1
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Shimizu D, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Matsuda K. Optically Distinguishable Electronic Spin-isomers of a Stable Organic Diradical. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:890-898. [PMID: 38680568 PMCID: PMC11046471 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a model of electronic spin isomers, the electronic counterpart of nuclear spin isomers, by using a stable organic diradical. The diradical, composed of two benzotriazinyl radicals connected by a rigid triptycene skeleton, exhibits a small singlet-triplet energy gap of -3.0 kJ/mol, indicating ca. 1:1 coexistence of the two spin states at room temperature. The diradical shows characteristic near-IR absorption bands, which are absent in the corresponding monoradical subunit. Variable temperature measurements revealed that the absorbance of the NIR band depends on the abundance of the singlet state, allowing us to identify the NIR band as the singlet-specific absorption band. It enables photoexcitation of one of the two spin states coexisting in thermal equilibrium. Transient absorption spectroscopy disclosed that the two spin states independently follow qualitatively different excited-state dynamics. These results demonstrate a novel approach to the design and study of electronic spin isomers based on organic diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced
Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced
Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto
University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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2
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Hu C, Kuhn L, Makurvet FD, Knorr ES, Lin X, Kawade RK, Mentink-Vigier F, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Tethering Three Radical Cascades for Controlled Termination of Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Making Phenalenyl Ketones without Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4187-4211. [PMID: 38316011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although Bu3Sn-mediated radical alkyne peri-annulations allow access to phenalenyl ring systems, the oxidative termination of these cascades provides only a limited selection of the possible isomeric phenalenone products with product selectivity controlled by the intrinsic properties of the new cyclic systems. In this work, we report an oxidant-free termination strategy that can overcome this limitation and enable selective access to the full set of isomerically functionalized phenalenones. The key to preferential termination is the preinstallation of a "weak link" that undergoes C-O fragmentation in the final cascade step. Breaking a C-O bond is assisted by entropy, gain of conjugation in the product, and release of stabilized radical fragments. This strategy is expanded to radical exo-dig cyclization cascades of oligoalkynes, which provide access to isomeric π-extended phenalenones. Conveniently, these cascades introduce functionalities (i.e., Bu3Sn and iodide moieties) amenable to further cross-coupling reactions. Consequently, a variety of polyaromatic diones, which could serve as phenalenyl-based open-shell precursors, can be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Favour D Makurvet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Erica S Knorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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3
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Hulley EB, Clennan EL. Dihydrophenanthrene Open-Shell Singlet Diradicals and Their Roles in the Mallory Photocyclization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1122-1131. [PMID: 38163932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A computational study (ωB97X-D/6-31G(d)) of the Mallory photocyclization reaction has revealed that the well-established dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) intermediates can adopt either closed-shell (CS) or open-shell-diradical (OS) singlet ground states. A detailed study of the properties of DHPs allowed their classifications as OS, borderline-OS, borderline-CS, or CS intermediates. The triplet electronic state and higher energy CS* isomer of all the OS singlet diradicals were computationally located, and the expected relationship between the diradical index, yo, and the triplet energy and the OS-CS* energy gaps was established. The importance of aromaticity in stabilizing the OS singlet diradicals was confirmed by using the Harmonic Oscillator Model of Aromaticity (HOMA). The thermal decompositions of DHPs by cycloreversions to regenerate the Mallory starting materials were also studied. The cycloreversion mechanism was described as a homolytic cleavage characterized by an anchimeric assistance continuum promoted by bis-β-homolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott B Hulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Edward L Clennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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4
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Jacobse P, Daugherty MC, Čerņevičs K, Wang Z, McCurdy RD, Yazyev OV, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Five-Membered Rings Create Off-Zero Modes in Nanographene. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24901-24909. [PMID: 38051766 PMCID: PMC10753889 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The low-energy electronic structure of nanographenes can be tuned through zero-energy π-electron states, typically referred to as zero-modes. Customizable electronic and magnetic structures have been engineered by coupling zero-modes through exchange and hybridization interactions. Manipulation of the energy of such states, however, has not yet received significant attention. We find that attaching a five-membered ring to a zigzag edge hosting a zero-mode perturbs the energy of that mode and turns it into an off-zero mode: a localized state with a distinctive electron-accepting character. Whereas the end states of typical 7-atom-wide armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) lose their electrons when physisorbed on Au(111) (due to its high work function), converting them into off-zero modes by introducing cyclopentadienyl five-membered rings allows them to retain their single-electron occupation. This approach enables the magnetic properties of 7-AGNR end states to be explored using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on a gold substrate. We find a gradual decrease of the magnetic coupling between off-zero mode end states as a function of GNR length, and evolution from a more closed-shell to a more open-shell ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
H. Jacobse
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael C. Daugherty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristia̅ns Čerņevičs
- Institute
of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan D. McCurdy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg V. Yazyev
- Institute
of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar
Institute
of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science,
and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Zhang H, Lu J, Zhao XJ, Li B, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Niu G, Fu B, Gao L, Tan YZ, Cai J. Length-Dependent Magnetic Evolution of Anthenes on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315216. [PMID: 37933811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes with zigzag edges, for example, anthenes, exhibit a unique nonbonding π-electron state, which can be described as a spin-polarized edge state that yields specific magnetic ground state. However, prior researches on the magnetism of anthenes with varying lengths on a surface is lacking. This study systematically fabricated anthenes with inherent zigzag carbon atoms of different lengths ranging from bisanthene to hexanthene. Their magnetic evolution on the Au(111) surface was analyzed through bond-resolved scanning probe techniques and density functional theory calculations. The analyses revealed a transition in magnetic properties associated with the length of the anthenes, arising from the imbalance between hybridization energy and the Coulomb repulsion between valence electrons. With the increasing length of the anthenes, the ground state transforms gradually from a closed-shell to an antiferromagnetic open-shell singlet, exhibiting a weak exchange coupling of 4 meV and a charge transfer-induced doublet. Therefore, this study formulated a chemically tunable platform to explore size-dependent π magnetism at the atomic scale, providing a framework for research in organic spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Jianchen Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Baijin Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Hangjing Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Gefei Niu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Boyu Fu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jinming Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650093, China
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6
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Conrad L, Alcón I, Tremblay JC, Paulus B. Mechanistic Insights into Electronic Current Flow through Quinone Devices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3085. [PMID: 38132983 PMCID: PMC10745510 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular switches based on functionalized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are of great interest in the development of nanoelectronics. In experiment, it was found that a significant difference in the conductance of an anthraquinone derivative can be achieved by altering the pH value of the environment. Building on this, in this work we investigate the underlying mechanism behind this effect and propose a general design principle for a pH based GNR-based switch. The electronic structure of the investigated systems is calculated using density functional theory and the transport properties at the quasi-stationary limit are described using nonequilibrium Green's function and the Landauer formalism. This approach enables the examination of the local and the global transport through the system. The electrons are shown to flow along the edges of the GNRs. The central carbonyl groups allow for tunable transport through control of the oxidation state via the pH environment. Finally, we also test different types of GNRs (zigzag vs. armchair) to determine which platform provides the best transport switchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Conrad
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isaac Alcón
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jean Christophe Tremblay
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine, 1 Bd Arago, 57070 Metz, France;
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Zhang JJ, Yang L, Liu F, Serra G, Fu Y, Lucotti A, Popov AA, Tommasini M, Ma J, Feng X. Pushing Up the Size Limit of Boron-doped peri-Acenes: Modular Synthesis and Characterizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312055. [PMID: 37823345 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped peri-acenes (PAs) have recently attracted considerable attention considering their fascinating physical properties and chemical stability. However, the precise sole addition of boron atoms along the zigzag edges of PAs remains challenging, primarily due to the limited synthetic approach. Herein, we present a novel one-pot modular synthetic strategy toward unprecedented boron-doped PAs (B-PAs), including B-[4,2]PA (1 a-2), B-[4,3]PA (1 b-2) and B-[7,2]PA (1 c-3) derivatives, through efficient intramolecular electrophilic borylation. Their chemical structures are unequivocally confirmed with a combination of mass spectrometry, NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Notably, 1 b-2 exhibits an almost planar geometry, whereas 1 a-2 displays a distinctive bowl-like distortion. Furthermore, the optoelectronic properties of this series of B-PAs are thoroughly investigated by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy combined with DFT calculation. Compared with their parent all-carbon analogs, the obtained B-PAs exhibit high stability, wide energy gaps, and high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 84 %. This study reveals the exceptional ability of boron doping to finely tune the physicochemical properties of PAs, showcasing their potential applications in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jiang Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Yubin Fu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ji Ma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Wang MW, Fan W, Li X, Liu Y, Li Z, Jiang W, Wu J, Wang Z. Molecular Carbons: How Far Can We Go? ACS NANO 2023; 17:20734-20752. [PMID: 37889626 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The creation and development of carbon nanomaterials promoted material science significantly. Bottom-up synthesis has emerged as an efficient strategy to synthesize atomically precise carbon nanomaterials, namely, molecular carbons, with various sizes and topologies. Different from the properties of the feasibly obtained mixture of carbon nanomaterials, numerous properties of single-component molecular carbons have been discovered owing to their well-defined structures as well as potential applications in various fields. This Perspective introduces recent advances in molecular carbons derived from fullerene, graphene, carbon nanotube, carbyne, graphyne, and Schwarzite carbon acquired with different synthesis strategies. By selecting a variety of representative examples, we elaborate on the relationship between molecular carbons and carbon nanomaterials. We hope these multiple points of view presented may facilitate further advancement in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zuoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Borin Barin G, Di Giovannantonio M, Lohr TG, Mishra S, Kinikar A, Perrin ML, Overbeck J, Calame M, Feng X, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. On-surface synthesis and characterization of teranthene and hexanthene: ultrashort graphene nanoribbons with mixed armchair and zigzag edges. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16766-16774. [PMID: 37818609 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03736c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) exhibit a broad range of physicochemical properties that critically depend on their width and edge topology. GNRs with armchair edges (AGNRs) are usually more stable than their counterparts with zigzag edges (ZGNRs) where the low-energy spin-polarized edge states render the ribbons prone to being altered by undesired chemical reactions. On the other hand, such edge-localized states make ZGNRs highly appealing for applications in spintronic and quantum technologies. For GNRs fabricated via on-surface synthesis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions on metal substrates, the expected reactivity of zigzag edges is a serious concern in view of substrate transfer and device integration under ambient conditions, but corresponding investigations are scarce. Using 10-bromo-9,9':10',9''-teranthracene as a precursor, we have thus synthesized hexanthene (HA) and teranthene (TA) as model compounds for ultrashort GNRs with mixed armchair and zigzag edges, characterized their chemical and electronic structure by means of scanning probe methods, and studied their chemical reactivity upon air exposure by Raman spectroscopy. We present a detailed identification of molecular orbitals and vibrational modes, assign their origin to armchair or zigzag edges, and discuss the chemical reactivity of these edges based on characteristic Raman spectral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Borin Barin
- Nanotech@Surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Nanotech@Surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Thorsten G Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Nanotech@Surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Nanotech@Surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Mickael L Perrin
- Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Overbeck
- Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michel Calame
- Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@Surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@Surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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10
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Zheng X, Bu Y. Hydrogen-Bonding-Assisted Substituent Engineering for Modulating Magnetic Spin Couplings and Switching in m-Phenylene Nitroxide Diradicals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7443-7451. [PMID: 37658809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Rational modification of the coupler for the theoretical design of molecular magnets has attracted extensive interest. Substituent insertion is a widely used strategy for adjusting molecular properties, but its effect and modulation on magnetic spin couplings have been less investigated. In this work, we predict the magnetic properties of the design m-phenylene nitroxide (NO) diradicals regulated by introducing substituents. The calculated results for those two pairs of diradicals indicate that the signs of their magnetic coupling constants J do not change, but the magnitudes remarkably change after substituent regulation in the range from 253 to 730 cm-1. Such noticeable magnetic changes induced by introducing subsituents are mainly attributed to different electronic effects of substituents, assisted by the proximity of two NO groups, good planarity, conjugation, and an intramolecular hydrogen bond. In particular, the insertion of intramolecular H-bonds not only indicates an electronic effect but also has greatly changed the spin density distribution. Further aromaticity of the coupler ring, spin densities, and molecular orbitals and energetics was evaluated to gain a better understanding of magnetic regulation. Interestingly, further protonation of some substituents (e.g., -NO2 and -CO2) can noticeably turn the spin coupling from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic, showing manipulable magnetic switching. This work provides a promising strategy based on substituent engineering for magnetic spin coupling modulation, not only turning the coupling magnitude but also enabling the magnetic switching, thus providing insights into molecular magnetic manipulation for spintronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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11
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Jiang Q, Wei H, Hou X, Chi C. Circumpentacene with Open-Shell Singlet Diradical Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306938. [PMID: 37338045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Circumacenes (CAs) are a distinctive type of benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons where an acene unit is completely enclosed by a layer of outer fused benzene rings. Despite their unique structures, the synthesis of CAs is challenging, and until recently, the largest CA molecule synthesized was circumanthracene. In this study, we report the successful synthesis of an extended circumpentacene derivative 1, which represents the largest CA molecule synthesized to date. Its structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and its electronic properties were systematically investigated by both experiments and theoretical calculations. It shows a unique open-shell diradical character due to the existence of extended zigzag edges, with a moderate diradical character index (y0 =39.7 %) and a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T =-4.47 kcal/mol). It exhibits a dominant local aromatic character with π-electrons delocalized in the individual aromatic sextet rings. It has a small HOMO-LUMO energy gap and displays amphoteric redox behavior. The electronic structures of its dication and dianion can be considered as doubly charged structures in which two coronene units are fused with a central aromatic benzene ring. This study provides a new route toward stable multizigzag-edged graphene-like molecules with open-shell di/polyradical character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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12
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Malik R, Bu Y. Magnetic coupling modulation in meta-nitroxide-functionalized isoalloxazine magnets with redox-active units as efficient side-modulators. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37335558 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01611k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic conversion can be accomplished in a variety of ways, as organic molecules with switchable magnetic characteristics offer numerous technological applications. It is crucial to find magnetism-switchable systems because, in the field of organic magnetic materials, the redox-induced magnetic reversal is very simple to achieve and shows significant applications. Herein, we computationally design isoalloxazine-based diradicals through oxidizing N10 and adding a nitroxide to C8 as the spin source (i.e. 8-nitroxide-isoalloxazine 10-oxide, an m-phenylene-like nitroxide diradical expanded with a redox unit as a side-modulator) and its N1/N5-hydrogenated/protonated diradical derivatives and introducing substituents (-OH, -NH2, and -NO2) to C6. We demonstrate that the basically modified structure exhibits ferromagnetic (FM) characteristics with a magnetic coupling constant (J) of 561.3 cm-1 calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level, obeying the meta-phenylene-mediated diradical character, and dihydrogenation can lead to an AFM diradical with considerably large J (-976.1 cm-1). Surprisingly, protonation at N1 or N5 can lead to distinctly different magnetic variations (561.3 → -1602.9 cm-1 at N1 versus 561.3 → 379.1 cm-1 at N5). Analyses indicate that small singlet-triplet energy gaps and small energy gaps between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) of the closed shell singlet state are the key features of these isoalloxazine diradicals, and aromaticity variations, significant spin delocalization from the π-conjugated structure and spin polarization from the non-Kekule structure induced by modification are responsible for the magnetic conversion. Furthermore, the spin alternation rule, the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) effect, and the SOMO-SOMO energy splitting of the triplet state are used to analyze these distinct variations. This work provides a novel understanding of the structures and characteristics of modified isoalloxazine diradicals, as well as essential details for the intricate design and characterization of new isoalloxazine-based potential organic magnetic switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Malik
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Dai Y, Zerbini A, Casado J, Negri F. Ambipolar Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors: How Intramolecular Reorganization Energy Is Controlled by Diradical Character. Molecules 2023; 28:4642. [PMID: 37375198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The charged forms of π-conjugated chromophores are relevant in the field of organic electronics as charge carriers in optoelectronic devices, but also as energy storage substrates in organic batteries. In this context, intramolecular reorganization energy plays an important role in controlling material efficiency. In this work, we investigate how the diradical character influences the reorganization energies of holes and electrons by considering a library of diradicaloid chromophores. We determine the reorganization energies with the four-point adiabatic potential method using quantum-chemical calculations at density functional theory (DFT) level. To assess the role of diradical character, we compare the results obtained, assuming both closed-shell and open-shell representations of the neutral species. The study shows how the diradical character impacts the geometrical and electronic structure of neutral species, which in turn control the magnitude of reorganization energies for both charge carriers. Based on computed geometries of neutral and charged species, we propose a simple scheme to rationalize the small, computed reorganization energies for both n-type and p-type charge transport. The study is supplemented with the calculation of intermolecular electronic couplings governing charge transport for selected diradicals, further supporting the ambipolar character of the investigated diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Dai
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zerbini
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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14
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Chang D, Zhu J, Sun Y, Chi K, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Lu X. From closed-shell edge-extended kekulenes to open-shell carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6087-6094. [PMID: 37293645 PMCID: PMC10246668 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise synthesis of cycloarenes remains a challenging topic in both organic chemistry and materials science due to their unique fully fused macrocyclic π-conjugated structure. Herein, a series of alkoxyl- and aryl-cosubstituted cycloarenes (kekulene and edge-extended kekulene derivatives, K1-K3) were conveniently synthesized and an unexpected transformation of the anthryl-containing cycloarene K3 into a carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R was disclosed by controlling the temperature and gas atmosphere of the Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed cyclization reaction. All their molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The crystallographic data, NMR measurements, and theoretical calculations reveal their rigid quasi-planar skeletons, dominant local aromaticities, and decreasing intermolecular π-π stacking distance with extension of the two opposite edges. The much lower oxidation potential for K3 by cyclic voltammetry explains its unique reactivity. Moreover, carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R shows a remarkable stability, large diradical character, a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -1.81 kcal mol-1), and weak intramolecular spin-spin coupling. Most importantly, it represents the first example of carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloids as well as the first example of radical-acceptor cycloarenes and will shed some light on synthesis of extended kekulenes and conjugated macrocyclic diradicaloids and polyradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yutao Sun
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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15
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Closed-shell and open-shell dual nature of singlet diradical compounds. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Unlike triplet diradicals, singlet diradicals can vary in diradical character from 0 % to 100 % depending on linker units that allow two formally unpaired electrons to couple covalently. In principle, the electronic structure of singlet diradicals can be described as a quantum superposition of closed-shell and open-shell structures. This means that, depending on the external environment, singlet diradicals can behave as either closed-shell or open-shell species. This paper summarizes our progress in understanding the electronic structure of π-conjugated singlet diradical molecules in terms of closed-shell and open-shell dual nature. We first discuss the coexistence of intra- and intermolecular covalent bonding interactions in the π-dimer of a singlet diradical molecule. The intra- and intermolecular coupling of two formally unpaired electrons are related to closed-shell and open-shell nature of singlet diradical, respectively. Then we demonstrate the coexistence of the covalent bonding interactions in the one-dimensional stack of singlet diradical molecules having different diradical character. The relative strength of the interactions is varied with the magnitude of singlet diradical index y
0. Finally, we show the dual reactivity of a singlet diradical molecule, which undergoes rapid [4 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloaddition reactions in the dark at room temperature. Closed-shell and open-shell nature endow the singlet diradical molecule with the reaction manner as diene and diradical species, respectively.
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16
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Guo J, Li Z, Tian X, Zhang T, Wang Y, Dou C. Diradical B/N-Doped Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217470. [PMID: 36599802 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic diradicaloids with atom-precise control over open-shell nature are promising materials for organic electronics and spintronics. Herein, we disclose quinoidal π-extension of a B/N-heterocycle for generating B/N-type organic diradicaloids. Two quinoidal π-extended B/N-doped polycyclic hydrocarbons that feature fusion of the B/N-heterocycle motif with the antiaromatic s-indacene or dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene core were synthesized. This quinoidal π-extension and B/N-heterocycle leads to their open-shell electronic nature, which stands in contrast to the multiple-resonance effect of conventional B/N-type emitters. These B/N-type diradicaloids have modulated (anti)aromaticity and enhanced diradical characters comparing with the all-carbon analogues, as well as intriguing properties, such as magnetic activities, narrow energy gaps and highly red-shifted absorptions. This study thus opens the new space for both of B/N-doped polycyclic π-systems and heterocyclic diradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zeyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chuandong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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17
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Xu X, Takebayashi S, Hanayama H, Vasylevskyi S, Onishi T, Ohto T, Tada H, Narita A. 6,6'-Biindeno[1,2- b]anthracene: An Open-Shell Biaryl with High Diradical Character. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3891-3896. [PMID: 36780241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We report in situ generation of a 6,6'-biindeno[1,2-b]anthracene (BIA) derivative as an open-shell biaryl with high diradical character, which could be identified by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray analysis, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations by various methods and variable-temperature EPR analyses were performed to tackle the elusive ground state of BIA diradical, suggesting a singlet ground state with a nearly degenerate triplet state. These results provide insight into the design of unique open-shell biaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushang Xu
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Satoshi Takebayashi
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hanayama
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Engineering Section, Research Support Division, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Onishi
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Luo T, Wang Y, Hao J, Chen PA, Hu Y, Chen B, Zhang J, Yang K, Zeng Z. Furan-Extended Helical Rylenes with Fjord Edge Topology and Tunable Optoelectronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214653. [PMID: 36470852 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lateral furan-expansion of polycyclic aromatics, which enables multiple O-doping and peripheral edge evolution of rylenes, is developed for the first time. Tetrafuranylperylene TPF-4CN and octafuranylquaterrylene OFQ-8CN were prepared as model compounds bearing unique fjord edge topology and helical conformations. Compared to TPF-4CN, the higher congener OFQ-8CN displays a largely red-shifted (≈333 nm) and intensified absorption band (λmax =829 nm) as well as a narrowed electrochemical band gap (≈1.08 eV) due to its pronounced π-delocalization and emerging of open-shell diradicaloid upon the increase of fjord edge length. Moreover, strong circular dichroism signals in a broad range until 900 nm are observed for open-shell chiral OFQ-8CN, owing to the excellent conformational stability of its central bis(tetraoxa[5]helicene) fragments. Our studies provide insights into the relationships between edge topologies and (chir)optoelectronic properties for this novel type of O-doped PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Luo
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanpei Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jiahang Hao
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ping-An Chen
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230039, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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19
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Kuriakose F, Commodore M, Hu C, Fabiano CJ, Sen D, Li RR, Bisht S, Üngör Ö, Lin X, Strouse GF, DePrince AE, Lazenby RA, Mentink-Vigier F, Shatruk M, Alabugin IV. Design and Synthesis of Kekulè and Non-Kekulè Diradicaloids via the Radical Periannulation Strategy: The Power of Seven Clar's Sextets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23448-23464. [PMID: 36516873 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces an approach to uncoupling electrons via maximum utilization of localized aromatic units, i.e., the Clar's π-sextets. To illustrate the utility of this concept to the design of Kekulé diradicaloids, we have synthesized a tridecacyclic polyaromatic system where a gain of five Clar's sextets in the open-shell form overcomes electron pairing and leads to the emergence of a high degree of diradical character. According to unrestricted symmetry-broken UCAM-B3LYP calculations, the singlet diradical character in this core system is characterized by the y0 value of 0.98 (y0 = 0 for a closed-shell molecule, y0 = 1 for pure diradical). The efficiency of the new design strategy was evaluated by comparing the Kekulé system with an isomeric non-Kekulé diradical of identical size, i.e., a system where the radical centers cannot couple via resonance. The calculated singlet-triplet gap, i.e., the ΔEST values, in both of these systems approaches zero: -0.3 kcal/mol for the Kekulé and +0.2 kcal/mol for the non-Kekulé diradicaloids. The target isomeric Kekulé and non-Kekulé systems were assembled using a sequence of radical periannulations, cross-coupling, and C-H activation. The diradicals are kinetically stabilized by six tert-butyl substituents and (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene groups. Both molecules are NMR-inactive but electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-active at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry revealed quasi-reversible oxidation and reduction processes, consistent with the presence of two nearly degenerate partially occupied molecular orbitals. The experimentally measured ΔEST value of -0.14 kcal/mol confirms that K is, indeed, a nearly perfect singlet diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Michael Commodore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Catherine J Fabiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Debashis Sen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Run R Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Shubham Bisht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Geoffrey F Strouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32310, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
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20
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Gong Z, Xiang Q, Li K, Xu Z, Hu J, Ni Y, Sato S, Sun Z. Pentagon‐Containing
Doublet Graphene Fragments with
Edge‐Dependent
Spin/Charge Distribution. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongcheng Gong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry Integrated Molecular Structure Analysis Laboratory, Social Cooperation Program, The University of Tokyo
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
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21
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Tian X, Guo J, Sun W, Yuan L, Dou C, Wang Y. Tuning Diradical Properties of Boron-Containing π-Systems by Structural Isomerism. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200045. [PMID: 35146820 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuning diradical character is an important topic for organic diradicaloids. Herein, we report the precise borylation enabling structural isomerism as an effective strategy to modulate diradical character and thereby properties of organic diradicaloids. We synthesized a new B-containing polycyclic hydrocarbon that has the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene π-skeleton with the β-carbons bonding to two boron atoms. Detailed theoretical and experimental results show that this bonding pattern leads to its distinctive electronic structures and properties in comparison to that of its isomeric molecule. This molecule has the efficient conjugation between boron atoms and π-skeleton, resulting in downshifted LUMO and HOMO levels. Moreover, it exhibits smaller diradical character and thereby inhibited diradical properties, such as significantly blue-shifted light absorption, larger energy bandgap and weak para-magnetic resonance. Notably, this B-containing polycyclic hydrocarbon possesses much stronger Lewis acidity and its Lewis acid-base adducts display enhanced diradical character, demonstrating the positive effects of Lewis coordination on modulating diradical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Liuzhong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chuandong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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22
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Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Feng X. π‐Extended peri‐Acenes: Recent Progress in Synthesis and Characterization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Ajayakumar
- Dresden University of Technology: Technische Universitat Dresden Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Dresden GERMANY
| | - Ji Ma
- Dresden University of Technology: Technische Universitat Dresden Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry 01069 Dresden GERMANY
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Technische Universitaet Dresden Chair for Molecular Functional Materials Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden GERMANY
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23
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Paternò GM, Chen Q, Muñoz-Mármol R, Guizzardi M, Bonal V, Kabe R, Barker AJ, Boj PG, Chatterjee S, Ie Y, Villalvilla JM, Quintana JA, Scotognella F, Müllen K, Díaz-García MA, Narita A, Lanzani G. Excited states engineering enables efficient near-infrared lasing in nanographenes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:393-402. [PMID: 34605501 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spectral overlap between stimulated emission (SE) and absorption from dark states (i.e. charges and triplets) especially in the near-infrared (NIR), represents one of the most effective gain loss channels in organic semiconductors. Recently, bottom-up synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanostructures, or nanographenes (NGs), has opened a new route for the development of environmentally and chemically stable materials with optical gain properties. However, also in this case, the interplay between gain and absorption losses has hindered the attainment of efficient lasing action in the NIR. Here, we demonstrate that the introduction of two fluoranthene imide groups to the NG core leads to a more red-shifted emission than the precursor NG molecule (685 vs. 615 nm) and also with a larger Stokes shift (45 nm vs. 2 nm, 1026 cm-1vs. 53 cm-1, respectively). Photophysical results indicate that, besides the minimisation of ground state absorption losses, such substitution permits to suppress the detrimental excited state absorption in the NIR, which likely arises from a dark state with charge-transfer character and triplets. This has enabled NIR lasing (720 nm) from all-solution processed distributed feedback devices with one order of magnitude lower thresholds than those of previously reported NIR-emitting NGs. This study represents an advance in the field of NGs and, in general, organic semiconductor photonics, towards the development of cheap and stable NIR lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Paternò
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Pascoli 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Mármol
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Michele Guizzardi
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Víctor Bonal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Ryota Kabe
- Organic Optoelectronics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Alexander J Barker
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Pascoli 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Pedro G Boj
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - José M Villalvilla
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - José A Quintana
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francesco Scotognella
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - María A Díaz-García
- Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Pascoli 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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24
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Li K, Xu Z, Xu J, Weng T, Chen X, Sato S, Wu J, Sun Z. Overcrowded Ethylene-Bridged Nanohoop Dimers: Regioselective Synthesis, Multiconfigurational Electronic States, and Global Hückel/Möbius Aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20419-20430. [PMID: 34817177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and preparation of molecular systems with multiple geometric and electronic configurations are the cornerstones for multifunctional materials with stimuli-responsive behaviors. We describe here the regioselective and facile synthesis of two types of overcrowded ethylene-bridged nanohoop dimers, with folded and twisted geometric structures as well as closed-shell, diradical and dication electronic structures. The strained nanohoop structures have a profound effect on the overall molecular and electronic configurations, which resulted in the destabilized diradical state. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed the folded molecular geometry for the neutral species and twisted geometry for the dication species. The unique molecular dynamics, optical properties, and dynamic redox properties were disclosed in the solution phase by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, the global Hückel and Möbius aromaticity were revealed by a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Our studies shed light on the design of nanohoop-incorporated multiconfigurational materials with unique topologies and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Taoyu Weng
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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25
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Evaluation of electron transport capability of armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) by calculating exchange interaction between terminally attached radicals. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Hirao Y, Daifuku Y, Ihara K, Kubo T. Spin–Spin Interactions in One‐Dimensional Assemblies of a Cumulene‐Based Singlet Biradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoko Daifuku
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Keiji Ihara
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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27
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Kubo T. Syntheses and Properties of Open-Shell π-Conjugated Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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28
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Hirao Y, Daifuku Y, Ihara K, Kubo T. Spin-Spin Interactions in One-Dimensional Assemblies of a Cumulene-Based Singlet Biradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21319-21326. [PMID: 34101316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of phenalenyl-endcapped [5]cumulene as a cumulene-based singlet biradical and the spin correlation changes of one-dimensional aggregates are described. The high propensity for self-aggregation of phenalenyl rings and the introduction of bulky substituents into the appropriate positions led to the formation of a one-dimensional chain assembly. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis indicated that the bond length alternation of the cumulene chain increased with decreasing temperature, along with improved overlapping of the phenalenyl rings. Variable-temperature Raman spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that a localized spin pair within the molecule decouples at low temperatures, and a continuum spin system involving intra- and intermolecular spin-spin interactions emerges in the one-dimensional chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoko Daifuku
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiji Ihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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29
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Medina Rivero S, Urieta‐Mora J, Molina‐Ontoria A, Martín‐Fuentes C, Urgel JI, Zubiria‐Ulacia M, Lloveras V, Casanova D, Martínez JI, Veciana J, Écija D, Martín N, Casado J. A Trapezoidal Octacyanoquinoid Acceptor Forms Solution and Surface Products by Antiparallel Shape Fitting with Conformational Dipole Momentum Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17887-17892. [PMID: 34086392 PMCID: PMC8456967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A new compound (1) formed by two antiparallelly disposed tetracyano thienoquinoidal units has been synthesized and studied by electrochemistry, UV/Vis-NIR, IR, EPR, and transient spectroscopy. Self-assembly of 1 on a Au(111) surface has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Experiments have been rationalized by quantum chemical calculations. 1 exhibits a unique charge distribution in its anionic form, with a gradient of charge yielding a neat molecular in-plane electric dipole momentum, which transforms out-of-plane after surface deposition due to twisted→folded conformational change and to partial charge transfer from Au(111). Intermolecular van der Waals interactions and antiparallel trapezoidal shape fitting lead to the formation of an optimal dense on Au(111) two-dimensional assembly of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of MálagaAndalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n29071MálagaSpain
| | - Javier Urieta‐Mora
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryComplutense University of Madrid28040MadridSpain
| | | | | | - José I. Urgel
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Maria Zubiria‐Ulacia
- DonostiaInternational Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for SciencePaseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 420018Donostia-San SebastiánEuskadiSpain
| | - Vega Lloveras
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic MaterialsInstitut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)Campus de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - David Casanova
- DonostiaInternational Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for SciencePaseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 420018Donostia-San SebastiánEuskadiSpain
| | - José I. Martínez
- Department of Nanostructures and Low-dimensional MaterialsInstitute of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC)Ciudad Universitaria de CantoblancoC/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 328049MadridSpain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic MaterialsInstitut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)Campus de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryComplutense University of Madrid28040MadridSpain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of MálagaAndalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n29071MálagaSpain
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30
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Medina Rivero S, Urieta‐Mora J, Molina‐Ontoria A, Martín‐Fuentes C, Urgel JI, Zubiria‐Ulacia M, Lloveras V, Casanova D, Martínez JI, Veciana J, Écija D, Martín N, Casado J. A Trapezoidal Octacyanoquinoid Acceptor Forms Solution and Surface Products by Antiparallel Shape Fitting with Conformational Dipole Momentum Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Málaga Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Urieta‐Mora
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - José I. Urgel
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Zubiria‐Ulacia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Euskadi Spain
| | - Vega Lloveras
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Euskadi Spain
| | - José I. Martínez
- Department of Nanostructures and Low-dimensional Materials Institute of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC) Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9 Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Málaga Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga Spain
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31
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Mishra S, Yao X, Chen Q, Eimre K, Gröning O, Ortiz R, Di Giovannantonio M, Sancho-García JC, Fernández-Rossier J, Pignedoli CA, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Fasel R. Large magnetic exchange coupling in rhombus-shaped nanographenes with zigzag periphery. Nat Chem 2021; 13:581-586. [PMID: 33972756 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes with zigzag edges are predicted to manifest non-trivial π-magnetism resulting from the interplay of concurrent electronic effects, such as hybridization of localized frontier states and Coulomb repulsion between valence electrons. This provides a chemically tunable platform to explore quantum magnetism at the nanoscale and opens avenues towards organic spintronics. The magnetic stability in nanographenes is thus far greatly limited by the weak magnetic exchange coupling, which remains below the room-temperature thermal energy. Here, we report the synthesis of large rhombus-shaped nanographenes with zigzag peripheries on gold and copper surfaces. Single-molecule scanning probe measurements show an emergent magnetic spin singlet ground state with increasing nanographene size. The magnetic exchange coupling in the largest nanographene (C70H22, containing five benzenoid rings along each edge), determined by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy, exceeds 100 meV or 1,160 K, which outclasses most inorganic nanomaterials and survives on a metal electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Mishra
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gröning
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Ortiz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Spain.,Department of Chemical Physics, University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. .,Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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32
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Chen Q, Baumgarten M, Wagner M, Hu Y, Hou IC, Narita A, Müllen K. Dicyclopentaannelated Hexa‐
peri
‐hexabenzocoronenes with a Singlet Biradical Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Synthetic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Synthetic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Synthetic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Synthetic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Current address: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 P. R. China
| | - Ian Cheng‐Yi Hou
- Synthetic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Synthetic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Synthetic Chemistry Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg-University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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33
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Chen Q, Baumgarten M, Wagner M, Hu Y, Hou ICY, Narita A, Müllen K. Dicyclopentaannelated Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes with a Singlet Biradical Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11300-11304. [PMID: 33749985 PMCID: PMC8251543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of two dicyclopentaannelated hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (PHBC) regioisomers was carried out, using nonplanar oligoaryl precursors with fluorenyl groups: mPHBC 8 with two pentagons in the "meta"-configuration was obtained as a stable molecule, while its structural isomer with the "para"-configuration, pPHBC 16, could be generated and characterized only in situ due to its high chemical reactivity. Both PHBCs exhibit low energy gaps, as reflected by UV-vis-NIR absorption and electrochemical measurements. They also show open-shell singlet ground states according to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The use of fully benzenoid HBC as a bridging moiety leads to significant singlet biradical characters (y0 ) of 0.72 and 0.96 for mPHBC 8 and pPHBC 16, respectively, due to the strong rearomatization tendency of the HBC π-system; these values are among the highest for planar carbon-centered biradical molecules. The incorporation of fully unsaturated pentagons strongly perturbs the aromaticity of the parent HBC and makes the constituted benzene rings less aromatic or antiaromatic. These results illustrate the high impact of cyclopentaannelation on the electronic structures of fully benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and open up a new avenue towards open-shell PAHs with prominent singlet biradical characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Current address: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ian Cheng-Yi Hou
- Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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34
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Qiu Z, Narita A, Müllen K. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Carbon nanostructures by macromolecular design - from branched polyphenylenes to nanographenes and graphene nanoribbons. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:8-45. [PMID: 33290471 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are unique connectors between the domains of 1D-conjugated polymers and 2D-graphenes. They can be synthesized with high precision by oxidative flattening processes from dendritic or branched 3D-polyphenylene precursors. Their size, shape and edge type enable not only accurate control of classical (opto)electronic properties, but also access to unprecedented high-spin structures and exotic quantum states. NGs and GNRs serve as active components of devices such as field-effect transistors and as ideal objects for nanoscience. This field of research includes their synthesis after the deposition of suitable monomers on surfaces. An additional advantage of this novel concept is in situ monitoring of the reactions by scanning tunnelling microscopy and electronic characterization of the products by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, Germany.
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35
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Berdonces-Layunta A, Lawrence J, Edalatmanesh S, Castro-Esteban J, Wang T, Mohammed MSG, Colazzo L, Peña D, Jelínek P, de Oteyza DG. Chemical Stability of (3,1)-Chiral Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5610-5617. [PMID: 33656868 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured graphene has been widely studied in recent years due to the tunability of its electronic properties and its associated interest for a variety of fields, such as nanoelectronics and spintronics. However, many of the graphene nanostructures of technological interest are synthesized under ultrahigh vacuum, and their limited stability as they are brought out of such an inert environment may compromise their applicability. In this study, a combination of bond-resolving scanning probe microscopy (BR-SPM), along with theoretical calculations, has been employed to study (3,1)-chiral graphene nanoribbons [(3,1)-chGNRs] that were synthesized on a Au(111) surface and then exposed to oxidizing environments. Exposure to the ambient atmosphere, along with the required annealing treatment to desorb a sufficiently large fraction of contaminants to allow for its postexposure analysis by BR-SPM, revealed a significant oxidation of the ribbons, with a dramatically disruptive effect on their electronic properties. More controlled experiments avoiding high temperatures and exposing the ribbons only to low pressures of pure oxygen show that also under these more gentle conditions the ribbons are oxidized. From these results, we obtain additional insights into the preferential reaction sites and the nature of the main defects that are caused by oxygen. We conclude that graphene nanoribbons with zigzag edge segments require forms of protection before they can be used in or transferred through ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luciano Colazzo
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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36
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Wang ZY, Dai YZ, Ding L, Dong BW, Jiang SD, Wang JY, Pei J. A Stable Triplet-Ground-State Conjugated Diradical Based on a Diindenopyrazine Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4594-4598. [PMID: 33241615 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High-spin conjugated radicals have great potential in magnetic materials and organic spintronics. However, to obtain high-spin conjugated radicals is still quite challenging due to their poor stability. We report the successful synthesis and isolation of a stable triplet conjugated diradical, 10,12-diaryldiindeno[1,2-b:2',1'-e]pyrazine (m-DIP). With the m-xylylene analogue skeleton containing electron-deficient sp2 -nitrogen atoms, m-DIP displays significant aromatic character within its pyrazine ring and its spin density mainly delocalizes on the meta-pyrazine unit, making it a triplet ground state conjugated diradical. Our work provides an effective "spin density tuning" strategy for stable high-spin conjugated radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ya-Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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37
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Chen WC, Chao I. Charge transport properties of open-shell graphene fragments: a computational study of the phenalenyl tilings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3256-3266. [PMID: 33319889 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thinking outside the box of the phenalenyl radical: a systematic structure design strategy, phenalenyl tiling, is found to benefit the electron transport properties of open-shell graphene fragments with one free radical. Compared with the closed-shell species, phenalenyl-based π-radicals exhibit smaller intramolecular reorganization energies and larger intermolecular electronic couplings. However, the on-site Coulomb repulsion can be too strong and impedes the charge transport efficiency of such materials. The repulsion can be weakened in radical species by spin delocalization. In this paper, the extended π-radicals we studied are categorized into three types of open-shell structures: the zigzag, the armchair and the discotic odd alternant hydrocarbons. The latter two belong to phenalenyl tilings. We found that the phenalenyl tilings fully inherit the desirable features of the singly occupied molecular orbital of the phenalenyl radical in a predictable and delocalized fashion, and their on-site Coulomb repulsion is effectively reduced. The zigzag π-radicals are less satisfactory. Therefore, the phenalenyl tilings are favorable candidates for charge transporting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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38
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39
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Wang Z, Dai Y, Ding L, Dong B, Jiang S, Wang J, Pei J. A Stable Triplet‐Ground‐State Conjugated Diradical Based on a Diindenopyrazine Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ya‐Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Bo‐Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shang‐Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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40
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Sánchez-Grande A, Urgel JI, Veis L, Edalatmanesh S, Santos J, Lauwaet K, Mutombo P, Gallego JM, Brabec J, Beran P, Nachtigallová D, Miranda R, Martín N, Jelínek P, Écija D. Unravelling the Open-Shell Character of Peripentacene on Au(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:330-336. [PMID: 33352044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic compounds comprising two or more fused aromatic rings which feature manifold applications in modern technology. Among these species, those presenting an open-shell magnetic ground state are of particular interest for organic electronic, spintronic, and non-linear optics and energy storage devices. Within PAHs, special attention has been devoted in recent years to the synthesis and study of the acene and fused acene (periacene) families, steered by their decreasing HOMO-LUMO gap with length and predicted open-shell character above some size. However, an experimental fingerprint of such magnetic ground state has remained elusive. Here, we report on the in-depth electronic characterization of isolated peripentacene molecules on a Au(111) surface. Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, complemented by computational investigations, reveals an antiferromagnetic singlet ground state, characterized by singlet-triplet inelastic excitations with an experimental effective exchange coupling (Jeff) of 40.5 meV. Our results deepen the fundamental understanding of organic compounds with magnetic ground states, featuring perspectives in carbon-based spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez-Grande
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Libor Veis
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - José Santos
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - José M Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiri Brabec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Beran
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, 160 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Pascal S, David S, Andraud C, Maury O. Near-infrared dyes for two-photon absorption in the short-wavelength infrared: strategies towards optical power limiting. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6613-6658. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the field of two-photon absorbing chromophores in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range (SWIR 1100–2500 nm) are summarized, highlighting the development of optical power limiting devices in this spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pascal
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Sylvain David
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
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42
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Shen J, Han Y, Dong S, Phan H, Herng TS, Xu T, Ding J, Chi C. A Stable [4,3]Peri‐acene Diradicaloid: Synthesis, Structure, and Electronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:4464-4469. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Jian Shen
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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43
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Shen J, Han Y, Dong S, Phan H, Herng TS, Xu T, Ding J, Chi C. A Stable [4,3]Peri‐acene Diradicaloid: Synthesis, Structure, and Electronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Jian Shen
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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44
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Shimizu A, Ishizaki Y, Horiuchi S, Hirose T, Matsuda K, Sato H, Yoshida JI. HOMO–LUMO Energy-Gap Tuning of π-Conjugated Zwitterions Composed of Electron-Donating Anion and Electron-Accepting Cation. J Org Chem 2020; 86:770-781. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yu Ishizaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shun Horiuchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubaracho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie 510-0294, Japan
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45
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Xu X, Chen Q, Narita A. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzo[<i>hi,st</i>]ovalene as a Highly Fluorescent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Its π-Extension to Circumpyrene. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiushang Xu
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
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Mamada M, Nakamura R, Adachi C. Synthesis, crystal structure and charge transport characteristics of stable peri-tetracene analogues. Chem Sci 2020; 12:552-558. [PMID: 34163785 PMCID: PMC8178977 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
peri-Acenes have shown great potential for use as functional materials because of their open-shell singlet biradical character. However, only a limited number of peri-acene derivatives larger than peri-tetracene have been synthesized to date, presumably owing to the low stability of the target compounds in addition to the complicated synthesis scheme. Here, a very simple synthesis route for the tetrabenzo[a,f,j,o]perylene (TBP) structure enables the development of highly stable peri-tetracene analogues. Despite a high degree of singlet biradical character, the compounds with four substituents at the zigzag edge show a remarkable stability in solution under ambient conditions, which is better than that of acene derivatives with a closed-shell electronic configuration. The crystal structures of the TBP derivatives were obtained for the first time; these are valuable to understand the relationship between the structure and biradical character of peri-acenes. The application of peri-acenes in electronic devices should also be investigated. Therefore, the semiconducting properties of the TBP derivative were investigated by fabricating the field-effect transistors. Highly stable peri-tetracene analogues with a high degree of singlet biradical character were synthesized in a very simple route, and their crystal structures and semiconducting properties were investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mamada
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan .,JST, ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project c/o Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan.,Academia-Industry Molecular Systems for Devices Research and Education Center (AIMS), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ryota Nakamura
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan .,JST, ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project c/o Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan .,JST, ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project c/o Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan.,Academia-Industry Molecular Systems for Devices Research and Education Center (AIMS), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan.,International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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47
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Jousselin-Oba T, Mamada M, Okazawa A, Marrot J, Ishida T, Adachi C, Yassar A, Frigoli M. Modulating the ground state, stability and charge transport in OFETs of biradicaloid hexahydro-diindenopyrene derivatives and a proposed method to estimate the biradical character. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12194-12205. [PMID: 34094431 PMCID: PMC8162832 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biradicaloid compounds with an open-shell ground state have been the subject of intense research in the past decade. Although diindenoacenes are one of the most developed families, only a few examples have been reported as active layers in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a charge mobility of around 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 due to a steric disadvantage of the mesityl group to kinetically stabilize compounds. Herein, we disclose our efforts to improve the charge transport of the diindenoacene family based on hexahydro-diindenopyrene (HDIP) derivatives with different annelation modes for which the most reactive position has been functionalized with (triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl (TIPS) groups. All the HDIP derivatives show remarkably higher stability than that of TIPS-pentacene, enduring for 2 days to more than 30 days, which depends on the oxidation potential, the contribution of the singlet biradical form in the ground state and the annelation mode. The annelation mode affects not only the band gap and the biradical character (y 0) but also the value of the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE S-T) that does not follow the reverse trend of y 0. A method based on comparison between experimental and theoretical bond lengths has been disclosed to estimate y 0 and shows that y 0 computed at the projected unrestricted Hartree-Fock (PUHF) level is the most relevant among those reported by all other methods. Thanks to their high stability, thin-film OFETs were successfully fabricated. Well balanced ambipolar transport was obtained in the order of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 in the bottom-gate/top-contact configuration, and unipolar transport in the top-gate/bottom-contact configuration was obtained in the order of 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 which is the highest value obtained for biradical compounds with a diindenoacene skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Jousselin-Oba
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Masashi Mamada
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), JST ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Academia-Industry Molecular Systems for Devices Research and Education Center, Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Division of Chemistry, Institute of Liberal Education, Nihon University School of Medicine Itabashi Tokyo 173-8610 Japan
| | - Jérome Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Takayuki Ishida
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), JST ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Academia-Industry Molecular Systems for Devices Research and Education Center, Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Abderrahim Yassar
- Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, LPICM, CNRS route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Michel Frigoli
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
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as-Indaceno[3,2,1,8,7,6-ghijklm]terrylene as a near-infrared absorbing C 70-fragment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3873. [PMID: 32747710 PMCID: PMC7400669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon and hydrogen are fundamental components of organic molecules and a fascinating plethora of functions can be generated using these two elements. Yet, realizing attractive electronic structures only by using carbon and hydrogen remains challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis and properties of the C70 fragment as-indaceno[3,2,1,8,7,6-ghijklm]terrylene, which exhibits near-infrared (NIR) absorption (up to ca. 1300 nm), even though this molecule consists of only 34 carbon and 14 hydrogen atoms. A remarkably small highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap is confirmed by electrochemical measurement and theoretical calculations. Furthermore, as-indacenoterrylene is stable despite the absence of peripheral substituents, which contrasts with the cases of other NIR-absorbing hydrocarbons such as diradicaloids and antiaromatic molecules. The results of this study thus offer fundamental insights into the design of hydrocarbons with a small band gap.
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Dressler JJ, Haley MM. Learning how to fine‐tune diradical properties by structure refinement. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
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Ni Y, Gordillo-Gámez F, Peña Alvarez M, Nan Z, Li Z, Wu S, Han Y, Casado J, Wu J. A Chichibabin's Hydrocarbon-Based Molecular Cage: The Impact of Structural Rigidity on Dynamics, Stability, and Electronic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12730-12742. [PMID: 32589415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional π-conjugated polyradicaloid molecular cage c-Ph14, consisting of three Chichibabin's hydrocarbon motifs connected by two benzene-1,3,5-triyl bridgeheads, was synthesized. Compared with its linear model compound l-Ph4, the prism-like c-Ph14 has a more rigid structure, which shows significant impact on the molecular dynamics, stability, and electronic properties. A higher rotation energy barrier for the quinoidal biphenyl units was determined in c-Ph14 (15.64 kcal/mol) than that of l-Ph4 (11.40 kcal/mol) according to variable-temperature NMR measurements, leading to improved stability, a smaller diradical character, and an increased singlet-triplet energy gap. The pressure-dependent Raman spectroscopic studies on the rigid cage c-Ph14 revealed a quinoidal-to-aromatic transformation along the biphenyl bridges. In addition, the ellipsoidal cavity in the cage allowed selective encapsulation of fullerene C70 over C60, with an associate constant of about 1.43 × 104 M-1. Moreover, c-Ph14 and l-Ph4 exhibited similar redox behavior and their cationic species (c-Ph146+ and l-Ph42+) were obtained by chemical oxidation, and the structures were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The biphenyl unit showed a twisted conformation in l-Ph42+ and remained coplanarity in c-Ph146+. Notably, molecules of c-Ph146+ form a one-dimensional columnar structure via close π-π stacking between the bridgeheads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Fernando Gordillo-Gámez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miriam Peña Alvarez
- Center for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihan Nan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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