1
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Arai K, Okumura M, Lee YH, Katayama H, Mizutani K, Lin Y, Park SY, Sawada K, Toyoda M, Hojo H, Inaba K, Iwaoka M. Diselenide-bond replacement of the external disulfide bond of insulin increases its oligomerization leading to sustained activity. Commun Chem 2023; 6:258. [PMID: 37989850 PMCID: PMC10663622 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Seleno-insulin, a class of artificial insulin analogs, in which one of the three disulfide-bonds (S-S's) of wild-type insulin (Ins) is replaced by a diselenide-bond (Se-Se), is attracting attention for its unique chemical and physiological properties that differ from those of Ins. Previously, we pioneered the development of a [C7UA,C7UB] analog of bovine pancreatic insulin (SeIns) as the first example, and demonstrated its high resistance against insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). In this study, the conditions for the synthesis of SeIns via native chain assembly (NCA) were optimized to attain a maximum yield of 72%, which is comparable to the in vitro folding efficiency for single-chain proinsulin. When the resistance of BPIns to IDE was evaluated in the presence of SeIns, the degradation rate of BPIns became significantly slower than that of BPIns alone. Furthermore, the investigation on the intermolecular association properties of SeIns and BPIns using analytical ultracentrifugation suggested that SeIns readily forms oligomers not only with its own but also with BPIns. The hypoglycemic effect of SeIns on diabetic rats was observed at a dose of 150 μg/300 g rat. The strategy of replacing the solvent-exposed S-S with Se-Se provides new guidance for the design of long-acting insulin formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramakiaza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
- Research Headquarters, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Hidekazu Katayama
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizutani
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Korea
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Drug Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Sawada
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University, School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masao Toyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University, School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 2-1-1, Japan
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
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2
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Harrison K, Mackay AS, Kambanis L, Maxwell JWC, Payne RJ. Synthesis and applications of mirror-image proteins. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:383-404. [PMID: 37173596 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The homochirality of biomolecules in nature, such as DNA, RNA, peptides and proteins, has played a critical role in establishing and sustaining life on Earth. This chiral bias has also given synthetic chemists the opportunity to generate molecules with inverted chirality, unlocking valuable new properties and applications. Advances in the field of chemical protein synthesis have underpinned the generation of numerous 'mirror-image' proteins (those comprised entirely of D-amino acids instead of canonical L-amino acids), which cannot be accessed using recombinant expression technologies. This Review seeks to highlight recent work on synthetic mirror-image proteins, with a focus on modern synthetic strategies that have been leveraged to access these complex biomolecules as well as their applications in protein crystallography, drug discovery and the creation of mirror-image life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriona Harrison
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angus S Mackay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucas Kambanis
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua W C Maxwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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3
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Lander AJ, Jin Y, Luk LYP. D-Peptide and D-Protein Technology: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200537. [PMID: 36278392 PMCID: PMC10805118 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Total chemical protein synthesis provides access to entire D-protein enantiomers enabling unique applications in molecular biology, structural biology, and bioactive compound discovery. Key enzymes involved in the central dogma of molecular biology have been prepared in their D-enantiomeric forms facilitating the development of mirror-image life. Crystallization of a racemic mixture of L- and D-protein enantiomers provides access to high-resolution X-ray structures of polypeptides. Additionally, D-enantiomers of protein drug targets can be used in mirror-image phage display allowing discovery of non-proteolytic D-peptide ligands as lead candidates. This review discusses the unique applications of D-proteins including the synthetic challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lander
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Yi Jin
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of ManchesterManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Louis Y. P. Luk
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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4
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Zhao R, Shi P, Cui JB, Shi C, Wei XX, Luo J, Xia Z, Shi WW, Zhou Y, Tang J, Tian C, Meininghaus M, Bierer D, Shi J, Li YM, Liu L. Single-Shot Solid-Phase Synthesis of Full-Length H2 Relaxin Disulfide Surrogates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216365. [PMID: 36515186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of insulin superfamily proteins (ISPs) has recently been widely studied to develop next-generation drugs. Separate synthesis of multiple peptide fragments and tedious chain-to-chain folding are usually encountered in these studies, limiting accessibility to ISP derivatives. Here we report the finding that insulin superfamily proteins (e.g. H2 relaxin, insulin itself, and H3 relaxin) incorporating a pre-made diaminodiacid bridge at A-B chain terminal disulfide can be easily and rapidly synthesized by a single-shot automated solid-phase synthesis and expedient one-step folding. Our new H2 relaxin analogues exhibit almost identical structures and activities when compared to their natural counterparts. This new synthetic strategy will expediate production of new ISP analogues for pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Pan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ji-Bin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chaowei Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhemin Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiahui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mark Meininghaus
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Aprather Weg 18 A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Donald Bierer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Aprather Weg 18 A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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5
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Anderson HR, Reeves WL, Bockus AT, Suating P, Grice AG, Gallagher M, Urbach AR. Semisynthesis of Aminomethyl-Insulin: An Atom-Economic Strategy to Increase the Affinity and Selectivity of a Protein for Recognition by a Synthetic Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:212-217. [PMID: 36534758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in the molecular recognition of insulin by nonantibody-based means would facilitate the development of methodology for the continuous detection of insulin for the management of diabetes mellitus. Herein, we report a novel insulin derivative that binds to the synthetic receptor cucurbit[7]uril (Q7) at a single site and with high nanomolar affinity. The insulin derivative was prepared by a four-step protein semisynthetic method to present a 4-aminomethyl group on the side chain of the PheB1 position. The resulting aminomethyl insulin binds to Q7 with an equilibrium dissociation constant value of 99 nM in neutral phosphate buffer, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. This 6.8-fold enhancement in affinity versus native insulin was gained by an atom-economical modification (-CH2NH2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported binding affinity for an insulin derivative by a synthetic receptor. This strategy for engineering protein affinity tags induces minimal change to the protein structure while increasing affinity and selectivity for a synthetic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden R Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Wei L Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Andrew T Bockus
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Paolo Suating
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Amy G Grice
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Madeleine Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Adam R Urbach
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
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6
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Hazari A, Sawaya MR, Vlahakis N, Johnstone TC, Boyer D, Rodriguez J, Eisenberg D, Raskatov JA. The rippled β-sheet layer configuration-a novel supramolecular architecture based on predictions by Pauling and Corey. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8947-8952. [PMID: 36091211 PMCID: PMC9365095 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02531k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rippled β-sheet is a peptidic structural motif related to but distinct from the pleated β-sheet. Both motifs were predicted in the 1950s by Pauling and Corey. The pleated β-sheet was since observed in countless proteins and peptides and is considered common textbook knowledge. Conversely, the rippled β-sheet only gained a meaningful experimental foundation in the past decade, and the first crystal structural study of rippled β-sheets was published as recently as this year. Noteworthy, the crystallized assembly stopped at the rippled β-dimer stage. It did not form the extended, periodic rippled β-sheet layer topography hypothesized by Pauling and Corey, thus calling the validity of their prediction into question. NMR work conducted since moreover shows that certain model peptides rather form pleated and not rippled β-sheets in solution. To determine whether the periodic rippled β-sheet layer configuration is viable, the field urgently needs crystal structures. Here we report on crystal structures of two racemic and one quasi-racemic aggregating peptide systems, all of which yield periodic rippled antiparallel β-sheet layers that are in excellent agreement with the predictions by Pauling and Corey. Our study establishes the rippled β-sheet layer configuration as a motif with general features and opens the road to structure-based design of unique supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaruka Hazari
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Box 951569 Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Niko Vlahakis
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Box 951569 Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Timothy C Johnstone
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - David Boyer
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Box 951569 Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jose Rodriguez
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Box 951569 Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - David Eisenberg
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Box 951569 Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jevgenij A Raskatov
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
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7
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Kuhn AJ, Ehlke B, Johnstone TC, Oliver SRJ, Raskatov JA. A crystal-structural study of Pauling-Corey rippled sheets. Chem Sci 2022; 13:671-680. [PMID: 35173931 PMCID: PMC8768883 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the seminal theoretical work on the pleated β-sheet published by Pauling and Corey in 1951, the rippled β-sheet was hypothesized by the same authors in 1953. In the pleated β-sheet the interacting β-strands have the same chirality, whereas in the rippled β-sheet the interacting β-strands are mirror-images. Unlike with the pleated β-sheet that is now common textbook knowledge, the rippled β-sheet has been much slower to evolve. Much of the experimental work on rippled sheets came from groups that study aggregating racemic peptide systems over the course of the past decade. This includes MAX1/DMAX hydrogels (Schneider), L/D-KFE8 aggregating systems (Nilsson), and racemic Amyloid β mixtures (Raskatov). Whether a racemic peptide mixture is “ripple-genic” (i.e., whether it forms a rippled sheet) or “pleat-genic” (i.e., whether it forms a pleated sheet) is likely governed by a complex interplay of thermodynamic and kinetic effects. Structural insights into rippled sheets remain limited to only a very few studies that combined sparse experimental structural constraints with molecular modeling. Crystal structures of rippled sheets are needed so we can rationally design rippled sheet architectures. Here we report a high-resolution crystal structure, in which (l,l,l)-triphenylalanine and (d,d,d)-triphenylalanine form dimeric antiparallel rippled sheets, which pack into herringbone layer structures. The arrangements of the tripeptides and their mirror-images in the individual dimers were in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions by Pauling and Corey. A subsequent mining of the PDB identified three orphaned rippled sheets among racemic protein crystal structures. Following the seminal theoretical work on the pleated β-sheet published by Pauling and Corey in 1951, the rippled β-sheet was hypothesized by the same authors in 1953.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Kuhn
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Beatriz Ehlke
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Timothy C Johnstone
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Scott R J Oliver
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Jevgenij A Raskatov
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCSC 1156 High Street Santa Cruz California USA
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8
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Abstract
The pancreatic peptide hormone insulin, first discovered exactly 100 years ago, is essential for glycemic control and is used as a therapeutic for the treatment of type 1 and, increasingly, type 2 diabetes. With a worsening global diabetes epidemic and its significant health budget imposition, there is a great demand for new analogues possessing improved physical and functional properties. However, the chemical synthesis of insulin's intricate 51-amino acid, two-chain, three-disulfide bond structure, together with the poor physicochemical properties of both the individual chains and the hormone itself, has long represented a major challenge to organic chemists. This review provides a timely overview of the past efforts to chemically assemble this fascinating hormone using an array of strategies to enable both correct folding of the two chains and selective formation of disulfide bonds. These methods not only have contributed to general peptide synthesis chemistry and enabled access to the greatly growing numbers of insulin-like and cystine-rich peptides but also, today, enable the production of insulin at the synthetic efficiency levels of recombinant DNA expression methods. They have led to the production of a myriad of novel analogues with optimized structural and functional features and of the feasibility for their industrial manufacture.
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9
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Acosta GA, Murray L, Royo M, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Head to Side-Chain Tyr-Cyclodepsipeptides Through a Cyclative Cleavage From Fmoc-MeDbz/MeNbz-resins. Front Chem 2020; 8:298. [PMID: 32391324 PMCID: PMC7189019 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic depsipeptides constitute a fascinating class of natural products. Most of them are characterized by an ester formed between the β-hydroxy function of Ser/Thr -and related amino acids- and the carboxylic group of the C-terminal amino acid. Less frequent are those where the thiol of Cys is involved rendering a thioester (cyclo thiodepsipeptides) and even less common are the cyclo depsipeptides with a phenyl ester coming from the side-chain of Tyr. Herein, the preparation of the later through a cyclative cleavage using the Fmoc-MeDbz/MeNbz-resin is described. This resin has previously reported for the synthesis of cyclo thiodepsipeptides and homodetic peptides. The use of that resin for the preparation of all these peptides is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Acosta
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Associated Unit, Spanish National Research Council-University of Barcelona (CSIC-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Murray
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Royo
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Associated Unit, Spanish National Research Council-University of Barcelona (CSIC-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Associated Unit, Spanish National Research Council-University of Barcelona (CSIC-UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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10
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11
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Moroder L, Musiol H. Amino acid chalcogen analogues as tools in peptide and protein research. J Pept Sci 2019; 26:e3232. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganic ChemistryMax‐Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganic ChemistryMax‐Planck Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried Germany
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12
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Baldauf S, Ogunkoya AO, Boross GN, Bode JW. Aspartic Acid Forming α-Ketoacid–Hydroxylamine (KAHA) Ligations with (S)-4,4-Difluoro-5-oxaproline. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1352-1364. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baldauf
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ayodele O. Ogunkoya
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gábor N. Boross
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI−ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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13
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Abstract
A fundamental challenge in materials science is to understand the atomic-level structures of nanoarchitectures assembled from synthetic polymers. Here, we report a family of sequence-defined polypeptoids that form free-floating crystalline 2-dimensional nanosheets, in which not only individual polymer chains and their relative orientations, but also atoms in nanosheets were directly observed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. These atomic details are inaccessible by conventional scattering techniques. Using the feedback between sequence-controlled synthesis and atomic imaging, we observed how the nanosheet structure responds to chemical modifications at the atomic-length scale. These atomic-level insights open the door to the design of bioinspired nanomaterials with more precisely controlled structures and properties. Rational design of supramolecular nanomaterials fundamentally depends upon an atomic-level understanding of their structure and how it responds to chemical modifications. Here we studied a series of crystalline diblock copolypeptoids by a combination of sequence-controlled synthesis, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation. This family of amphiphilic polypeptoids formed free-floating 2-dimensional monolayer nanosheets, in which individual polymer chains and their relative orientations could be directly observed. Furthermore, bromine atom side-chain substituents in nanosheets were directly visualized by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, revealing atomic details in position space inaccessible by conventional scattering techniques. While the polypeptoid backbone conformation was conserved across the set of molecules, the nanosheets exhibited different lattice packing geometries dependent on the aromatic side chain para substitutions. Peptoids are inherently achiral, yet we showed that sequences containing an asymmetric aromatic substitution pattern pack with alternating rows adopting opposite backbone chiralities. These atomic-level insights into peptoid nanosheet crystal structure provide guidance for the future design of bioinspired nanomaterials with more precisely controlled structures and properties.
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14
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Chimeric protein probes for C5a receptors through fusion of the anaphylatoxin C5a core region with a small-molecule antagonist. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Weil-Ktorza O, Rege N, Lansky S, Shalev DE, Shoham G, Weiss MA, Metanis N. Substitution of an Internal Disulfide Bridge with a Diselenide Enhances both Foldability and Stability of Human Insulin. Chemistry 2019; 25:8513-8521. [PMID: 31012517 PMCID: PMC6861001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogues, mainstays in the modern treatment of diabetes mellitus, exemplify the utility of protein engineering in molecular pharmacology. Whereas chemical syntheses of the individual A and B chains were accomplished in the early 1960s, their combination to form native insulin remains inefficient because of competing disulfide pairing and aggregation. To overcome these limitations, we envisioned an alternative approach: pairwise substitution of cysteine residues with selenocysteine (Sec, U). To this end, CysA6 and CysA11 (which form the internal intrachain A6-A11 disulfide bridge) were each replaced with Sec. The A chain[C6U, C11U] variant was prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis; while sulfitolysis of biosynthetic human insulin provided wild-type B chain-di-S-sulfonate. The presence of selenium atoms at these sites markedly enhanced the rate and fidelity of chain combination, thus solving a long-standing challenge in chemical insulin synthesis. The affinity of the Se-insulin analogue for the lectin-purified insulin receptor was indistinguishable from that of WT-insulin. Remarkably, the thermodynamic stability of the analogue at 25 °C, as inferred from guanidine denaturation studies, was augmented (ΔΔGu ≈0.8 kcal mol-1 ). In accordance with such enhanced stability, reductive unfolding of the Se-insulin analogue and resistance to enzymatic cleavage by Glu-C protease occurred four times more slowly than that of WT-insulin. 2D-NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies demonstrated a native-like three-dimensional structure in which the diselenide bridge was accommodated in the hydrophobic core without steric clash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Weil-Ktorza
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shifra Lansky
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Deborah E Shalev
- Wolfson Center for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Gil Shoham
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Norman Metanis
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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16
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Patil NA, Karas JA, Wade JD, Hossain MA, Tailhades J. Rapid Photolysis‐Mediated Folding of Disulfide‐Rich Peptides. Chemistry 2019; 25:8599-8603. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A. Patil
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute 15 Innovation Walk Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - John A. Karas
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of Melbourne 30 Royal Parade, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of Melbourne 30 Royal Parade, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute 15 Innovation Walk Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL AustraliaMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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17
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Agouridas V, El Mahdi O, Diemer V, Cargoët M, Monbaliu JCM, Melnyk O. Native Chemical Ligation and Extended Methods: Mechanisms, Catalysis, Scope, and Limitations. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7328-7443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Agouridas
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ouafâa El Mahdi
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Taza, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP 1223 Taza Gare, Morocco
| | - Vincent Diemer
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marine Cargoët
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Building B6a, Room 3/16a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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18
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Glucose-responsive insulin by molecular and physical design. Nat Chem 2019; 9:937-943. [PMID: 28937662 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a glucose-responsive insulin (GRI) has been a recent objective of diabetes technology. The idea behind the GRI is to create a therapeutic that modulates its potency, concentration or dosing relative to a patient's dynamic glucose concentration, thereby approximating aspects of a normally functioning pancreas. From the perspective of the medicinal chemist, the GRI is also important as a generalized model of a potentially new generation of therapeutics that adjust potency in response to a critical therapeutic marker. The aim of this Perspective is to highlight emerging concepts, including mathematical modelling and the molecular engineering of insulin itself and its potency, towards a viable GRI. We briefly outline some of the most important recent progress toward this goal and also provide a forward-looking viewpoint, which asks if there are new approaches that could spur innovation in this area as well as to encourage synthetic chemists and chemical engineers to address the challenges and promises offered by this therapeutic approach.
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19
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Zee CT, Glynn C, Gallagher-Jones M, Miao J, Santiago CG, Cascio D, Gonen T, Sawaya MR, Rodriguez JA. Homochiral and racemic MicroED structures of a peptide repeat from the ice-nucleation protein InaZ. IUCRJ 2019; 6:197-205. [PMID: 30867917 PMCID: PMC6400192 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518017621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ice-nucleation protein InaZ from Pseudomonas syringae contains a large number of degenerate repeats that span more than a quarter of its sequence and include the segment GSTSTA. Ab initio structures of this repeat segment, resolved to 1.1 Å by microfocus X-ray crystallography and to 0.9 Å by the cryo-EM method MicroED, were determined from both racemic and homochiral crystals. The benefits of racemic protein crystals for structure determination by MicroED were evaluated and it was confirmed that the phase restriction introduced by crystal centrosymmetry increases the number of successful trials during the ab initio phasing of the electron diffraction data. Both homochiral and racemic GSTSTA form amyloid-like protofibrils with labile, corrugated antiparallel β-sheets that mate face to back. The racemic GSTSTA protofibril represents a new class of amyloid assembly in which all-left-handed sheets mate with their all-right-handed counterparts. This determination of racemic amyloid assemblies by MicroED reveals complex amyloid architectures and illustrates the racemic advantage in macromolecular crystallography, now with submicrometre-sized crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Te Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Calina Glynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carlos G. Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology and Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael R. Sawaya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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20
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Wang CK, Craik DJ. Toward Structure Determination of Disulfide-Rich Peptides Using Chemical Shift-Based Methods. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1903-1912. [PMID: 30730741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides are a class of molecules for which NMR spectroscopy has been the primary tool for structural characterization. Here, we explore whether the process can be achieved by using structural information encoded in chemical shifts. We examine (i) a representative set of five cyclic disulfide-rich peptides that have high-resolution NMR and X-ray structures and (ii) a larger set of 100 disulfide-rich peptides from the PDB. Accuracy of the calculated structures was dependent on the methods used for searching through conformational space and for identifying native conformations. Although Hα chemical shifts could be predicted reasonably well using SHIFTX, agreement between predicted and experimental chemical shifts was sufficient for identifying native conformations for only some peptides in the representative set. Combining chemical shift data with the secondary structure information and potential energy calculations improved the ability to identify native conformations. Additional use of sparse distance restraints or homology information to restrict the search space also improved the resolution of the calculated structures. This study demonstrates that abbreviated methods have potential for elucidation of peptide structures to high resolution and further optimization of these methods, e.g., improvement in chemical shift prediction accuracy, will likely help transition these methods into the mainstream of disulfide-rich peptide structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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21
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Kent SBH. Novel protein science enabled by total chemical synthesis. Protein Sci 2018; 28:313-328. [PMID: 30345579 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is a well-established method for the preparation in the research laboratory of multiple-tens-of-milligram amounts of correctly folded, high purity protein molecules. Chemically synthesized proteins enable a broad spectrum of novel protein science. Racemic mixtures consisting of d-protein and l-protein enantiomers facilitate crystallization and determination of protein structures by X-ray diffraction. d-Proteins enable the systematic development of unnatural mirror image protein molecules that bind with high affinity to natural protein targets. The d-protein form of a therapeutic target can also be used to screen natural product libraries to identify novel small molecule leads for drug development. Proteins with novel polypeptide chain topologies including branched, circular, linear-loop, and interpenetrating polypeptide chains can be constructed by chemical synthesis. Medicinal chemistry can be applied to optimize the properties of therapeutic protein molecules. Chemical synthesis has been used to redesign glycoproteins and for the a priori design and construction of covalently constrained novel protein scaffolds not found in nature. Versatile and precise labeling of protein molecules by chemical synthesis facilitates effective application of advanced physical methods including multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and time-resolved FTIR for the elucidation of protein structure-activity relationships. The chemistries used for total synthesis of proteins have been adapted to making artificial molecular devices and protein-inspired nanomolecular constructs. Research to develop mirror image life in the laboratory is in its very earliest stages, based on the total chemical synthesis of d-protein forms of polymerase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B H Kent
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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22
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Boross GN, Shimura S, Besenius M, Tennagels N, Rossen K, Wagner M, Bode JW. Facile folding of insulin variants bearing a prosthetic C-peptide prepared by α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8388-8395. [PMID: 30542587 PMCID: PMC6243641 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03738h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of insulin is an enduring challenge due to the hydrophobic peptide chains and construction of the correct intermolecular disulfide pattern. We report a new approach to the chemical synthesis of insulin using a short, traceless, prosthetic C-peptide that facilitates the formation of the correct disulfide pattern during folding and its removal by basic treatment. The linear precursor is assembled by an ester forming α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation that provides access to the linear insulin precursors in good yield from two readily prepared segments. This convergent and flexible route provides access to various human, mouse, and guinea pig insulins containing a single homoserine mutation that shows no detrimental effect on the biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor N Boross
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
| | - Satomi Shimura
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
| | - Melissa Besenius
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Norbert Tennagels
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Kai Rossen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Michael Wagner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
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23
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Kent SBH. Racemic & quasi-racemic protein crystallography enabled by chemical protein synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 46:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Qu Q, Gao S, Li YM. Racemic crystal structures of peptide toxins, GsMTx4 prepared by protein total synthesis. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3112. [PMID: 30009430 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Piezo channel is a versatile mechanosensitive cation channel that mediates tactile, vascular development, and proprioception. GsMTx4 is the only reported inhibitor specifically targeting Piezo channels. Although the sequence of GsMTx4 is reported, the crystal structure of GsMTx4 is still unknown. Here, we achieved the two-segment synthesis of GsMTx4 and its enantiomer, enGsMTx4, through hydrazide based Native Chemical Ligation, and analyzed the crystal structure of GsMTx4 through the racemic crystallization technology. By analyzing the structure, we found that there is a hydrophobic patch surrounded by aromatic residues and charged residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui, Hefei, 230009, China
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25
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Guan X, Chaffey PK, Wei X, Gulbranson DR, Ruan Y, Wang X, Li Y, Ouyang Y, Chen L, Zeng C, Koelsch TN, Tran AH, Liang W, Shen J, Tan Z. Chemically Precise Glycoengineering Improves Human Insulin. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:73-81. [PMID: 29090903 PMCID: PMC6287623 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a leading cause of death worldwide and results in over 3 million annual deaths. While insulin manages the disease well, many patients fail to comply with injection schedules, and despite significant investment, a more convenient oral formulation of insulin is still unavailable. Studies suggest that glycosylation may stabilize peptides for oral delivery, but the demanding production of homogeneously glycosylated peptides has hampered transition into the clinic. We report here the first total synthesis of homogeneously glycosylated insulin. After characterizing a series of insulin glycoforms with systematically varied O-glycosylation sites and structures, we demonstrate that O-mannosylation of insulin B-chain Thr27 reduces the peptide's susceptibility to proteases and self-association, both critical properties for oral dosing, while maintaining full activity. This work illustrates the promise of glycosylation as a general mechanism for regulating peptide activity and expanding its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Patrick K. Chaffey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daniel R Gulbranson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yaohao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Liqun Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Theo N. Koelsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Amy H. Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wei Liang
- Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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26
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Macháčková K, Collinsová M, Chrudinová M, Selicharová I, Pícha J, Buděšínský M, Vaněk V, Žáková L, Brzozowski AM, Jiráček J. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Analogs Clicked in the C Domain: Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2017; 60:10105-10117. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Macháčková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Chrudinová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pícha
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Vaněk
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej M. Brzozowski
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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27
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Kent S. Chemical protein synthesis: Inventing synthetic methods to decipher how proteins work. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4926-4937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Yan B, Ye L, Xu W, Liu L. Recent advances in racemic protein crystallography. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4953-4965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Moroder L, Musiol HJ. Insulin - von seiner Entdeckung bis zur industriellen Synthese moderner Insulin-Analoga. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganische Chemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Deutschland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganische Chemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Deutschland
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30
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Moroder L, Musiol HJ. Insulin-From its Discovery to the Industrial Synthesis of Modern Insulin Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10656-10669. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moroder
- Bioorganic Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Musiol
- Bioorganic Chemistry; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
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31
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Dang B, Chhabra S, Pennington MW, Norton RS, Kent SBH. Reinvestigation of the biological activity of d-allo-ShK protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12599-12605. [PMID: 28596383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ShK toxin from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus is a 35-residue protein that binds to the Kv1.3 ion channel with high affinity. Recently we determined the X-ray structure of ShK toxin by racemic crystallography, in the course of which we discovered that d-ShK has a near-background IC50 value ∼50,000 times lower than that of the l-ShK toxin. This lack of activity was at odds with previously reported results for an ShK diastereomer designated d-allo-ShK, for which significant biological activity had been observed in a similar receptor-blocking assay. As reported, d-allo-ShK was made up of d-amino acids, but with retention of the natural stereochemistry of the chiral side chains of the Ile and Thr residues, i.e. containing d-allo-Ile and d-allo-Thr along with d-amino acids and glycine. To understand its apparent biological activity, we set out to chemically synthesize d-allo-ShK and determine its X-ray structure by racemic crystallography. Using validated allo-Thr and allo-Ile, both l-allo-ShK and d-allo-ShK polypeptide chains were prepared by total chemical synthesis. Neither the l-allo-ShK nor the d-allo-ShK polypeptides folded, whereas both l-ShK and d-ShK folded smoothly under the same conditions. Re-examination of NMR spectra of the previously reported d-allo-ShK protein revealed that diagnostic Thr and Ile signals were the same as for authentic d-ShK. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the previously reported d-allo-ShK was in fact d-ShK, the true enantiomer of natural l-ShK toxin, and that the apparent biological activity may have arisen from inadvertent contamination with trace amounts of l-ShK toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
| | - Sandeep Chhabra
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen B H Kent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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32
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Wu F, Mayer JP, Gelfanov VM, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Synthesis of Four-Disulfide Insulin Analogs via Sequential Disulfide Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3506-3512. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John P. Mayer
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily M. Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
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33
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Thalluri K, Kou B, Gelfanov V, Mayer JP, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Biomimetic Synthesis of Insulin Enabled by Oxime Ligation and Traceless “C-Peptide” Chemical Excision. Org Lett 2017; 19:706-709. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Thalluri
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Binbin Kou
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John P. Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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34
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Dhayalan B, Mandal K, Rege N, Weiss MA, Eitel SH, Meier T, Schoenleber RO, Kent SBH. Scope and Limitations of Fmoc Chemistry SPPS-Based Approaches to the Total Synthesis of Insulin Lispro via Ester Insulin. Chemistry 2017; 23:1709-1716. [PMID: 27905149 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have systematically explored three approaches based on 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) for the total chemical synthesis of the key depsipeptide intermediate for the efficient total chemical synthesis of insulin. The approaches used were: stepwise Fmoc chemistry SPPS; the "hybrid method", in which maximally protected peptide segments made by Fmoc chemistry SPPS are condensed in solution; and, native chemical ligation using peptide-thioester segments generated by Fmoc chemistry SPPS. A key building block in all three approaches was a Glu[O-β-(Thr)] ester-linked dipeptide equipped with a set of orthogonal protecting groups compatible with Fmoc chemistry SPPS. The most effective method for the preparation of the 51 residue ester-linked polypeptide chain of ester insulin was the use of unprotected peptide-thioester segments, prepared from peptide-hydrazides synthesized by Fmoc chemistry SPPS, and condensed by native chemical ligation. High-resolution X-ray crystallography confirmed the disulfide pairings and three-dimensional structure of synthetic insulin lispro prepared from ester insulin lispro by this route. Further optimization of these pilot studies could yield an efficient total chemical synthesis of insulin lispro (Humalog) based on peptide synthesis by Fmoc chemistry SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kalyaneswar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Simon H Eitel
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Meier
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen B H Kent
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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35
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Gao S, Pan M, Zheng Y, Huang Y, Zheng Q, Sun D, Lu L, Tan X, Tan X, Lan H, Wang J, Wang T, Wang J, Liu L. Monomer/Oligomer Quasi-Racemic Protein Crystallography. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14497-14502. [PMID: 27768314 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Racemic or quasi-racemic crystallography recently emerges as a useful technology for solution of the crystal structures of biomacromolecules. It remains unclear to what extent the biomacromolecules of opposite handedness can differ from each other in racemic or quasi-racemic crystallography. Here we report a finding that monomeric d-ubiquitin (Ub) has propensity to cocrystallize with different dimers, trimers, and even a tetramer of l-Ub. In these cocrystals the unconnected monomeric d-Ubs can self-assemble to form pseudomirror images of different oligomers of l-Ub. This monomer/oligomer cocrystallization phenomenon expands the concept of racemic crystallography. Using the monomer/oligomer cocrystallization technology we obtained, for the first time the X-ray structures of linear M1-linked tri- and tetra-Ubs and a K11/K63-branched tri-Ub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Man Pan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingyun Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Demeng Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lining Lu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianglong Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Lan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and ‡State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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36
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Pan M, Gao S, Zheng Y, Tan X, Lan H, Tan X, Sun D, Lu L, Wang T, Zheng Q, Huang Y, Wang J, Liu L. Quasi-Racemic X-ray Structures of K27-Linked Ubiquitin Chains Prepared by Total Chemical Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7429-35. [PMID: 27268299 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quasi-racemic crystallography has been used to determine the X-ray structures of K27-linked ubiquitin (Ub) chains prepared through total chemical synthesis. Crystal structures of K27-linked di- and tri-ubiquitins reveal that the isopeptide linkages are confined in a unique buried conformation, which provides the molecular basis for the distinctive function of K27 linkage compared to the other seven Ub chains. K27-linked di- and triUb were found to adopt different structural conformations in the crystals, one being symmetric whereas the other triangular. Furthermore, bioactivity experiments showed that the ovarian tumor family de-ubiquitinase 2 significantly favors K27-linked triUb than K27-linked diUb. K27-linked triUb represents the so-far largest chemically synthesized protein (228 amino acids) that has been crystallized to afford a high-resolution X-ray structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Pan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Lan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianglong Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Demeng Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lining Lu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingyun Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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37
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Wu F, Mayer JP, Zaykov AN, Zhang F, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Chemical Synthesis of Human Insulin-Like Peptide-6. Chemistry 2016; 22:9777-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - John P. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Alexander N. Zaykov
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis; 5225 Exploration Drive Indianapolis Indiana 46241 USA
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University Bloomington; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
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38
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39
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Qi YK, Chang HN, Pan KM, Tian CL, Zheng JS. Total chemical synthesis of the site-selective azide-labeled [I66A]HIV-1 protease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:14632-5. [PMID: 26289550 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04846j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The first total chemical synthesis of the site-selective azide-labeled [I66A]HIV-1 protease is described by native chemical ligation. Chemical synthesis of azide-labeled proteins would provide useful protein tools for biochemical, biophysical or medical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kun Qi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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40
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Wang CK, King GJ, Conibear AC, Ramos MC, Chaousis S, Henriques ST, Craik DJ. Mirror Images of Antimicrobial Peptides Provide Reflections on Their Functions and Amyloidogenic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5706-13. [PMID: 27064294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric forms of BTD-2, PG-1, and PM-1 were synthesized to delineate the structure and function of these β-sheet antimicrobial peptides. Activity and lipid-binding assays confirm that these peptides act via a receptor-independent mechanism involving membrane interaction. The racemic crystal structure of BTD-2 solved at 1.45 Å revealed a novel oligomeric form of β-sheet antimicrobial peptides within the unit cell: an antiparallel trimer, which we suggest might be related to its membrane-active form. The BTD-2 oligomer extends into a larger supramolecular state that spans the crystal lattice, featuring a steric-zipper motif that is common in structures of amyloid-forming peptides. The supramolecular structure of BTD-2 thus represents a new mode of fibril-like assembly not previously observed for antimicrobial peptides, providing structural evidence linking antimicrobial and amyloid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon J King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne C Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mariana C Ramos
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Chaousis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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41
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Okamoto R, Isoe M, Izumi M, Kajihara Y. An efficient solid-phase synthesis of peptidyl-N-acetylguanidines for use in native chemical ligation. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:343-51. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Madoka Isoe
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Masayuki Izumi
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry; Osaka University; 1-1, Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka Japan
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42
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Abstract
Insulin remains indispensable in the treatment of diabetes, but its use is hampered by its narrow therapeutic index. Although advances in peptide chemistry and recombinant DNA-based macromolecule synthesis have enabled the synthesis of structurally optimized insulin analogues, the growing epidemics of obesity and diabetes have emphasized the need for diabetes therapies that are more efficacious, safe and convenient. Accordingly, a broad set of drug candidates, targeting hyperglycaemia plus other disease abnormalities, is now progressing through the clinic. The development of an insulin therapy that is responsive to glucose concentration remains an ultimate goal, with initial prototypes now reaching the proof-of-concept stage. Simultaneously, the first alternatives to injectable delivery have progressed to registration.
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43
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Liu F, Zaykov AN, Levy JJ, DiMarchi RD, Mayer JP. Chemical synthesis of peptides within the insulin superfamily. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:260-70. [PMID: 26910514 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of insulin has inspired fundamental advances in the art of peptide science while simultaneously revealing the structure-function relationship of this centrally important metabolic hormone. This review highlights milestones in the chemical synthesis of insulin that can be divided into two separate approaches: (i) disulfide bond formation driven by protein folding and (ii) chemical reactivity-directed sequential disulfide bond formation. Common to the two approaches are the persistent challenges presented by the hydrophobic nature of the individual A-chain and B-chain and the need for selective disulfide formation under mildly oxidative conditions. The extension and elaboration of these synthetic approaches have been ongoing within the broader insulin superfamily. These structurally similar peptides include the insulin-like growth factors and also the related peptides such as relaxin that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors. After a half-century of advances in insulin chemistry, we have reached a point where synthesis is no longer limiting structural and biological investigation within this family of peptide hormones. The future will increasingly focus on the refinement of structure to meet medicinal purposes that have long been pursued, such as the development of a glucose-sensitive insulin. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Calibrium LLC, 11711 N. Meridian Street, Carmel, IN, 46032, USA
| | - Alexander N Zaykov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jay J Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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44
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Dhayalan B, Fitzpatrick A, Mandal K, Whittaker J, Weiss MA, Tokmakoff A, Kent SBH. Efficient Total Chemical Synthesis of (13) C=(18) O Isotopomers of Human Insulin for Isotope-Edited FTIR. Chembiochem 2016; 17:415-20. [PMID: 26715336 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isotope-edited two-dimensional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2 D FTIR) can potentially provide a unique probe of protein structure and dynamics. However, general methods for the site-specific incorporation of stable (13) C=(18) O labels into the polypeptide backbone of the protein molecule have not yet been established. Here we describe, as a prototype for the incorporation of specific arrays of isotope labels, the total chemical synthesis-via a key ester insulin intermediate-of 97 % enriched [(1-(13) C=(18) O)Phe(B24) ] human insulin: stable-isotope labeled at a single backbone amide carbonyl. The amino acid sequence as well as the positions of the disulfide bonds and the correctly folded structure were unambiguously confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure of the synthetic protein molecule. In vitro assays of the isotope labeled [(1-(13) C=(18) O)Phe(B24) ] human insulin showed that it had full insulin receptor binding activity. Linear and 2 D IR spectra revealed a distinct red-shifted amide I carbonyl band peak at 1595 cm(-1) resulting from the (1-(13) C=(18) O)Phe(B24) backbone label. This work illustrates the utility of chemical synthesis to enable the application of advanced physical methods for the elucidation of the molecular basis of protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ann Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The James Frank Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kalyaneswar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jonathan Whittaker
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The James Frank Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Stephen B H Kent
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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45
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Mandal K, Dhayalan B, Avital-Shmilovici M, Tokmakoff A, Kent SBH. Crystallization of Enantiomerically Pure Proteins from Quasi-Racemic Mixtures: Structure Determination by X-Ray Diffraction of Isotope-Labeled Ester Insulin and Human Insulin. Chembiochem 2016; 17:421-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyaneswar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chicago; 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Balamurugan Dhayalan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chicago; 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | | | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chicago; 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Stephen B. H. Kent
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chicago; 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
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46
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Abstract
Interactions between polypeptide chains containing amino acid residues with opposite absolute configurations have long been a source of interest and speculation, but there is very little structural information for such heterochiral associations. The need to address this lacuna has grown in recent years because of increasing interest in the use of peptides generated from d amino acids (d peptides) as specific ligands for natural proteins, e.g., to inhibit deleterious protein-protein interactions. Coiled-coil interactions, between or among α-helices, represent the most common tertiary and quaternary packing motif in proteins. Heterochiral coiled-coil interactions were predicted over 50 years ago by Crick, and limited experimental data obtained in solution suggest that such interactions can indeed occur. To address the dearth of atomic-level structural characterization of heterochiral helix pairings, we report two independent crystal structures that elucidate coiled-coil packing between l- and d-peptide helices. Both structures resulted from racemic crystallization of a peptide corresponding to the transmembrane segment of the influenza M2 protein. Networks of canonical knobs-into-holes side-chain packing interactions are observed at each helical interface. However, the underlying patterns for these heterochiral coiled coils seem to deviate from the heptad sequence repeat that is characteristic of most homochiral analogs, with an apparent preference for a hendecad repeat pattern.
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47
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Pusterla I, Bode JW. An oxazetidine amino acid for chemical protein synthesis by rapid, serine-forming ligations. Nat Chem 2015. [PMID: 26201744 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amide-forming ligation reactions allow the chemical synthesis of proteins by the union of unprotected peptide segments, and enable the preparation of protein derivatives not accessible by expression or bioengineering approaches. The native chemical ligation (NCL) of thioesters and N-terminal cysteines is unquestionably the most successful approach, but is not ideal for all synthetic targets. Here we describe the synthesis of an Fmoc-protected oxazetidine amino acid for use in the α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) amide ligation. When incorporated at the N-terminus of a peptide segment, this four-membered cyclic hydroxylamine can be used for rapid serine-forming ligations with peptide α-ketoacids. This ligation operates at low concentration (100 μM-5 mM) and mild temperatures (20-25 °C). The utility of the reaction was demonstrated by the synthesis of S100A4, a 12 kDa calcium-binding protein not easily accessible by NCL or other amide-forming reactions due to its primary sequence and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Pusterla
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland [2] Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Pan M, He Y, Wen M, Wu F, Sun D, Li S, Zhang L, Li Y, Tian C. One-pot hydrazide-based native chemical ligation for efficient chemical synthesis and structure determination of toxin Mambalgin-1. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:5837-9. [PMID: 24619065 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot chemical synthesis of snake venom toxin Mambalgin-1 was achieved using an azide-switch strategy combined with hydrazide-based native chemical ligation. Synthetic Mambalgin-1 exhibited a well-defined structure after sequential folding in vitro. NMR spectroscopy revealed a three-finger toxin family structure, and the synthetic toxin inhibited human acid-sensing ion channel 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Pan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, and High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China.
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49
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Wu F, Chabenne JR, Gelfanov VM, Mayer JP, DiMarchi RD. Three-chain insulin analogs demonstrate the importance of insulin secondary structure to bioactivity. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:223-30. [PMID: 25665061 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the chemical synthesis and biological characterization of novel three-chain insulin analogs with a destabilized secondary structure. The analogs, obtained by chemical synthesis via a single-chain precursor and selective enzymatic digestion, were used to investigate the role of the highly conserved 'insulin fold'. Biological characterization through in vitro biochemical signaling showed extremely low activity at each insulin receptor when compared with native insulin. We conclude that the 'insulin fold' is a structural foundation that supports insulin biological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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50
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Williams GM, Lee K, Li X, Cooper GJS, Brimble MA. Replacement of the CysA7–CysB7 disulfide bond with a 1,2,3-triazole linker causes unfolding in insulin glargine. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4059-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two analogues of insulin glargine containing a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group in place of the CysA7–CysB7 disulfide bond were prepared using CuAAC click chemistry to efficiently join the peptide chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Lee
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
| | - Xun Li
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
| | - Garth J. S. Cooper
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- The School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
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