1
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Vo TP, Rintala J, Dai L, Oh WD, He C. The role of ubiquitous metal ions in degradation of microplastics in hot-compressed water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120672. [PMID: 37783176 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal processing (HTP) is an efficient thermochemical technology to achieve sound treatment and resource recovery of sewage sludge (SS) in hot-compressed subcritical water. However, microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals can be problematic impurities for high-quality nutrients recovery from SS. This study initiated hydrothermal degradation of representative MPs (i.e., polyethylene (PE), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP)) under varied temperatures (180-300 °C) to understand the effect of four ubiquitous metal ions (i.e., Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+, Zn2+) on MPs degradation. It was found that weight loss of all MPs in metallic reaction media was almost four times of that in water media, indicating the catalytic role of metal ions in HTP. Especially, PA degradation at 300 °C was promoted by Fe3+ and Al3+ with remarkable weight loss higher than 95% and 92%, respectively, which was ca. 160 °C lower than that in pyrolysis. Nevertheless, PE and PP were more recalcitrant polymers to be degraded under identical condition. Although higher temperature thermal hydrolysis reaction induced severe chain scission of polymers to reinforce degradation of MPs, Fe3+ and Al3+ ions demonstrated the most remarkable catalytic depolymerization of MPs via enhanced free radical dissociation rather than hydrolysis. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py GC-MS) was further complementarily applied with GC-MS to reveal HTP of MPs to secondary MPs and nanoplastics. This fundamental study highlights the crucial role of ubiquitous metal ions in MPs degradation in hot-compressed water. HTP could be an energy-efficient technology for effective treatment of MPs in SS with abundant Fe3+ and Al3+, which will benefit sustainable recovery of cleaner nutrients in hydrochar and value-added chemicals or monomers from MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Phat Vo
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Rintala
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leilei Dai
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Wen-Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chao He
- Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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2
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Ma S, Wang S, Cao J, Liu F. Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Activation Free Energy in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based C-H Activation Reactions: From Empirical Model to Artificial Neural Networks. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34858-34867. [PMID: 36211072 PMCID: PMC9535641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A well-performing machine learning (ML) model is obtained by using proper descriptors and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, which can quickly and accurately predict activation free energy in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based sp3 C-H activation. Density functional theory calculations (UωB97X-D) are used to establish the reaction system data sets of methoxyl (CH3O·), trifluoroethoxyl (CF3CH2O·), tert-butoxyl (tBuO·), and cumyloxyl (CumO·) radicals. The simplified Roberts' equation proposed in our recent study works here [R 2 = 0.84, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.85 kcal/mol]. Its performance is comparable with univariate Mulliken-type electronegativity (χ) with the ANN model. The ANN model with bond dissociation free energy, χ, α-unsaturation, and Nolan buried volume (%V buried) successively improves R 2 and MAE to 0.93 and 0.54 kcal/mol, respectively. It reproduces the test sets of trichloroethoxyl (CCl3CH2O·) with R 2 = 0.87 and MAE = 0.89 kcal/mol and accurately predicts the relative experimental barrier of the HAT reactions with CumO· and the site selectivity of CH3O·.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shipeng Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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3
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Yu H, Zhan T, Zhou Y, Chen L, Liu X, Feng X. Visible-Light-Activated Asymmetric Addition of Hydrocarbons to Pyridine-Based Ketones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tangyu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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4
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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5
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Zervas E, Matsouki N, Kyriakopoulos G, Poulopoulos S, Ioannides T, Katsaounou P. Transfer of metals in the liquids of electronic cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:240-248. [PMID: 32538207 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1776801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: E-cigarettes are electronic devices containing a liquid that usually consists of a mixture of glycerol, propylene glycol and nicotine, with or without flavorings, in various concentrations. A vapor or aerosol is produced, and inhaled from the user, when this liquid is heated by a heating coil. This work examines the impact of three parameters (e-liquid composition, nicotine content and air flow) on the transfer of metals' from the heating coils to the e-liquids.Materials and methods: A distillation unit was used, where 20ml of an e-liquid were boiled with two commercial heating elements. Four e-liquids: 100% Propylene Glycol, 100% Glycerol, 50/50% Propylene Glycol/Glycerol, 33.3/33.3/33.3% Propylene Glycol/Glycerol/Water, three nicotine contents: 0, 0.4 and 0.8% per volume and three air flows: 0, 0.5 and 1.0 L/min, were used. The liquids were analyzed by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry to determine the final content of metals.Results and discussion: Five metals, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were found to be transferred from the heating coils to the e-liquids. The transfer of those metals increases with air flow and nicotine concentration, while e-liquid composition also has a significant impact. Glycerol enhances the transfer of metals compared to propylene glycol and their mixtures. The boiling temperature of the e-liquids increases significantly the transfer of metals in the e-liquids.Conclusions: There is a transfer of metals from the heating coils to the e-liquids. This transfer depends on the e-liquid composition and on the boiling temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Zervas
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Niki Matsouki
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Grigorios Kyriakopoulos
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Poulopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Theophilos Ioannides
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patra, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Katsaounou
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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6
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An Q, Wang Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhang K, Pan H, Liu W, Zuo Z. Cerium-Catalyzed C-H Functionalizations of Alkanes Utilizing Alcohols as Hydrogen Atom Transfer Agents. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6216-6226. [PMID: 32181657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern photoredox catalysis has traditionally relied upon metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation of metal polypyridyl complexes for the utilization of light energy for the activation of organic substrates. Here, we demonstrate the catalytic application of ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) excitation of cerium alkoxide complexes for the facile activation of alkanes utilizing abundant and inexpensive cerium trichloride as the catalyst. As demonstrated by cerium-catalyzed C-H amination and the alkylation of hydrocarbons, this reaction manifold has enabled the facile use of abundant alcohols as practical and selective hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents via the direct access of energetically challenging alkoxy radicals. Furthermore, the LMCT excitation event has been investigated through a series of spectroscopic experiments, revealing a rapid bond homolysis process and an effective production of alkoxy radicals, collectively ruling out the LMCT/homolysis event as the rate-determining step of this C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 100049, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 100049, China
| | - Yuegang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 100049, China
| | - Kaining Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 100049, China
| | - Hui Pan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 100049, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,STU & SIOM Joint Laboratory for Superintense Lasers and the Applications, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Martin T, Salamone M, Bietti M. Hydrogen atom transfer from 1,2- and 1,3-diols to the cumyloxyl radical. The role of structural effects on metal-ion induced C-H bond deactivation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5227-5230. [PMID: 30990487 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Strong C-H bond deactivation toward HAT has been observed in the reactions of the cumyloxyl radical with 1,2- and 1,3-diols, following addition of Li+ and Ca2+. Weaker effects have been observed with Mg2+. The role of the substrate structure and of the metal ion in the formation of Lewis acid-base complexes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teo Martin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Bietti M. Anwendung von Mediumeffekten in Aktivierungs‐ und Deaktivierungsstrategien zur selektiven Funktionalisierung aliphatischer C‐H‐Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità “Tor Vergata” Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome Italien
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9
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Bietti M. Activation and Deactivation Strategies Promoted by Medium Effects for Selective Aliphatic C-H Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16618-16637. [PMID: 29873935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds represents an important goal of modern synthetic chemistry. Differentiating between such bonds in organic molecules with high levels of selectivity remains a crucial issue, and a profound understanding of even the subtlest reactivity trends is needed. Among the methods that have been developed, those based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) have attracted considerable interest. Within this framework, medium effects have proved effective in altering the reactivity and site selectivity in synthetically useful C-H functionalization procedures. In this Review, the mechanistic features behind the available strategies are discussed. It is shown that hydrogen bonding and acid-base interactions can promote C-H bond activation or deactivation toward HAT reagents, thereby providing fine-control over the site selectivity and product chemoselectivity as well as useful guidelines for future development and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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10
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Abdel Latif MK, Spencer JN, Paradzinsky M, Tanko JM. Does Metal Ion Complexation Make Radical Clocks Run Fast? An Experimental Perspective. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9682-9686. [PMID: 29016138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rate constant for the β-scission of the cumyloxyl radical (kβ) was measured in the presence of various added electrolytes in acetonitrile and DMSO solvent. The results show that in CH3CN, kβ increases in the presence of added electrolyte, roughly paralleling the size of the cation: Li+ > Mg2+ ≈ Na+ > nBu4N+ > no added electrolyte. As suggested by Bietti et al. earlier, this effect is attributable to stabilizing ion-dipole interactions in the transition state of the developing carbonyl group, a conclusion further amplified by MO calculations (gas phase) reported herein. Compared to the gas phase predictions, however, this effect is seriously attenuated in solution because complexation of the cation to the electrophilic alkoxyl radical (relative to the solvent, CH3CN) is very weak. Because the interaction of Li+ and Na+ is much stronger with DMSO than with CH3CN, addition of these ions has no effect on the rate of β-scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa K Abdel Latif
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jared N Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mark Paradzinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - James M Tanko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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11
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Bietti M, Lanzalunga O, Lapi A, Martin T, Mazzonna M, Polin M, Salamone M. Aerobic Oxidation of 4-Alkyl-N,N-dimethylbenzylamines Catalyzed by N-Hydroxyphthalimide: Protonation-Driven Control over Regioselectivity. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5761-5768. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di
Metodologie Chimiche (IMC−CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione,
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro,
5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- CIRCC Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Catalysis and Reactivity, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di
Metodologie Chimiche (IMC−CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione,
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro,
5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- CIRCC Interuniversity Consortium of Chemical Catalysis and Reactivity, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Teo Martin
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di
Metodologie Chimiche (IMC−CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione,
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro,
5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzonna
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di
Metodologie Chimiche (IMC−CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione,
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro,
5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Polin
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di
Metodologie Chimiche (IMC−CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione,
c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro,
5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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12
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Hydrogen atom transfer from tertiary alkanamides to the cumyloxyl radical. The role of substrate structure on alkali and alkaline earth metal ion induced C–H bond deactivation. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Bietti M, Forcina V, Lanzalunga O, Lapi A, Martin T, Mazzonna M, Salamone M. Kinetic Study of the Reaction of the Phthalimide-N-oxyl Radical with Amides: Structural and Medium Effects on the Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactivity and Selectivity. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11924-11931. [PMID: 27934460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic study of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions from a series of secondary N-(4-X-benzyl)acetamides and tertiary amides to the phthalimide-N-oxyl radical (PINO) has been carried out. The results indicate that HAT is strongly influenced by structural and medium effects; in particular, the addition of Brønsted and Lewis acids determines a significant deactivation of C-H bonds α to the amide nitrogen of these substrates. Thus, by changing the reaction medium, it is possible to carefully control the regioselectivity of the aerobic oxidation of amides catalyzed by N-hydroxyphthalimide, widening the synthetic versatility of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata″ , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Forcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Teo Martin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzonna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata″ , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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14
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Salamone M, Carboni G, Bietti M. Fine Control over Site and Substrate Selectivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based Functionalization of Aliphatic C-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9269-9278. [PMID: 27618473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds over intrinsically more reactive ones represents an ongoing challenge of synthetic chemistry. Here we show that in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the aliphatic C-H bonds of alkane, ether, alcohol, amide, and amine substrates to the cumyloxyl radical (CumO•) fine control over site and substrate selectivity is achieved by means of acid-base interactions. Protonation of the amines and metal ion binding to amines and amides strongly deactivates the C-H bonds of these substrates toward HAT to CumO•, providing a powerful method for selective functionalization of unactivated or intrinsically less reactive C-H bonds. With 5-amino-1-pentanol, site-selectivity has been drastically changed through protonation of the strongly activating NH2 group, with HAT that shifts to the C-H bonds that are adjacent to the OH group. In the intermolecular selectivity studies, trifluoroacetic acid, Mg(ClO4)2, and LiClO4 have been employed in a orthogonal fashion for selective functionalization of alkane, ether, alcohol, and amide (or amine) substrates in the presence of an amine (or amide) one. Ca(ClO4)2, that promotes deactivation of amines and amides by Ca2+ binding, offers, moreover, the opportunity to selectively functionalize the C-H bonds of alkane, ether, and alcohol substrates in the presence of both amines and amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Carboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata" , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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15
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Salamone M, Bietti M. Tuning reactivity and selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer from aliphatic C-H bonds to alkoxyl radicals: role of structural and medium effects. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2895-903. [PMID: 26545103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a fundamental reaction that takes part in a wide variety of chemical and biological processes, with relevant examples that include the action of antioxidants, damage to biomolecules and polymers, and enzymatic and biomimetic reactions. Moreover, great attention is currently devoted to the selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds, where HAT based procedures have been shown to play an important role. In this Account, we describe the results of our recent studies on the role of structural and medium effects on HAT from aliphatic C-H bonds to the cumyloxyl radical (CumO(•)). Quantitative information on the reactivity and selectivity patterns observed in these reactions has been obtained by time-resolved kinetic studies, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that govern HAT from carbon and leading to the definition of useful guidelines for the activation or deactivation of aliphatic C-H bonds toward HAT. In keeping with the electrophilic character of alkoxyl radicals, polar effects can play an important role in the reactions of CumO(•). Electron-rich C-H bonds are activated whereas those that are α to electron withdrawing groups are deactivated toward HAT, with these effects being able to override the thermodynamic preference for HAT from the weakest C-H bond. Stereoelectronic effects can also influence the reactivity of the C-H bonds of ethers, amines, and amides. HAT is most rapid when these bonds can be eclipsed with a lone pair on an adjacent heteroatom or with the π-system of an amide functionality, thus allowing for optimal orbital overlap. In HAT from cyclohexane derivatives, tertiary axial C-H bond deactivation and tertiary equatorial C-H bond activation have been observed. These effects have been explained on the basis of an increase in torsional strain or a release in 1,3-diaxial strain in the HAT transition states, with kH(eq)/kH(ax) ratios that have been shown to exceed one order of magnitude. Medium effects on HAT from aliphatic C-H bonds to CumO(•) have been also investigated. With basic substrates, from large to very large decreases in kH have been measured with increasing solvent hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ability or after addition of protic acids or alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, with kinetic effects that exceed 2 orders of magnitude in the reactions of tertiary alkylamines and alkanamides. Solvent hydrogen bonding, protonation, and metal ion binding increase the electron deficiency and the strength of the C-H bonds of these substrates deactivating these bonds toward HAT, with the extent of this deactivation being modulated by varying the nature of the substrate, solvent, protic acid, and metal ion. These results indicate that through these interactions careful control over the HAT reactivity of basic substrates toward CumO(•) and other electrophilic radicals can be achieved, suggesting moreover that these effects can be exploited in an orthogonal fashion for selective C-H bond functionalization of substrates bearing different basic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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16
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Salamone M, Carboni G, Mangiacapra L, Bietti M. Binding to Redox-Inactive Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Strongly Deactivates the C–H Bonds of Tertiary Amides toward Hydrogen Atom Transfer to Reactive Oxygen Centered Radicals. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9214-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Carboni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Mangiacapra
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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17
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Salamone M, Ortega VB, Bietti M. Enhanced Reactivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Tertiary Sites of Cyclohexanes and Decalins via Strain Release: Equatorial C-H Activation vs Axial C-H Deactivation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4710-5. [PMID: 25848679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Absolute rate constants for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from cycloalkanes and decalins to the cumyloxyl radical (CumO(•)) were measured by laser flash photolysis. Very similar reactivities were observed for the C-H bonds of cyclopentane and cyclohexane, while the tertiary C-H bond of methylcyclopentane was found to be 6 times more reactive than the tertiary axial C-H bond of methylcyclohexane, pointing toward a certain extent of tertiary axial C-H bond deactivation. Comparison between the cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane and decalin provides a quantitative evaluation of the role played by strain release in these reactions. kH values for HAT from tertiary equatorial C-H bonds were found to be at least 1 order of magnitude higher than those for HAT from the corresponding tertiary axial C-H bonds (kH(eq)/kH(ax) = 10-14). The higher reactivity of tertiary equatorial C-H bonds was explained in terms of 1,3-diaxial strain release in the HAT transition state. Increase in torsional strain in the HAT transition state accounts instead for tertiary axial C-H bond deactivation. The results are compared with those obtained for the corresponding C-H functionalization reactions by dioxiranes and nonheme metal-oxo species indicating that CumO(•) can represent a convenient model for the reactivity patterns of these oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vanesa B Ortega
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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18
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Jiang J, Hou C, Zhang S, Luan Z, Zhao C, Ke Z. The Effect of HSAB on Stereoselectivity: Copper- and Gold-Catalyzed 1,3-Phosphatyloxy and 1,3-Halogen Migration Relay to 1,3-Dienes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1661-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxing Jiang
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic
and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Hou
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic
and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shidong Zhang
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic
and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zihong Luan
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic
and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Cunyuan Zhao
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic
and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Bioinorganic
and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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19
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Salamone M, Milan M, DiLabio GA, Bietti M. Absolute Rate Constants for Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Tertiary Amides to the Cumyloxyl Radical: Evaluating the Role of Stereoelectronic Effects. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7179-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5013459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Milan
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gino A. DiLabio
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, 11421
Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1 V 1 V7
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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20
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Salamone M, Amorati R, Menichetti S, Viglianisi C, Bietti M. Structural and Medium Effects on the Reactions of the Cumyloxyl Radical with Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonded Phenols. The Interplay Between Hydrogen-Bonding and Acid-Base Interactions on the Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactivity and Selectivity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6196-205. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5009367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G.
Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via San Giacomo,
11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Menichetti
- Dipartimento di
Chimica “U. Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia, 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Caterina Viglianisi
- Dipartimento di
Chimica “U. Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia, 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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21
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Milan M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Hydrogen Atom Transfer from 1,n-Alkanediamines to the Cumyloxyl Radical. Modulating C–H Deactivation Through Acid–Base Interactions and Solvent Effects. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5710-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5008493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Milan
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata″, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata″, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata″, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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22
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Franchi P, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. SOMO–HOMO Conversion in Distonic Radical Anions: An Experimental Test in Solution by EPR Radical Equilibration Technique. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1250-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Franchi
- Department
of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department
of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department
of Chemistry “G.
Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Nakanishi I, Kawashima T, Ohkubo K, Waki T, Uto Y, Kamada T, Ozawa T, Matsumoto KI, Fukuzumi S. Disproportionation of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical as a model of reactive oxygen species catalysed by Lewis and/or Brønsted acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:814-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Nova A, Balcells D. Does the metal protect the ancillary ligands? C–H strengthening and deactivation in amines and phosphines upon metal-binding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:614-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Salamone M, Milan M, DiLabio GA, Bietti M. Reactions of the Cumyloxyl and Benzyloxyl Radicals with Tertiary Amides. Hydrogen Abstraction Selectivity and the Role of Specific Substrate-Radical Hydrogen Bonding. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5909-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400535u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Milan
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gino A. DiLabio
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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26
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Salamone M, Giammarioli I, Bietti M. Tuning hydrogen atom abstraction from the aliphatic C–H bonds of basic substrates by protonation. Control over selectivity by C–H deactivation. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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