adcock JL, Scully AD, Gómez DE, Barnett NW, Polyzos A, Francis PS. The Tandem Photoredox Catalysis Mechanism of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+ Enabling Access to Energy Demanding Organic Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17646-17658. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine L. Fraser
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Milena L. Czyz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zoe M. Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | | | - Daniel E. Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Neil W. Barnett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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16
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17
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Chaudhry S, Ryno SM, Zeller M, McMillin DR, Risko C, Mei J. Oxidation Pathways Involving a Sulfide-Endcapped Donor-Acceptor-Donor π-Conjugated Molecule and Antimony(V) Chloride. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:3866-3874. [PMID: 30950613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation pathways and products of a discrete, sulfide-endcapped donor-acceptor-donor (D/A/D) molecule, namely, propylenedioxythiophene-benzothiadiazole-propylenedioxythiophene, are investigated. The electrochemical and chemical oxidations proceed by two distinct routes. Specifically, electrochemical oxidation undergoes a sequential two-step, one-electron (1e-) oxidation route with a 117 mV difference between consecutive half-wave potentials. In contrast, chemical oxidation by antimony(V) chloride (SbCl5) causes the generation of four different oxidized species: (a) the 1e- oxidation state, (b) a decomposition product, (c) the 2e- oxidation state, and (d) a chloride adduct of the 2e- oxidation state. The decomposition product is generated by the reaction of the 1e- oxidation state with residual water, resulting in nucleophilic aromatic substitution at the sulfide group terminal positions. This reaction leads to the formation of a 2e- oxidized, oxygen atom (ketone) terminated decomposed molecule. The chloride adduct is determined to be produced by electrophilic chloronium ion (2e-) oxidation by the SbCl4+ complex, which is a product of SbCl5 ligand disproportionation. The formation of the 2e- oxidized chlorine adduct shows to be linearly dependent on the molarity of SbCl5 in dichloromethane, giving new insight into the concentration dependent reactivity of SbCl5 as a 2e- oxidant. The electronic, optical, and magnetic properties and geometric structures of the 1e- and 2e- oxidized hexachloroantimonate salts are fully characterized by a combination of electrochemistry, X-ray crystallography, UV-vis-NIR, electron paramagnetic resonance, NMR spectroscopies, and density functional theory calculations. The aim of this study is to provide a thorough understanding of the redox pathways of a D/A/D π-conjugated organic molecule for potential application in organic electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Chaudhry
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Sean M Ryno
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - David R McMillin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER) , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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18
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Ma L, Wu N, Liu Y, Ran X, Xiao D. Self-electrochemiluminescence of poly[9,9-bis(3‘-(N,N- dimethyl amino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene]-alt- 2,7-(9,9- dioctylfluorene)] and resonance energy transfer to aluminum tris(8-quinolinolate). Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhang R, Yang X, Qi H, Zhang C. Recent advances in electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensing methods for pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Anal 2018; 9:9-19. [PMID: 30740252 PMCID: PMC6355466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (electrochemiluminescence, ECL) generates species at electrode surfaces, which undergoes electron-transfer reactions and forms excited states to emit light. It has become a very powerful analytical technique and has been widely used in such as clinical testing, biowarfare agent detection, and pharmaceutical analysis. This review focuses on the current trends of molecular recognition-based biosensing methods for pharmaceutical analysis since 2010. It introduces a background of ECL and presents the recent ECL developments in ECL immunoassay (ECLIA), immunosensors, enzyme-based biosensors, aptamer-based biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-based sensors. At last, the future perspective for these analytical methods is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Medpace Bioanalytical Laboratories, 5365 Medpace Way, Cincinnati, OH 45227, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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20
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Liu B, Shi D, Yang Y, Liu D, Li M, Liu E, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yang M, Li J, Shi X, Wang W, Wei J. Triazacoronene Derivatives with Three peri
-Benzopyrano Extensions: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Donghui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Yihui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Dayong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Ernu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Xianying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Junfa Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; 710062 Xi'an Shaanxi Province P. R. China
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21
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Zhao Y, Xue D, Qi H, Zhang C. Twisted configuration pyrene derivative: exhibiting pure blue monomer photoluminescence and electrogenerated chemiluminescence emissions in non-aqueous media. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl benzoate-pyrene, a pyrene derivative with a twisted configuration, exhibited monomer photoluminescence and electrogenerated chemiluminescence emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
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22
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Talipov MR, Ivanov MV, Reid SA, Rathore R. Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Exciton Localization in Cofacially Arrayed Polyfluorenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2915-2920. [PMID: 27409718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of long-range energy transfer through polychromophoric assemblies is critically important in photovoltaics and biochemical systems. Using a set of cofacially arrayed polyfluorenes (Fn), we investigate the mechanism of (singlet) exciton delocalization in π-stacked polychromophoric assemblies. Calculations reveal that effective stabilization of an excimeric state requires an ideal sandwich-like arrangement; yet surprisingly, emission spectroscopy indicates that exciton delocalization is limited to only two fluorene units for all n. Herein, we show that delocalization is determined by the interplay between the energetic gain from delocalization, which quickly saturates beyond two units in larger Fn, and an energetic penalty associated with structural reorganization, which increases linearly with n. With these insights, we propose a hopping mechanism for exciton transfer, based upon the presence of multiple excimeric tautomers of similar energy in larger polyfluorenes (n ≥ 4) together with the anticipated low thermal barrier of their interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat R Talipov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Maxim V Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Scott A Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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23
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Kim S, Park G, Cho EJ, You Y. Coreactant Strategy for the Photoredox Catalytic Generation of Trifluoromethyl Radicals under Low-Energy Photoirradiation. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7072-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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24
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Furgal JC, Laine RM. Nucleophilic Attack of R-lithium at Tetrahedral Silicon in Alkoxysilanes. An Alternate Mechanism. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Laine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan
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25
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Kosaka T, Inoue Y, Mori T. Toroidal Interaction and Propeller Chirality of Hexaarylbenzenes. Dynamic Domino Inversion Revealed by Combined Experimental and Theoretical Circular Dichroism Studies. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:783-788. [PMID: 26882341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hexaarylbenzenes (HABs) have greatly attracted much attention due to their unique propeller-shaped structure and potential application in materials science, such as liquid crystals, molecular capsules/rotors, redox materials, nonlinear optical materials, as well as molecular wires. Less attention has however been paid to their propeller chirality. By introducing small point-chiral group(s) at the periphery of HABs, propeller chirality was effectively induced, provoking strong Cotton effects in the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. Temperature and solvent polarity manipulate the dynamics of propeller inversion in solution. As such, whizzing toroids become more substantial in polar solvents and at an elevated temperature, where radial aromatic rings (propeller blades) prefer orthogonal alignment against the central benzene ring (C6 core), maximizing toroidal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Kosaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Fusco S, Maglione C, Velardo A, Piccialli V, Liguori R, Peluso A, Rubino A, Centore R. N-Rich Fused Heterocyclic Systems: Synthesis, Structure, Optical and Electrochemical Characterization. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Qi H, Zhang C, Huang Z, Wang L, Wang W, Bard AJ. Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of 1,3,5-Tri(anthracen-10-yl)-benzene-Centered Starburst Oligofluorenes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1947-54. [PMID: 26794226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of three 1,3,5-tri(anthracen-10-yl)-benzene-centered starburst oligofluorenes (T1-T3) are reported in this paper. The compounds T1-T3 contain 1,3,5-tri(anthracen-10-yl)-benzene as a core with fluorene as an arm from monofluorene to trifluorene groups (n = 1-3), generating a rigid three-dimensional structure. The electrochemical behaviors of these compounds are likely to be tuned by the fluorene arms. In cyclic voltammograms, both the oxidation and reduction of T1 and T2 are characterized by three reversible one-electron transfers from the core while the oxidation and reduction of T3 are characterized by six reversible one-electron transfers from the core and the arms in acetonitrile:benzene (v:v = 1:1) solvent. The second oxidation and reduction waves of T1 show three reversible one-electron transfers from three fluorene arms, while the second and third oxidation and reduction waves of T2 and T3 exhibit three reversible one-electron transfers from the six fluorene arms. The multiple electron transfers in one molecule are confirmed by chronoamperometry at an ultramicroelectrode, simulations and DFT calculations. The T1-T3 compounds display strong absorption in UV-vis and blue fluorescence emission. Strong blue ECL emissions can be generated from T1, T2 and T3 under ion annihilation condition, which is assigned as S-route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglan Qi
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Weina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Allen J Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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28
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He B, Nie H, Luo W, Hu R, Qin A, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Synthesis, structure and optical properties of tetraphenylethene derivatives with through-space conjugation between benzene and various planar chromophores. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00204h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetraphenylethene derivatives with through-space conjugation and aggregation-enhanced emission properties are synthesized and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairong He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Han Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Wenwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Rongrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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29
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Capobianco A, Caruso T, D'Ursi AM, Fusco S, Masi A, Scrima M, Chatgilialoglu C, Peluso A. Delocalized hole domains in Guanine-rich DNA oligonucleotides. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5462-6. [PMID: 25839102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential pulse voltammetries of guanine-rich single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides containing up to six consecutive guanines are reported. The observed progressive lowering of the first voltammetric peak potential as the number of adjacent guanines increases unambiguously points toward the establishment of delocalized hole domains; the hole stabilization energy is ca. 0.1 eV per GG step, significantly lower than that observed for AA steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Annalisa Masi
- §Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- §Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.,∥National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
The great success of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for in vitro diagnosis (IVD) and its promising potential in light-emitting devices greatly promote recent ECL studies. More than 45% of ECL articles were published after 2010, and the first international meeting on ECL was held in Italy in 2014. This critical review discusses recent vibrant developments in ECL, and highlights novel ECL phenomena, such as wireless ECL devices, bipolar electrode-based ECL, light-emitting electrochemical swimmers, upconversion ECL, ECL resonance energy transfer, thermoresponsive ECL, ECL using shape-controlled nanocrystals, and ECL as an ion-selective electrode photonic reporter, a paper-based microchip, and a self-powered microfluidic ECL platform. We also comment on the latest progress in bioassays, light-emitting devices and, the computational approach for the ECL mechanism study. Finally, perspectives and key challenges in the near future are addressed (198 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of benzoxazole derivatives in nonaqueous media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Armendáriz-Vidales G, Hernández-Muñoz LS, González FJ, de Souza AA, de Abreu FC, Jardim GAM, da Silva EN, Goulart MOF, Frontana C. Nature of electrogenerated intermediates in nitro-substituted nor-β-lapachones: the structure of radical species during successive electron transfer in multiredox centers. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5201-8. [PMID: 24783985 DOI: 10.1021/jo500787q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and theoretical studies of the reduction reactions in nor-β-lapachone derivatives including a nitro redox center showed that reduction of the compounds involves the formation of several radical intermediates, including a biradical dianion resultant from the separate reduction of the quinone and nitro groups in the molecules. Theoretical descriptions of the corresponding Fukui functions f(αα)⁺ and f(ββ)⁺(r) and LUMO densities considering finite differences and frozen core approximations for describing the changes in electron and spin densities of the system allowed us to confirm these results. A description of the potential relationship with the obtained results and biological activity selectivity indexes suggests that both the formation of stable biradical dianion species and the stability of the semiquinone intermediates during further reduction are determining factors in the description of their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Armendáriz-Vidales
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica , S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, 76703 Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro Mexico
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33
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Moon HC, Lodge TP, Frisbie CD. Solution-processable electrochemiluminescent ion gels for flexible, low-voltage, emissive displays on plastic. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3705-12. [PMID: 24517258 DOI: 10.1021/ja5002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ion gels comprising ABA triblock copolymers and ionic liquids have received much attention as functional materials in numerous applications, especially as gate dielectrics in organic transistors. Here we have expanded the functionality of ion gels by demonstrating low-voltage, flexible electrochemiluminescent (ECL) devices using patterned ion gels containing redox-active luminophores. The ECL devices consisted only of a 30 μm thick emissive gel and two electrodes and were fabricated on indium tin oxide-coated substrates (e.g., polyester) simply by solution-casting the ECL gel and brush-painting a top Ag electrode. The triblock copolymer employed in the gel was polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene, where the solvophobic polystyrene end blocks associate into micellar cross-links in the versatile ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMI][TFSI]). An ECL gel containing ~6.25 wt % Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (relative to [EMI][TFSI]) as the luminophore turned on at an AC peak-to-peak voltage as low as 2.6 V (i.e., -1.3 to +1.3 V) and showed a relatively rapid response (sub-ms). The wavelength of maximum emission was 610 nm (red-orange). With the use of an iridium(III) complex, Ir(diFppy)2(bpy)PF6 [diFppy = 2-(2',4'-difluorophenyl)pyridine; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl], the emitting color was tuned to a maximum wavelength of 540 nm (green). Moreover, when a blended luminophore system containing a 60:40 mixture of Ru(bpy)3(2+) and Ir(diFppy)2(bpy)(+) was used in the emissive layer, the luminance of red-orange-colored light was enhanced by a factor of 2, which is explained by the generation of the additional excited state Ru(bpy)3(2+)* by a coreactant pathway with Ir(diFppy)2(bpy)(+)* in addition to the usual annihilation pathway. This is the first time that enhanced ECL has been achieved in ion gels (or ionic liquids) using a coreactant. Overall, the results indicate that ECL ion gels are attractive multifunctional materials for printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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34
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Venkataraman S, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Fluorene-functionalized aliphatic polycarbonates: design, synthesis and aqueous self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01207g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Plamper FA. Changing Polymer Solvation by Electrochemical Means: Basics and Applications. POROUS CARBONS – HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS – POLYMER SOLVATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Capobianco A, Caruso T, Celentano M, D'Ursi AM, Scrima M, Peluso A. Stacking interactions between adenines in oxidized oligonucleotides. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8947-53. [PMID: 23837863 DOI: 10.1021/jp404133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of stacking interactions on the oxidation potentials of single strand oligonucleotides containing up to four consecutive adenines, alternated with thymines and cytosines in different sequences and ratios, have been determined by means of differential pulse voltammetry. Voltammetric measurements point toward the establishment in solution of structured oligonucleotide conformations, in which the nucleobases are well stacked altogether. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that finding, indicating that single strands assume geometrical parameters characteristic of the B-DNA form. The analysis of the voltammetric signals in terms of a simple effective tight binding quantum model leads one to infer a robust set of parameters for treating hole transfer in one-electron-oxidized DNA containing adenines and thymines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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37
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Qi H, Zhang L, Yang L, Yu P, Mao L. Anion-Exchange-Based Amperometric Assay for Heparin Using Polyimidazolium as Synthetic Receptor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3439-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
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38
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Poriel C, Rault-Berthelot J, Thirion D. Modulation of the Electronic Properties of 3π-2spiro Compounds Derived from Bridged Oligophenylenes: A Structure–Property Relationship. J Org Chem 2013; 78:886-98. [PMID: 23249095 DOI: 10.1021/jo302183f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Poriel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Equipe Matière
Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs, Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS UMR 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat
10C, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex,
France
| | - Joëlle Rault-Berthelot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Equipe Matière
Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs, Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS UMR 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat
10C, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex,
France
| | - Damien Thirion
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Equipe Matière
Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs, Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS UMR 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat
10C, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex,
France
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