1
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Slicker K, Delgado A, Jiang J, Tang W, Cronin A, Blackwell RE, Louie SG, Fischer FR. Engineering Small HOMO-LUMO Gaps in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Topologically Protected States. Nano Lett 2024; 24:5387-5392. [PMID: 38629638 PMCID: PMC11066967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Topological phases in laterally confined low-dimensional nanographenes have emerged as versatile design tools that can imbue otherwise unremarkable materials with exotic band structures ranging from topological semiconductors and quantum dots to intrinsically metallic bands. The periodic boundary conditions that define the topology of a given lattice have thus far prevented the translation of this technology to the quasi-zero-dimensional (0D) domain of small molecular structures. Here, we describe the synthesis of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) featuring two localized zero modes (ZMs) formed by the topological junction interface between a trivial and nontrivial phase within a single molecule. First-principles density functional theory calculations predict a strong hybridization between adjacent ZMs that gives rise to an exceptionally small HOMO-LUMO gap. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy corroborate the molecular structure of 9/7/9-double quantum dots and reveal an experimental quasiparticle gap of 0.16 eV, corresponding to a carbon-based small molecule long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Slicker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aidan Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Weichen Tang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Cronin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raymond E. Blackwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley,
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar
Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing,
Data Science, and Society, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Jacobse P, Daugherty MC, Čerņevičs K, Wang Z, McCurdy RD, Yazyev OV, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Five-Membered Rings Create Off-Zero Modes in Nanographene. ACS Nano 2023; 17:24901-24909. [PMID: 38051766 PMCID: PMC10753889 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The low-energy electronic structure of nanographenes can be tuned through zero-energy π-electron states, typically referred to as zero-modes. Customizable electronic and magnetic structures have been engineered by coupling zero-modes through exchange and hybridization interactions. Manipulation of the energy of such states, however, has not yet received significant attention. We find that attaching a five-membered ring to a zigzag edge hosting a zero-mode perturbs the energy of that mode and turns it into an off-zero mode: a localized state with a distinctive electron-accepting character. Whereas the end states of typical 7-atom-wide armchair graphene nanoribbons (7-AGNRs) lose their electrons when physisorbed on Au(111) (due to its high work function), converting them into off-zero modes by introducing cyclopentadienyl five-membered rings allows them to retain their single-electron occupation. This approach enables the magnetic properties of 7-AGNR end states to be explored using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on a gold substrate. We find a gradual decrease of the magnetic coupling between off-zero mode end states as a function of GNR length, and evolution from a more closed-shell to a more open-shell ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
H. Jacobse
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael C. Daugherty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristia̅ns Čerņevičs
- Institute
of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan D. McCurdy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg V. Yazyev
- Institute
of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar
Institute
of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science,
and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Wen EH, Jacobse PH, Jiang J, Wang Z, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Fermi-Level Engineering of Nitrogen Core-Doped Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19338-19346. [PMID: 37611208 PMCID: PMC10485924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Substitutional heteroatom doping of bottom-up engineered 1D graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is a versatile tool for realizing low-dimensional functional materials for nanoelectronics and sensing. Previous efforts have largely relied on replacing C-H groups lining the edges of GNRs with trigonal planar N atoms. This type of atomically precise doping, however, only results in a modest realignment of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) energies. Here, we report the design, bottom-up synthesis, and spectroscopic characterization of nitrogen core-doped 5-atom-wide armchair GNRs (N2-5-AGNRs) that yield much greater energy-level shifting of the GNR electronic structure. Here, the substitution of C atoms with N atoms along the backbone of the GNR introduces a single surplus π-electron per dopant that populates the electronic states associated with previously unoccupied bands. First-principles DFT-LDA calculations confirm that a sizable shift in Fermi energy (∼1.0 eV) is accompanied by a broad reconfiguration of the band structure, including the opening of a new band gap and the transition from a direct to an indirect semiconducting band gap. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) lift-off charge transport experiments corroborate the theoretical results and reveal the relationship among substitutional heteroatom doping, Fermi-level shifting, electronic band structure, and topological engineering for this new N-doped GNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan
Chi Ho Wen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter H. Jacobse
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar
Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing,
Data Science, and Society, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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McCurdy RD, Delgado A, Jiang J, Zhu J, Wen ECH, Blackwell RE, Veber GC, Wang S, Louie SG, Fischer FR. Engineering Robust Metallic Zero-Mode States in Olympicene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428750 PMCID: PMC10360063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallic graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) represent a critical component in the toolbox of low-dimensional functional materials technology serving as 1D interconnects capable of both electronic and quantum information transport. The structural constraints imposed by on-surface bottom-up GNR synthesis protocols along with the limited control over orientation and sequence of asymmetric monomer building blocks during the radical step-growth polymerization have plagued the design and assembly of metallic GNRs. Here, we report the regioregular synthesis of GNRs hosting robust metallic states by embedding a symmetric zero-mode (ZM) superlattice along the backbone of a GNR. Tight-binding electronic structure models predict a strong nearest-neighbor electron hopping interaction between adjacent ZM states, resulting in a dispersive metallic band. First-principles density functional theory-local density approximation calculations confirm this prediction, and the robust, metallic ZM band of olympicene GNRs is experimentally corroborated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aidan Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junmian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ethan Chi Ho Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raymond E Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory C Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shenkai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Kaiser RI, Zhao L, Lu W, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Mohamed RK, Fischer FR, Li X. Gas-phase synthesis of racemic helicenes and their potential role in the enantiomeric enrichment of sugars and amino acids in meteorites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25077-25087. [PMID: 36056687 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03084e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular origins of homochirality on Earth is not understood well, particularly how enantiomerically enriched molecules of astrobiological significance like sugars and amino acids might have been synthesized on icy grains in space preceding their delivery to Earth. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified in carbonaceous chondrites could have been processed in molecular clouds by circularly polarized light prior to the depletion of enantiomerically enriched helicenes onto carbonaceous grains resulting in chiral islands. However, the fundamental low temperature reaction mechanisms leading to racemic helicenes are still unknown. Here, by exploiting synchrotron based molecular beam photoionization mass spectrometry combined with electronic structure calculations, we provide compelling testimony on barrierless, low temperature pathways leading to racemates of [5] and [6]helicene. Astrochemical modeling advocates that gas-phase reactions in molecular clouds lead to racemates of helicenes suggesting a pathway for future astronomical observation and providing a fundamental understanding for the origin of homochirality on early Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | | | | | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
| | - Rana K Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China.
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6
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Wen ECH, Jacobse PH, Jiang J, Wang Z, McCurdy RD, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Magnetic Interactions in Substitutional Core-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13696-13703. [PMID: 35867847 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The design of a spin imbalance within the crystallographic unit cell of bottom-up engineered 1D graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) gives rise to nonzero magnetic moments within each cell. Here, we demonstrate the bottom-up assembly and spectroscopic characterization of a one-dimensional Kondo spin chain formed by a chevron-type GNR (cGNR) physisorbed on Au(111). Substitutional nitrogen core doping introduces a pair of low-lying occupied states per monomer within the semiconducting gap of cGNRs. Charging resulting from the interaction with the gold substrate quenches one electronic state for each monomer, leaving behind a 1D chain of radical cations commensurate with the unit cell of the ribbon. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) reveal the signature of a Kondo resonance emerging from the interaction of S = 1/2 spin centers in each monomer core with itinerant electrons in the Au substrate. STM tip lift-off experiments locally reduce the effective screening of the unpaired radical cation being lifted, revealing a robust exchange coupling between neighboring spin centers. First-principles DFT-LSDA calculations support the presence of magnetic moments in the core of this GNR when it is placed on Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Chi Ho Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan D McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Rizzo D, Jiang J, Joshi D, Veber G, Bronner C, Durr RA, Jacobse PH, Cao T, Kalayjian A, Rodriguez H, Butler P, Chen T, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Rationally Designed Topological Quantum Dots in Bottom-Up Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS Nano 2021; 15:20633-20642. [PMID: 34842409 PMCID: PMC8717637 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have recently been shown to host nontrivial topological phases. Here, we report the fabrication and characterization of deterministic GNR quantum dots whose orbital character is defined by zero-mode states arising from nontrivial topological interfaces. Topological control was achieved through the synthesis and on-surface assembly of three distinct molecular precursors designed to exhibit structurally derived topological electronic states. Using a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we have characterized two GNR topological quantum dot arrangements synthesized under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Our results are supported by density-functional theory and tight-binding calculations, revealing that the magnitude and sign of orbital hopping between topological zero-mode states can be tuned based on the bonding geometry of the interconnecting region. These results demonstrate the utility of topological zero modes as components for designer quantum dots and advanced electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
J. Rizzo
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dharati Joshi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher Bronner
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Durr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter H. Jacobse
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ting Cao
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alin Kalayjian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Butler
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ting Chen
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy
NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and
the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy
NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and
the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Blackwell RE, Zhao F, Brooks E, Zhu J, Piskun I, Wang S, Delgado A, Lee YL, Louie SG, Fischer FR. Spin splitting of dopant edge state in magnetic zigzag graphene nanoribbons. Nature 2021; 600:647-652. [PMID: 34937899 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spin-ordered electronic states in hydrogen-terminated zigzag nanographene give rise to magnetic quantum phenomena1,2 that have sparked renewed interest in carbon-based spintronics3,4. Zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs)-quasi one-dimensional semiconducting strips of graphene bounded by parallel zigzag edges-host intrinsic electronic edge states that are ferromagnetically ordered along the edges of the ribbon and antiferromagnetically coupled across its width1,2,5. Despite recent advances in the bottom-up synthesis of GNRs featuring symmetry protected topological phases6-8 and even metallic zero mode bands9, the unique magnetic edge structure of ZGNRs has long been obscured from direct observation by a strong hybridization of the zigzag edge states with the surface states of the underlying support10-15. Here, we present a general technique to thermodynamically stabilize and electronically decouple the highly reactive spin-polarized edge states by introducing a superlattice of substitutional N-atom dopants along the edges of a ZGNR. First-principles GW calculations and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy reveal a giant spin splitting of low-lying nitrogen lone-pair flat bands by an exchange field (~850 tesla) induced by the ferromagnetically ordered edge states of ZGNRs. Our findings directly corroborate the nature of the predicted emergent magnetic order in ZGNRs and provide a robust platform for their exploration and functional integration into nanoscale sensing and logic devices15-21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erin Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junmian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ilya Piskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shenkai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aidan Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yea-Lee Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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9
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Emmerling ST, Ziegler F, Fischer FR, Schoch R, Bauer M, Plietker B, Buchmeiser MR, Lotsch BV. Olefin Metathesis in Confinement: Towards Covalent Organic Framework Scaffolds for Increased Macrocyclization Selectivity. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104108. [PMID: 34882848 PMCID: PMC9305778 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer vast structural and chemical diversity enabling a wide and growing range of applications. While COFs are well‐established as heterogeneous catalysts, so far, their high and ordered porosity has scarcely been utilized to its full potential when it comes to spatially confined reactions in COF pores to alter the outcome of reactions. Here, we present a highly porous and crystalline, large‐pore COF as catalytic support in α,ω‐diene ring‐closing metathesis reactions, leading to increased macrocyclization selectivity. COF pore‐wall modification by immobilization of a Grubbs‐Hoveyda‐type catalyst via a mild silylation reaction provides a molecularly precise heterogeneous olefin metathesis catalyst. An increased macro(mono)cyclization (MMC) selectivity over oligomerization (O) for the heterogeneous COF‐catalyst (MMC:O=1.35) of up to 51 % compared to the homogeneous catalyst (MMC:O=0.90) was observed along with a substrate‐size dependency in selectivity, pointing to diffusion limitations induced by the pore confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Emmerling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Festkorperforschung, Nanochemistry, GERMANY
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernd Plietker
- Technische Universitat Dresden, Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | | | - Bettina Valeska Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, GERMANY
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10
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Senkovskiy BV, Nenashev AV, Alavi SK, Falke Y, Hell M, Bampoulis P, Rybkovskiy DV, Usachov DY, Fedorov AV, Chernov AI, Gebhard F, Meerholz K, Hertel D, Arita M, Okuda T, Miyamoto K, Shimada K, Fischer FR, Michely T, Baranovskii SD, Lindfors K, Szkopek T, Grüneis A. Tunneling current modulation in atomically precise graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2542. [PMID: 33953174 PMCID: PMC8099867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral heterojunctions of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) hold promise for applications in nanotechnology, yet their charge transport and most of the spectroscopic properties have not been investigated. Here, we synthesize a monolayer of multiple aligned heterojunctions consisting of quasi-metallic and wide-bandgap GNRs, and report characterization by scanning tunneling microscopy, angle-resolved photoemission, Raman spectroscopy, and charge transport. Comprehensive transport measurements as a function of bias and gate voltages, channel length, and temperature reveal that charge transport is dictated by tunneling through the potential barriers formed by wide-bandgap GNR segments. The current-voltage characteristics are in agreement with calculations of tunneling conductance through asymmetric barriers. We fabricate a GNR heterojunctions based sensor and demonstrate greatly improved sensitivity to adsorbates compared to graphene based sensors. This is achieved via modulation of the GNR heterojunction tunneling barriers by adsorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey V Nenashev
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Seyed K Alavi
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Physik der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yannic Falke
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Martin Hell
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexander V Fedorov
- IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander I Chernov
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Meerholz
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Dirk Hertel
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Masashi Arita
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taichi Okuda
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenya Shimada
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Michely
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Sergei D Baranovskii
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klas Lindfors
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Thomas Szkopek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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McCurdy RD, Jacobse PH, Piskun I, Veber GC, Rizzo DJ, Zuzak R, Mutlu Z, Bokor J, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Synergetic Bottom-Up Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons by Matrix-Assisted Direct Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4174-4178. [PMID: 33710887 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The scope of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) structures accessible through bottom-up approaches is defined by the intrinsic limitations of either all-on-surface or all-solution-based synthesis. Here, we report a hybrid bottom-up synthesis of GNRs based on a Matrix-Assisted Direct (MAD) transfer technique that successfully leverages technical advantages inherent to both solution-based and on-surface synthesis while sidestepping their drawbacks. Critical structural parameters tightly controlled in solution-based polymerization reactions can seamlessly be translated into the structure of the corresponding GNRs. The transformative potential of the synergetic bottom-up approaches facilitated by the MAD transfer techniques is highlighted by the synthesis of chevron-type GNRs (cGNRs) featuring narrow length distributions and a nitrogen core-doped armchair GNR (N4-7-ANGR) that remains inaccessible using either a solution-based or an on-surface bottom-up approach alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ilya Piskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory C Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rafal Zuzak
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zafer Mutlu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Mutlu Z, Llinas JP, Jacobse PH, Piskun I, Blackwell R, Crommie MF, Fischer FR, Bokor J. Transfer-Free Synthesis of Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons on Insulating Substrates. ACS Nano 2021; 15:2635-2642. [PMID: 33492120 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rational bottom-up synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) provides atomically precise control of widths and edges that give rise to a wide range of electronic properties promising for electronic devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs). Since the bottom-up synthesis commonly takes place on catalytic metallic surfaces, the integration of GNRs into such devices requires their transfer onto insulating substrates, which remains one of the bottlenecks in the development of GNR-based electronics. Herein, we report on a method for the transfer-free placement of GNRs on insulators. This involves growing GNRs on a gold film deposited onto an insulating layer followed by gentle wet etching of the gold, which leaves the nanoribbons to settle in place on the underlying insulating substrate. Scanning tunneling microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirm that atomically precise GNRs of high density uniformly grow on the gold films deposited onto SiO2/Si substrates and remain structurally intact after the etching process. We have also demonstrated transfer-free fabrication of ultrashort channel GNR FETs using this process. A very important aspect of the present work is that the method can scale up well to 12 in. wafers, which is extremely difficult for previous techniques. Our work here thus represents an important step toward large-scale integration of GNRs into electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Mutlu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Llinas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ilya Piskun
- Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raymond Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey Bokor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenkai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junmian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raymond Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Zhao L, Doddipatla S, Kaiser RI, Lu W, Kostko O, Ahmed M, Tuli LB, Morozov AN, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF, Mebel AM, Azyazov VN, Mohamed RK, Fischer FR. Gas-phase synthesis of corannulene – a molecular building block of fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5740-5749. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06537d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Corannulene can be formed through molecular mass growth processes in circumstellar envelopes.
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15
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Rizzo DJ, Veber G, Jiang J, McCurdy R, Cao T, Bronner C, Chen T, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Inducing metallicity in graphene nanoribbons via zero-mode superlattices. Science 2020; 369:1597-1603. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Rizzo
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ryan McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Ting Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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16
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Jacobse PH, McCurdy RD, Jiang J, Rizzo DJ, Veber G, Butler P, Zuzak R, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Bottom-up Assembly of Nanoporous Graphene with Emergent Electronic States. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13507-13514. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan D. McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J. Rizzo
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Butler
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rafał Zuzak
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Falke Y, Senkovskiy BV, Ehlen N, Wysocki L, Marangoni T, Durr RA, Chernov AI, Fischer FR, Grüneis A. Photothermal Bottom-up Graphene Nanoribbon Growth Kinetics. Nano Lett 2020; 20:4761-4767. [PMID: 32510961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present laser-induced photothermal synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). The kinetics of photothermal bottom-up GNR growth are unravelled by in situ Raman spectroscopy carried out in ultrahigh vacuum. We photothermally drive the reaction steps by short periods of laser irradiation and subsequently analyze the Raman spectra of the reactants in the irradiated area. Growth kinetics of chevron GNRs (CGNRs) and seven atoms wide armchair GNRs (7-AGNRs) is investigated. The reaction rate constants for polymerization, cyclodehydrogenation, and interribbon fusion are experimentally determined. We find that the limiting rate constants for CGNR growth are several hundred times smaller than for 7-AGNR growth and that interribbon fusion is an important elementary reaction occurring during 7-AGNR growth. Our work highlights that photothermal synthesis and in situ Raman spectroscopy are a powerful tandem for the investigation of on-surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Falke
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Boris V Senkovskiy
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Niels Ehlen
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Lena Wysocki
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca A Durr
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander I Chernov
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo innovation city, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Grüneis
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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18
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Veber G, Diercks CS, Rogers C, Perkins WS, Ciston J, Lee K, Llinas JP, Liebman-Peláez A, Zhu C, Bokor J, Fischer FR. Reticular Growth of Graphene Nanoribbon 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Rizzo DJ, Dai Q, Bronner C, Veber G, Smith BJ, Matsumoto M, Thomas S, Nguyen GD, Forrester PR, Zhao W, Jørgensen JH, Dichtel WR, Fischer FR, Li H, Bredas JL, Crommie MF. Revealing the Local Electronic Structure of a Single-Layer Covalent Organic Framework through Electronic Decoupling. Nano Lett 2020; 20:963-970. [PMID: 31910625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are molecule-based 2D and 3D materials that possess a wide range of mechanical and electronic properties. We have performed a joint experimental and theoretical study of the electronic structure of boroxine-linked COFs grown under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and characterized using scanning tunneling spectroscopy on Au(111) and hBN/Cu(111) substrates. Our results show that a single hBN layer electronically decouples the COF from the metallic substrate, thus suppressing substrate-induced broadening and revealing new features in the COF electronic local density of states (LDOS). The resulting sharpening of LDOS features allows us to experimentally determine the COF band gap, bandwidths, and the electronic hopping amplitude between adjacent COF bridge sites. These experimental parameters are consistent with the results of first-principles theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Qingqing Dai
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Christopher Bronner
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Michio Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Simil Thomas
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Giang D Nguyen
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Patrick R Forrester
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - William Zhao
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jakob H Jørgensen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO , Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000 , Denmark
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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20
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Piskun I, Blackwell R, Jornet-Somoza J, Zhao F, Rubio A, Louie SG, Fischer FR. Covalent C–N Bond Formation through a Surface Catalyzed Thermal Cyclodehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3696-3700. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Piskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raymond Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joaquim Jornet-Somoza
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Bldg. 99, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Angel Rubio
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Bldg. 99, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), The Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Zhao L, Prendergast MB, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Sun B, Chen Y, Chang AHH, Mohamed RK, Fischer FR. Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Phenyl Addition–Dehydrocyclization: The Third Way. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | | | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue‐Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rana K. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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22
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Zhao L, Prendergast MB, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Sun B, Chen Y, Chang AHH, Mohamed RK, Fischer FR. Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Phenyl Addition–Dehydrocyclization: The Third Way. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17442-17450. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | | | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue‐Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rana K. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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23
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von Kugelgen S, Piskun I, Griffin JH, Eckdahl CT, Jarenwattananon NN, Fischer FR. Templated Synthesis of End-Functionalized Graphene Nanoribbons through Living Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11050-11058. [PMID: 31264864 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise bottom-up synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising candidates for next-generation electronic materials. The incorporation of these highly tunable semiconductors into complex device architectures requires the development of synthetic tools that provide control over the absolute length, the sequence, and the end groups of GNRs. Here, we report the living chain-growth synthesis of chevron-type GNRs (cGNRs) templated by a poly-(arylene ethynylene) precursor prepared through ring-opening alkyne metathesis polymerization (ROAMP). The strained triple bonds of a macrocyclic monomer serve both as the site of polymerization and the reaction center for an annulation reaction that laterally extends the conjugated backbone to give cGNRs with predetermined lengths and end groups. The structural control provided by a living polymer-templated synthesis of GNRs paves the way for their future integration into hierarchical assemblies, sequence-defined heterojunctions, and well-defined single-GNR transistors via block copolymer templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen von Kugelgen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ilya Piskun
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - James H Griffin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Christopher T Eckdahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nanette N Jarenwattananon
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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24
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Rizzo DJ, Wu M, Tsai HZ, Marangoni T, Durr RA, Omrani AA, Liou F, Bronner C, Joshi T, Nguyen GD, Rodgers GF, Choi WW, Jørgensen JH, Fischer FR, Louie SG, Crommie MF. Length-Dependent Evolution of Type II Heterojunctions in Bottom-Up-Synthesized Graphene Nanoribbons. Nano Lett 2019; 19:3221-3228. [PMID: 31002257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tune the band-edge energies of bottom-up graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) via edge dopants creates new opportunities for designing tailor-made GNR heterojunctions and related nanoscale electronic devices. Here we report the local electronic characterization of type II GNR heterojunctions composed of two different nitrogen edge-doping configurations (carbazole and phenanthridine) that separately exhibit electron-donating and electron-withdrawing behavior. Atomically resolved structural characterization of phenanthridine/carbazole GNR heterojunctions was performed using bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles calculations reveal that carbazole and phenanthridine dopant configurations induce opposite upward and downward orbital energy shifts owing to their different electron affinities. The magnitude of the energy offsets observed in carbazole/phenanthridine heterojunctions is dependent on the length of the GNR segments comprising each heterojunction with longer segments leading to larger heterojunction energy offsets. Using a new on-site energy analysis based on Wannier functions, we find that the origin of this behavior is a charge transfer process that reshapes the electrostatic potential profile over a long distance within the GNR heterojunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Felix R Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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25
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Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Lu W, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Bashkirov EK, Azyazov VN, Zagidullin MV, Morozov AN, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF, Mebel AM, Joshi D, Veber G, Fischer FR. Gas phase synthesis of [4]-helicene. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1510. [PMID: 30944302 PMCID: PMC6447558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic route to racemic helicenes via a vinylacetylene mediated gas phase chemistry involving elementary reactions with aryl radicals is presented. In contrast to traditional synthetic routes involving solution chemistry and ionic reaction intermediates, the gas phase synthesis involves a targeted ring annulation involving free radical intermediates. Exploiting the simplest helicene as a benchmark, we show that the gas phase reaction of the 4-phenanthrenyl radical ([C14H9]•) with vinylacetylene (C4H4) yields [4]-helicene (C18H12) along with atomic hydrogen via a low-barrier mechanism through a resonance-stabilized free radical intermediate (C18H13). This pathway may represent a versatile mechanism to build up even more complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as [5]- and [6]-helicene via stepwise ring annulation through bimolecular gas phase reactions in circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich stars, whereas secondary reactions involving hydrogen atom assisted isomerization of thermodynamically less stable isomers of [4]-helicene might be important in combustion flames as well. Helicenes represent key building blocks leading eventually to carbonaceous nanostructures. Here, exploiting [4]-helicene as a benchmark, the authors present a synthetic route to racemic helicenes via a vinylacetylene mediated gas phase chemistry with aryl radicals involving ring annulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - A Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Dharati Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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26
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Pfeiffer M, Senkovskiy BV, Haberer D, Fischer FR, Yang F, Meerholz K, Ando Y, Grüneis A, Lindfors K. Observation of Room-Temperature Photoluminescence Blinking in Armchair-Edge Graphene Nanoribbons. Nano Lett 2018; 18:7038-7044. [PMID: 30336056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
By enhancing the photoluminescence from aligned seven-atom wide armchair-edge graphene nanoribbons using plasmonic nanoantennas, we are able to observe blinking of the emission. The on- and off-times of the blinking follow power law statistics. In time-resolved spectra, we observe spectral diffusion. These findings together are a strong indication of the emission originating from a single quantum emitter. The room temperature photoluminescence displays a narrow spectral width of less than 50 meV, which is significantly smaller than the previously observed ensemble line width of 0.8 eV. From spectral time traces, we identify three optical transitions, which are energetically situated below the lowest bulk excitonic state E11 of the nanoribbons. We attribute the emission to transitions involving Tamm states localized at the end of the nanoribbon. The photoluminescence from a single ribbon is strongly enhanced when its end is in the antenna hot spot resulting in the observed single molecule characteristics of the emission. Our findings illustrate the essential role of the end termination of graphene nanoribbons in light emission and allow us to construct a model for photoluminescence from nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pfeiffer
- Department für Chemie , Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116 , 50939 Köln , Germany
| | - Boris V Senkovskiy
- II. Physikalisches Institut , Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
| | - Danny Haberer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Tan Hall 680 , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Tan Hall 680 , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Fan Yang
- II. Physikalisches Institut , Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
| | - Klaus Meerholz
- Department für Chemie , Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116 , 50939 Köln , Germany
| | - Yoichi Ando
- II. Physikalisches Institut , Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
| | - Alexander Grüneis
- II. Physikalisches Institut , Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
| | - Klas Lindfors
- Department für Chemie , Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116 , 50939 Köln , Germany
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27
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Zhu J, German R, Senkovskiy BV, Haberer D, Fischer FR, Grüneis A, van Loosdrecht PHM. Exciton and phonon dynamics in highly aligned 7-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons as seen by time-resolved spontaneous Raman scattering. Nanoscale 2018; 10:17975-17982. [PMID: 30226260 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The opening of a band gap in graphene nanoribbons induces novel optical and electronic properties, strongly enhancing their application potential in nanoscale devices. Knowledge of the optical excitations and associated relaxation dynamics are essential for developing and optimizing device designs and functionality. Here we report on the optical excitations and associated relaxation dynamics in surface aligned 7-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons as seen by time-resolved spontaneous Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. On the anti-Stokes side we observe an optically induced increase of the scattering intensity of the Raman active optical phonons which we assign to changes in the optical phonon populations. The optical phonon population decays with a lifetime of ∼2 ps, indicating an efficient optical-acoustic phonon cooling mechanism. On the Stokes side we observe a substantial decrease of the phonon peak intensities which we relate to the dynamics of the optically induced exciton population. The exciton population shows a multi-exponential relaxation on the hundreds of ps time scale and is independent of the excitation intensity, indicating that exciton-exciton annihilation processes are not important and the exsistence of dark and trapped exciton states. Our results shed light on the optically induced phonon and exciton dynamics in surface aligned armchair graphene nanoribbons and demonstrate that time-resolved spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy is a powerful method for exploring quasi-particle dynamics in low dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- Physics institute 2, University of Cologne, 50937, Germany.
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28
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Senkovskiy BV, Usachov DY, Fedorov AV, Marangoni T, Haberer D, Tresca C, Profeta G, Caciuc V, Tsukamoto S, Atodiresei N, Ehlen N, Chen C, Avila J, Asensio MC, Varykhalov AY, Nefedov A, Wöll C, Kim TK, Hoesch M, Fischer FR, Grüneis A. Boron-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons: Electronic Structure and Raman Fingerprint. ACS Nano 2018; 12:7571-7582. [PMID: 30004663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the electronic and vibrational properties of bottom-up synthesized aligned armchair graphene nanoribbons of N = 7 carbon atoms width periodically doped by substitutional boron atoms (B-7AGNRs). Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we find that the dopant-derived valence and conduction band states are notably hybridized with electronic states of Au substrate and spread in energy. The interaction with the substrate leaves the bands with pure carbon character rather unperturbed. This results in an identical effective mass of ≈0.2 m0 for the next-highest valence band compared with pristine 7AGNRs. We probe the phonons of B-7AGNRs by ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) Raman spectroscopy and reveal the existence of characteristic splitting and red shifts in Raman modes due to the presence of substitutional boron atoms. Comparing the Raman spectra for three visible lasers (red, green, and blue), we find that interaction with gold suppresses the Raman signal from B-7AGNRs and the energy of the green laser (2.33 eV) is closer to the resonant E22 transition. The hybridized electronic structure of the B-7AGNR-Au interface is expected to improve electrical characteristics of contacts between graphene nanoribbon and Au. The Raman fingerprint allows the easy identification of B-7AGNRs, which is particularly useful for device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Senkovskiy
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
| | - Dmitry Yu Usachov
- St. Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Fedorov
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
- St. Petersburg State University , 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden , Germany
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Tan Hall 680 , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Danny Haberer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Tan Hall 680 , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Cesare Tresca
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences and SPIN-CNR , University of L'Aquila , Via Vetoio 10 , I-67100 Coppito , Italy
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC univ Paris 6 and CNRS-UMR 7588 , 4 place Jussieu , F-75252 Paris , France
| | - Gianni Profeta
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences and SPIN-CNR , University of L'Aquila , Via Vetoio 10 , I-67100 Coppito , Italy
| | - Vasile Caciuc
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-1) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-1) , Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Shigeru Tsukamoto
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-1) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-1) , Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Nicolae Atodiresei
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-1) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-1) , Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Niels Ehlen
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
| | - Chaoyu Chen
- ANTARES Beamline , Synchrotron SOLEIL & Universite Paris-Saclay, L' Orme des Merisiers , Saint Aubin-BP 48 , 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - José Avila
- ANTARES Beamline , Synchrotron SOLEIL & Universite Paris-Saclay, L' Orme des Merisiers , Saint Aubin-BP 48 , 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Maria C Asensio
- ANTARES Beamline , Synchrotron SOLEIL & Universite Paris-Saclay, L' Orme des Merisiers , Saint Aubin-BP 48 , 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | | | - Alexei Nefedov
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Timur K Kim
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus , Didcot , OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Hoesch
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus , Didcot , OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron , Notkestrasse 85 , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Tan Hall 680 , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alexander Grüneis
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany
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29
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Rizzo DJ, Veber G, Cao T, Bronner C, Chen T, Zhao F, Rodriguez H, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Topological band engineering of graphene nanoribbons. Nature 2018; 560:204-208. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Joshi D, Hauser M, Veber G, Berl A, Xu K, Fischer FR. Super-Resolution Imaging of Clickable Graphene Nanoribbons Decorated with Fluorescent Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9574-9580. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharati Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Meghan Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexandra Berl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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31
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Pedramrazi Z, Chen C, Zhao F, Cao T, Nguyen GD, Omrani AA, Tsai HZ, Cloke RR, Marangoni T, Rizzo DJ, Joshi T, Bronner C, Choi WW, Fischer FR, Louie SG, Crommie MF. Concentration Dependence of Dopant Electronic Structure in Bottom-up Graphene Nanoribbons. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3550-3556. [PMID: 29851493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up fabrication techniques enable atomically precise integration of dopant atoms into the structure of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Such dopants exhibit perfect alignment within GNRs and behave differently from bulk semiconductor dopants. The effect of dopant concentration on the electronic structure of GNRs, however, remains unclear despite its importance in future electronics applications. Here we use scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations to investigate the electronic structure of bottom-up synthesized N = 7 armchair GNRs featuring varying concentrations of boron dopants. First-principles calculations of freestanding GNRs predict that the inclusion of boron atoms into a GNR backbone should induce two sharp dopant states whose energy splitting varies with dopant concentration. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments, however, reveal two broad dopant states with an energy splitting greater than expected. This anomalous behavior results from an unusual hybridization between the dopant states and the Au(111) surface, with the dopant-surface interaction strength dictated by the dopant orbital symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Pedramrazi
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Giang D Nguyen
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Arash A Omrani
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hsin-Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ryan R Cloke
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Trinity Joshi
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Christopher Bronner
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Won-Woo Choi
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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32
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Passi V, Gahoi A, Senkovskiy BV, Haberer D, Fischer FR, Grüneis A, Lemme MC. Field-Effect Transistors Based on Networks of Highly Aligned, Chemically Synthesized N = 7 Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:9900-9903. [PMID: 29516716 PMCID: PMC5880510 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental demonstration and electrical characterization of N = 7 armchair graphene nanoribbon (7-AGNR) field effect transistors. The back-gated transistors are fabricated from atomically precise and highly aligned 7-AGNRs, synthesized with a bottom-up approach. The large area transfer process holds the promise of scalable device fabrication with atomically precise nanoribbons. The channels of the FETs are approximately 30 times longer than the average nanoribbon length of 30 nm to 40 nm. The density of the GNRs is high, so that transport can be assumed well-above the percolation threshold. The long channel transistors exhibit a maximum ION/ IOFF current ratio of 87.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Passi
- AMO GmbH, Advanced
Microelectronic Center Aachen, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 25, Aachen, Germany
| | - Amit Gahoi
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 2, Aachen, Germany
| | - Boris V. Senkovskiy
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, Köln, Germany
| | - Danny Haberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Grüneis
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, Köln, Germany
| | - Max C. Lemme
- AMO GmbH, Advanced
Microelectronic Center Aachen, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 25, Aachen, Germany
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strasse 2, Aachen, Germany
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33
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Bronner C, Durr RA, Rizzo DJ, Lee YL, Marangoni T, Kalayjian AM, Rodriguez H, Zhao W, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Hierarchical On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbon Heterojunctions. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2193-2200. [PMID: 29381853 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up graphene nanoribbon (GNR) heterojunctions are nanoscale strips of graphene whose electronic structure abruptly changes across a covalently bonded interface. Their rational design offers opportunities for profound technological advancements enabled by their extraordinary structural and electronic properties. Thus far, the most critical aspect of their synthesis, the control over sequence and position of heterojunctions along the length of a ribbon, has been plagued by randomness in monomer sequences emerging from step-growth copolymerization of distinct monomers. All bottom-up GNR heterojunction structures created so far have exhibited random sequences of heterojunctions and, while useful for fundamental scientific studies, are difficult to incorporate into functional nanodevices as a result. In contrast, we describe a hierarchical fabrication strategy that allows the growth of bottom-up GNRs that preferentially exhibit a single heterojunction interface rather than a random statistical sequence of junctions along the ribbon. Such heterojunctions provide a viable platform that could be directly used in functional GNR-based device applications at the molecular scale. Our hierarchical GNR fabrication strategy is based on differences in the dissociation energies of C-Br and C-I bonds that allow control over the growth sequence of the block copolymers from which GNRs are formed and consequently yields a significantly higher proportion of single-junction GNR heterostructures. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations confirm that hierarchically grown heterojunctions between chevron GNR (cGNR) and binaphthyl-cGNR segments exhibit straddling Type I band alignment in structures that are only one atomic layer thick and 3 nm in width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bronner
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Rebecca A Durr
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yea-Lee Lee
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Physics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Kyungbuk 37673 , Korea
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alin Miksi Kalayjian
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - William Zhao
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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34
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Durr RA, Haberer D, Lee YL, Blackwell R, Kalayjian AM, Marangoni T, Ihm J, Louie SG, Fischer FR. Orbitally Matched Edge-Doping in Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:807-813. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Durr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Danny Haberer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yea-Lee Lee
- Department
of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Raymond Blackwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alin Miksi Kalayjian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jisoon Ihm
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department
of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Perkins
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA- 94720 USA
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36
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Nguyen GD, Tsai HZ, Omrani AA, Marangoni T, Wu M, Rizzo DJ, Rodgers GF, Cloke RR, Durr RA, Sakai Y, Liou F, Aikawa AS, Chelikowsky JR, Louie SG, Fischer FR, Crommie MF. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions from a single molecular precursor. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:1077-1082. [PMID: 28945240 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rational bottom-up synthesis of atomically defined graphene nanoribbon (GNR) heterojunctions represents an enabling technology for the design of nanoscale electronic devices. Synthetic strategies used thus far have relied on the random copolymerization of two electronically distinct molecular precursors to yield GNR heterojunctions. Here we report the fabrication and electronic characterization of atomically precise GNR heterojunctions prepared through late-stage functionalization of chevron GNRs obtained from a single precursor. Post-growth excitation of fully cyclized GNRs induces cleavage of sacrificial carbonyl groups, resulting in atomically well-defined heterojunctions within a single GNR. The GNR heterojunction structure was characterized using bond-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy, which enables chemical bond imaging at T = 4.5 K. Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy reveals that band alignment across the heterojunction interface yields a type II heterojunction, in agreement with first-principles calculations. GNR heterojunction band realignment proceeds over a distance less than 1 nm, leading to extremely large effective fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang D Nguyen
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hsin-Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Arash A Omrani
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Griffin F Rodgers
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ryan R Cloke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca A Durr
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yuki Sakai
- Center for Computational Materials, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Departments of Physics and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Franklin Liou
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrew S Aikawa
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - James R Chelikowsky
- Center for Computational Materials, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Departments of Physics and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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37
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Jeong H, von Kugelgen S, Bellone D, Fischer FR. Regioselective Termination Reagents for Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15509-15514. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyangsoo Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen von Kugelgen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donatela Bellone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences
Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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38
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Senkovskiy BV, Pfeiffer M, Alavi SK, Bliesener A, Zhu J, Michel S, Fedorov AV, German R, Hertel D, Haberer D, Petaccia L, Fischer FR, Meerholz K, van Loosdrecht PHM, Lindfors K, Grüneis A. Making Graphene Nanoribbons Photoluminescent. Nano Lett 2017; 17:4029-4037. [PMID: 28358214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the alignment-preserving transfer of parallel graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) onto insulating substrates. The photophysics of such samples is characterized by polarized Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The Raman scattered light and the PL are polarized along the GNR axis. The Raman cross section as a function of excitation energy has distinct excitonic peaks associated with transitions between the one-dimensional parabolic subbands. We find that the PL of GNRs is intrinsically low but can be strongly enhanced by blue laser irradiation in ambient conditions or hydrogenation in ultrahigh vacuum. These functionalization routes cause the formation of sp3 defects in GNRs. We demonstrate the laser writing of luminescent patterns in GNR films for maskless lithography by the controlled generation of defects. Our findings set the stage for further exploration of the optical properties of GNRs on insulating substrates and in device geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Senkovskiy
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - M Pfeiffer
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - S K Alavi
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Physik der Universität Bonn , Wegeler Strasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Bliesener
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - J Zhu
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - S Michel
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - A V Fedorov
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
- St. Petersburg State University , Ulianovskaya 1, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171, Germany
| | - R German
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - D Hertel
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - D Haberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Tan Hall 680, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - L Petaccia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste , Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Tan Hall 680, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - K Meerholz
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - P H M van Loosdrecht
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - K Lindfors
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Luxemburger Strasse 116, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - A Grüneis
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Strasse 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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39
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von Kugelgen S, Sifri R, Bellone D, Fischer FR. Regioselective Carbyne Transfer to Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Initiators Gives Access to Telechelic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7577-7585. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen von Kugelgen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Renee Sifri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donatela Bellone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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40
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Rogers C, Perkins WS, Veber G, Williams TE, Cloke RR, Fischer FR. Synergistic Enhancement of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction with Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Functional Graphene Nanoribbon Composite Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4052-4061. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rogers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wade S. Perkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Teresa E. Williams
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan R. Cloke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Material
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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41
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de Oteyza DG, Pérez Paz A, Chen YC, Pedramrazi Z, Riss A, Wickenburg S, Tsai HZ, Fischer FR, Crommie MF, Rubio A. Noncovalent Dimerization after Enediyne Cyclization on Au(111). J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10963-7. [PMID: 27490459 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the thermally induced cyclization of 1,2-bis(2-phenylethynyl)benzene on Au(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy and computer simulations. Cyclization of sterically hindered enediynes is known to proceed via two competing mechanisms in solution: a classic C(1)-C(6) (Bergman) or a C(1)-C(5) cyclization pathway. On Au(111), we find that the C(1)-C(5) cyclization is suppressed and that the C(1)-C(6) cyclization yields a highly strained bicyclic olefin whose surface chemistry was hitherto unknown. The C(1)-C(6) product self-assembles into discrete noncovalently bound dimers on the surface. The reaction mechanism and driving forces behind noncovalent association are discussed in light of density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center , E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez Paz
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC , 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Yen-Chia Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zahra Pedramrazi
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Riss
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sebastian Wickenburg
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hsin-Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Angel Rubio
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC , 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Free-electron Laser Science (CFEL) , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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42
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Marangoni T, Haberer D, Rizzo DJ, Cloke RR, Fischer FR. Heterostructures through Divergent Edge Reconstruction in Nitrogen‐Doped Segmented Graphene Nanoribbons. Chemistry 2016; 22:13037-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
| | - Danny Haberer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
| | - Daniel J. Rizzo
- Department of Physics University of California Berkeley 345 Birge Hall Berkeley CA 94720 United States
| | - Ryan R. Cloke
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley 699 Tan Hall Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 United States
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43
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von Kugelgen S, Bellone DE, Cloke RR, Perkins WS, Fischer FR. Initiator Control of Conjugated Polymer Topology in Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6234-9. [PMID: 27120088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum carbyne complexes [RC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] featuring a mesityl (R = Mes) or an ethyl (R = Et) substituent initiate the living ring-opening alkyne metathesis polymerization of the strained cyclic alkyne, 5,6,11,12-tetradehydrobenzo[a,e][8]annulene, to yield fully conjugated poly(o-phenylene ethynylene). The difference in the steric demand of the polymer end-group (Mes vs Et) transferred during the initiation step determines the topology of the resulting polymer chain. While [MesC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] exclusively yields linear poly(o-phenylene ethynylene), polymerization initiated by [EtC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] results in cyclic polymers ranging in size from n = 5 to 20 monomer units. Kinetic studies reveal that the propagating species emerging from [EtC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] undergoes a highly selective intramolecular backbiting into the butynyl end-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen von Kugelgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donatela E Bellone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan R Cloke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wade S Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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44
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Fischer FR. Profile: Early Excellence in Physical Organic Chemistry. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Rogers C, Chen C, Pedramrazi Z, Omrani AA, Tsai H, Jung HS, Lin S, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Closing the Nanographene Gap: Surface‐Assisted Synthesis of Peripentacene from 6,6′‐Bipentacene Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 699 Tan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 345 Birge Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Zahra Pedramrazi
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 345 Birge Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Arash A. Omrani
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 345 Birge Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Hsin‐Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 345 Birge Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Han Sae Jung
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 345 Birge Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 699 Tan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, 345 Birge Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 699 Tan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
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46
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Rogers C, Chen C, Pedramrazi Z, Omrani AA, Tsai HZ, Jung HS, Lin S, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Closing the Nanographene Gap: Surface-Assisted Synthesis of Peripentacene from 6,6′-Bipentacene Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15143-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Cloke RR, Marangoni T, Nguyen GD, Joshi T, Rizzo DJ, Bronner C, Cao T, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Site-Specific Substitutional Boron Doping of Semiconducting Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8872-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven G. Louie
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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48
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Chen YC, Cao T, Chen C, Pedramrazi Z, Haberer D, de Oteyza DG, Fischer FR, Louie SG, Crommie MF. Molecular bandgap engineering of bottom-up synthesized graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions. Nat Nanotechnol 2015; 10:156-60. [PMID: 25581888 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bandgap engineering is used to create semiconductor heterostructure devices that perform processes such as resonant tunnelling and solar energy conversion. However, the performance of such devices degrades as their size is reduced. Graphene-based molecular electronics has emerged as a candidate to enable high performance down to the single-molecule scale. Graphene nanoribbons, for example, can have widths of less than 2 nm and bandgaps that are tunable via their width and symmetry. It has been predicted that bandgap engineering within a single graphene nanoribbon may be achieved by varying the width of covalently bonded segments within the nanoribbon. Here, we demonstrate the bottom-up synthesis of such width-modulated armchair graphene nanoribbon heterostructures, obtained by fusing segments made from two different molecular building blocks. We study these heterojunctions at subnanometre length scales with scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, and identify their spatially modulated electronic structure, demonstrating molecular-scale bandgap engineering, including type I heterojunction behaviour. First-principles calculations support these findings and provide insight into the microscopic electronic structure of bandgap-engineered graphene nanoribbon heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chia Chen
- 1] Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- 1] Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zahra Pedramrazi
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Danny Haberer
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- 1] Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, San Sebastián, E-20018, Spain
| | - Felix R Fischer
- 1] Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [3] Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- 1] Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- 1] Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [3] Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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49
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Bellone D, Bours J, Menke EH, Fischer FR. Highly selective molybdenum ONO pincer complex initiates the living ring-opening metathesis polymerization of strained alkynes with exceptionally low polydispersity indices. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:850-6. [PMID: 25535767 PMCID: PMC4308759 DOI: 10.1021/ja510919v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pseudo-octahedral molybdenum benzylidyne complex [TolC≡Mo(ONO)(OR)]·KOR (R = CCH3(CF3)2) 1, featuring a stabilizing ONO pincer ligand, initiates the controlled living polymerization of strained dibenzocyclooctynes at T > 60 °C to give high molecular weight polymers with exceptionally low polydispersities (PDI ∼ 1.02). Kinetic analyses reveal that the growing polymer chain attached to the propagating catalyst efficiently limits the rate of propagation with respect to the rate of initiation (kp/ki ∼ 10(-3)). The reversible coordination of KOCCH3(CF3)2 to the propagating catalyst prevents undesired chain-termination and -transfer processes. The ring-opening alkyne metathesis polymerization with 1 has all the characteristics of a living polymerization and enables, for the first time, the controlled synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via ROAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatela
E. Bellone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Bours
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elisabeth H. Menke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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50
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Riss A, Wickenburg S, Tan LZ, Tsai HZ, Kim Y, Lu J, Bradley AJ, Ugeda MM, Meaker KL, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zettl A, Fischer FR, Louie SG, Crommie MF. Imaging and tuning molecular levels at the surface of a gated graphene device. ACS Nano 2014; 8:5395-401. [PMID: 24746016 PMCID: PMC4070845 DOI: 10.1021/nn501459v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gate-controlled tuning of the charge carrier density in graphene devices provides new opportunities to control the behavior of molecular adsorbates. We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) to show how the vibronic electronic levels of 1,3,5-tris(2,2-dicyanovinyl)benzene molecules adsorbed onto a graphene/BN/SiO2 device can be tuned via application of a backgate voltage. The molecules are observed to electronically decouple from the graphene layer, giving rise to well-resolved vibronic states in dI/dV spectroscopy at the single-molecule level. Density functional theory (DFT) and many-body spectral function calculations show that these states arise from molecular orbitals coupled strongly to carbon-hydrogen rocking modes. Application of a back-gate voltage allows switching between different electronic states of the molecules for fixed sample bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riss
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Address correspondence to , ,
| | - Sebastian Wickenburg
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liang Z. Tan
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hsin-Zon Tsai
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Youngkyou Kim
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Aaron J. Bradley
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Miguel M. Ugeda
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kacey L. Meaker
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Address correspondence to , ,
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Address correspondence to , ,
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