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Zavrtanik U, Medved T, Purič S, Vranken W, Lah J, Hadži S. Leucine Motifs Stabilize Residual Helical Structure in Disordered Proteins. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168444. [PMID: 38218366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Many examples are known of regions of intrinsically disordered proteins that fold into α-helices upon binding to their targets. These helical binding motifs (HBMs) can be partially helical also in the unbound state, and this so-called residual structure can affect binding affinity and kinetics. To investigate the underlying mechanisms governing the formation of residual helical structure, we assembled a dataset of experimental helix contents of 65 peptides containing HBM that fold-upon-binding. The average residual helicity is 17% and increases to 60% upon target binding. The helix contents of residual and target-bound structures do not correlate, however the relative location of helix elements in both states shows a strong overlap. Compared to the general disordered regions, HBMs are enriched in amino acids with high helix preference and these residues are typically involved in target binding, explaining the overlap in helix positions. In particular, we find that leucine residues and leucine motifs in HBMs are the major contributors to helix stabilization and target-binding. For the two model peptides, we show that substitution of leucine motifs to other hydrophobic residues (valine or isoleucine) leads to reduction of residual helicity, supporting the role of leucine as helix stabilizer. From the three hydrophobic residues only leucine can efficiently stabilize residual helical structure. We suggest that the high occurrence of leucine motifs and a general preference for leucine at binding interfaces in HBMs can be explained by its unique ability to stabilize helical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Zavrtanik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Medved
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Purič
- Graduate Study Program, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wim Vranken
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB/VUB, Triomflaan, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium; VIB Structural Biology Research Centre, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Jurij Lah
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - San Hadži
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Nagamani S, Jaiswal L, Sastry GN. Deciphering the importance of MD descriptors in designing Vitamin D Receptor agonists and antagonists using machine learning. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108346. [PMID: 36208593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) ligand-binding domain undergoes conformation change upon the binding of VDR agonists/antagonists. Helix 12 ((H)12) is one of the important helices at VDR ligand binding and its conformational changes are controlled by the binding of agonists and antagonists molecules. Various molecular modeling studies are available to explain the agonistic and antagonistic activity of vitamin D analogs. In this work, for the first time, we attempted to generate a machine learning model with fingerprints, 2D, 3D and MD descriptors that are specific to Vitamin D analogs and VDR. Initially, 2D and 3D descriptors and fingerprints of 1003 vitamin D analogs were calculated using CDK and RDKit. The machine learning model was generated using descriptors and fingerprints. Further, 80 Vitamin D analogs (40 VDR agonists + 40 VDR antagonists) were docked in the VDR active site. 50ns MD simulation was performed for each protein-ligand complex. Different MD descriptors such as Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA), radius of gyration, PC1 and PC2 were calculated and considered along with CDK and RDKit descriptors as features for machine learning calculations. A few other descriptors that are related to VDR conformational changes such as conformation of the (H)12, the angle at kink were considered for machine learning model generation. It was observed that the descriptors calculated from VDR conformational changes i) were able to distinguish between agonists and antagonists ii) provide key and comprehensive information about the unique binding characteristics of agonists and antagonists iii) provide a strong basis for the machine learning model generation. Overall, this study attempts the utilization of descriptors that are specific to a protein conformation will be helpful for the generation of an efficient machine learning model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraman Nagamani
- Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785 006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Lavi Jaiswal
- Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785 006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - G Narahari Sastry
- Advanced Computation and Data Sciences Division, CSIR - North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785 006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Lisowska M, Lickiss F, Gil-Mir M, Huart AS, Trybala Z, Way L, Hernychova L, Krejci A, Muller P, Krejcir R, Zhukow I, Jurczak P, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Ball K, Vojtesek B, Hupp T, Kalathiya U. Next-generation sequencing of a combinatorial peptide phage library screened against ubiquitin identifies peptide aptamers that can inhibit the in vitro ubiquitin transfer cascade. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:875556. [PMID: 36532480 PMCID: PMC9755681 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.875556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining dynamic protein-protein interactions in the ubiquitin conjugation reaction is a challenging research area. Generating peptide aptamers that target components such as ubiquitin itself, E1, E2, or E3 could provide tools to dissect novel features of the enzymatic cascade. Next-generation deep sequencing platforms were used to identify peptide sequences isolated from phage-peptide libraries screened against Ubiquitin and its ortholog NEDD8. In over three rounds of selection under differing wash criteria, over 13,000 peptides were acquired targeting ubiquitin, while over 10,000 peptides were selected against NEDD8. The overlap in peptides against these two proteins was less than 5% suggesting a high degree in specificity of Ubiquitin or NEDD8 toward linear peptide motifs. Two of these ubiquitin-binding peptides were identified that inhibit both E3 ubiquitin ligases MDM2 and CHIP. NMR analysis highlighted distinct modes of binding of the two different peptide aptamers. These data highlight the utility of using next-generation sequencing of combinatorial phage-peptide libraries to isolate peptide aptamers toward a protein target that can be used as a chemical tool in a complex multi-enzyme reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lisowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Fiona Lickiss
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria Gil-Mir
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Sophie Huart
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zuzanna Trybala
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Luke Way
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Adam Krejci
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Muller
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radovan Krejcir
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Igor Zhukow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ball
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ted Hupp
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Umesh Kalathiya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Cryo-EM reveals the architecture of the PELP1-WDR18 molecular scaffold. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6783. [PMID: 36351913 PMCID: PMC9646879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PELP1 (Proline-, Glutamic acid-, Leucine-rich protein 1) is a large scaffolding protein that functions in many cellular pathways including steroid receptor (SR) coactivation, heterochromatin maintenance, and ribosome biogenesis. PELP1 is a proto-oncogene whose expression is upregulated in many human cancers, but how the PELP1 scaffold coordinates its diverse cellular functions is poorly understood. Here we show that PELP1 serves as the central scaffold for the human Rix1 complex whose members include WDR18, TEX10, and SENP3. We reconstitute the mammalian Rix1 complex and identified a stable sub-complex comprised of the conserved PELP1 Rix1 domain and WDR18. We determine a 2.7 Å cryo-EM structure of the subcomplex revealing an interconnected tetrameric assembly and the architecture of PELP1's signaling motifs, including eleven LxxLL motifs previously implicated in SR signaling and coactivation of Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα) mediated transcription. However, the structure shows that none of these motifs is in a conformation that would support SR binding. Together this work establishes that PELP1 scaffolds the Rix1 complex, and association with WDR18 may direct PELP1's activity away from SR coactivation.
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Ekimoto T, Kudo T, Yamane T, Ikeguchi M. Mechanism of Vitamin D Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain Regulation Studied by gREST Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3625-3637. [PMID: 34189910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain (VDR-LBD) undergoes conformational changes upon ligand binding. In this nuclear receptor family, agonistic or antagonistic activities are controlled by the conformation of the helix (H)12. However, all crystal structures of VDR-LBD reported to date correspond to the active H12 conformation, regardless of agonist/antagonist binding. To understand the mechanism of VDR-LBD regulation structurally, conformational samplings of agonist- and antagonist-bound rat VDR-LBD were performed using the generalized replica exchange with solute tempering (gREST) method. The gREST simulations demonstrated different structural responses of rat VDR-LBD to agonist or antagonist binding, whereas in conventional molecular dynamics simulations, the conformation was the same as that of the crystal structures, regardless of agonist/antagonist binding. In the gREST simulations, a spontaneous conformational change of H12 was observed only for the antagonist complex. The different responses to agonist/antagonist binding were attributed to hydrophobic core formation at the ligand-binding pocket and cooperative rearrangements of H11. The gREST method can be applied to the examination of structure-activity relationships for multiple VDR-LBD ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ekimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kudo
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamane
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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6
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Aromatase inhibitors: Role in postmenopausal breast cancer. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000081. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Sang P, Shi Y, Lu J, Chen L, Yang L, Borcherds W, Abdulkadir S, Li Q, Daughdrill G, Chen J, Cai J. α-Helix-Mimicking Sulfono-γ-AApeptide Inhibitors for p53-MDM2/MDMX Protein-Protein Interactions. J Med Chem 2020; 63:975-986. [PMID: 31971801 PMCID: PMC7025332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of peptidomimetic scaffolds is a promising strategy for the inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Herein, we demonstrate that sulfono-γ-AApeptides can be rationally designed to mimic the p53 α-helix and inhibit p53-MDM2 PPIs. The best inhibitor, with Kd and IC50 values of 26 nM and 0.891 μM toward MDM2, respectively, is among the most potent unnatural peptidomimetic inhibitors disrupting the p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction. Using fluorescence polarization assays, circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and computational simulations, we demonstrate that sulfono-γ-AApeptides adopt helical structures resembling p53 and competitively inhibit the p53-MDM2 interaction by binding to the hydrophobic cleft of MDM2. Intriguingly, the stapled sulfono-γ-AApeptides showed promising cellular activity by enhancing p53 transcriptional activity and inducing expression of MDM2 and p21. Moreover, sulfono-γ-AApeptides exhibited remarkable resistance to proteolysis, augmenting their biological potential. Our results suggest that sulfono-γ-AApeptides are a new class of unnatural helical foldamers that disrupt PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sang
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , 4202 E. Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , 4202 E. Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Junhao Lu
- Department of Molecular Oncology , H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology , H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States
| | - Leixiang Yang
- Department of Molecular Oncology , H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States
| | - Wade Borcherds
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Sami Abdulkadir
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , 4202 E. Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology , Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Gary Daughdrill
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Jiandong Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology , H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , 4202 E. Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
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8
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Montgomery JE, Donnelly JA, Fanning SW, Speltz TE, Shangguan X, Coukos JS, Greene GL, Moellering RE. Versatile Peptide Macrocyclization with Diels-Alder Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16374-16381. [PMID: 31523967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclization can improve bioactive peptide ligands through preorganization of molecular topology, leading to improvement of pharmacologic properties like binding affinity, cell permeability, and metabolic stability. Here we demonstrate that Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloadditions can be harnessed for peptide macrocyclization and stabilization within a range of peptide scaffolds and chemical environments. Diels-Alder cyclization of diverse diene-dienophile reactive pairs proceeds rapidly, in high yield and with tunable stereochemical preferences on solid-phase or in aqueous solution. This reaction can be applied alone or in concert with other stabilization chemistries, such as ring-closing olefin metathesis, to stabilize loop, turn, and α-helical secondary structural motifs. NMR and molecular dynamics studies of model loop peptides confirmed preferential formation of endo cycloadduct stereochemistry, imparting significant structural rigidity to the peptide backbone that resulted in augmented protease resistance and increased biological activity of a Diels-Alder cyclized (DAC) RGD peptide. Separately, we demonstrated the stabilization of DAC α-helical peptides derived from the ERα-binding protein SRC2. We solved a 2.25 Å cocrystal structure of one DAC helical peptide bound to ERα, which unequivocally corroborated endo stereochemistry of the resulting Diels-Alder adduct, and confirmed that the unique architecture of stabilizing motifs formed with this chemistry can directly contribute to target binding. These data establish Diels-Alder cyclization as a versatile approach to stabilize diverse protein structural motifs under a range of chemical environments.
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9
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Skowron KJ, Booker K, Cheng C, Creed S, David BP, Lazzara PR, Lian A, Siddiqui Z, Speltz TE, Moore TW. Steroid receptor/coactivator binding inhibitors: An update. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 493:110471. [PMID: 31163202 PMCID: PMC6645384 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight recent developments in small molecules and peptides that block the binding of coactivators to steroid receptors. These coactivator binding inhibitors bind at the coregulator binding groove, also known as Activation Function-2, rather than at the ligand-binding site of steroid receptors. Steroid receptors that have been targeted with coactivator binding inhibitors include the androgen receptor, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Coactivator binding inhibitors may be useful in some cases of resistance to currently prescribed therapeutics. The scope of the review includes small-molecule and peptide coactivator binding inhibitors for steroid receptors, with a particular focus on recent compounds that have been assayed in cell-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia J Skowron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kenneth Booker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Changfeng Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Simone Creed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Brian P David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Phillip R Lazzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Amy Lian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Zamia Siddiqui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Thomas E Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, E547, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1801 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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10
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Inhibition of β-catenin/B cell lymphoma 9 protein-protein interaction using α-helix-mimicking sulfono-γ-AApeptide inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10757-10762. [PMID: 31088961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819663116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational design of α-helix-mimicking peptidomimetics provides a streamlined approach to discover potent inhibitors for protein-protein interactions (PPIs). However, designing cell-penetrating long peptidomimetic scaffolds equipped with various functional groups necessary for interacting with large protein-binding interfaces remains challenging. This is particularly true for targeting β-catenin/BCL9 PPIs. Here we designed a series of unprecedented helical sulfono-γ-AApeptides that mimic the binding mode of the α-helical HD2 domain of B Cell Lymphoma 9 (BCL9). Our studies show that sulfono-γ-AApeptides can structurally and functionally mimic the α-helical domain of BCL9 and selectively disrupt β-catenin/BCL9 PPIs with even higher potency. More intriguingly, these sulfono-γ-AApeptides can enter cancer cells, bind with β-catenin and disrupt β-catenin/BCL9 PPIs, and exhibit excellent cellular activity, which is much more potent than the BCL9 peptide. Furthermore, our enzymatic stability studies demonstrate the remarkable stability of the helical sulfono-γ-AApeptides, with no degradation in the presence of pronase for 24 h, augmenting their biological potential. This work represents not only an example of helical sulfono-γ-AApeptides that mimic α-helix and disrupt protein-protein interactions, but also an excellent example of potent, selective, and cell-permeable unnatural foldameric peptidomimetics that disrupt the β-catenin/BCL9 PPI. The design of helical sulfono-γ-AApeptides may lead to a new strategy to modulate a myriad of protein-protein interactions.
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Filowitz GL, Rajakumar R, O’Shaughnessy KL, Cohn MJ. Cartilaginous Fishes Provide Insights into the Origin, Diversification, and Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Vertebrate Estrogen Receptor Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:2695-2701. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Filowitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Rajendhran Rajakumar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Katherine L O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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12
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Qin W, Xie M, Qin X, Fang Q, Yin F, Li Z. Recent advances in peptidomimetics antagonists targeting estrogen receptor α-coactivator interaction in cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2827-2836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Speltz TE, Mayne CG, Fanning SW, Siddiqui Z, Tajkhorshid E, Greene GL, Moore TW. A "cross-stitched" peptide with improved helicity and proteolytic stability. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3702-3706. [PMID: 29725689 PMCID: PMC5993042 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new computational approach to obtain quantitative energy profiles for helix folding was used in the design of orthogonal hydrocarbon and lactam bicyclic peptides. The proteolytically stable, "cross-stitched" peptide SRC2-BCP1 shows nanomolar affinity for estrogen receptor α and X-ray crystallography confirms a helical binding pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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14
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Speltz TE, Danes JM, Stender JD, Frasor J, Moore TW. A Cell-Permeable Stapled Peptide Inhibitor of the Estrogen Receptor/Coactivator Interaction. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:676-684. [PMID: 29309722 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We and others have proposed that coactivator binding inhibitors, which block the interaction of estrogen receptor and steroid receptor coactivators, may represent a potential class of new breast cancer therapeutics. The development of coactivator binding inhibitors has been limited, however, because many of the current molecules which are active in in vitro and biochemical assays are not active in cell-based assays. Our goal in this work was to prepare a coactivator binding inhibitor active in cellular models of breast cancer. To accomplish this, we used molecular dynamics simulations to convert a high-affinity stapled peptide with poor cell permeability into R4K1, a cell-penetrating stapled peptide. R4K1 displays high binding affinity for estrogen receptor α, inhibits the formation of estrogen receptor/coactivator complexes, and distributes throughout the cell with a high percentage of nuclear localization. R4K1 represses native gene transcription mediated by estrogen receptor α and inhibits proliferation of estradiol-stimulated MCF-7 cells. Using RNA-Seq, we demonstrate that almost all of the effects of R4K1 on global gene transcription are estrogen-receptor-associated. This chemical probe provides a significant proof-of-concept for preparing cell-permeable stapled peptide inhibitors of the estrogen receptor/coactivator interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jeanne M. Danes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1835 W Polk St, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Joshua D. Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1835 W Polk St, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 1801 W Taylor St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 1801 W Taylor St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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15
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Shi X, Jiang Y, Yang D, Zhao H, Tian Y, Li Z. Reversibly switching the conformation of short peptide through in-tether chiral sulfonium auxiliary. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Xie M, Zhao H, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Yin F, Liang Y, Jiang Y, Wang D, Hu K, Qin X, Wang Z, Wu Y, Xu N, Ye X, Wang T, Li Z. Structural Basis of Inhibition of ERα-Coactivator Interaction by High-Affinity N-Terminus Isoaspartic Acid Tethered Helical Peptides. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8731-8740. [PMID: 29045135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct inhibition of the protein-protein interaction of ERα and its endogenous coactivators with a cell permeable stabilized peptide may offer a novel, promising strategy for combating ERα positive breast cancers. Here, we report the co-crystal structure of a helical peptide stabilized by a N-terminal unnatural cross-linked aspartic acid (TD) in complex with the ERα ligand binding domain (LBD). We designed a series of peptides and peptide 6 that showed direct and high-affinity binding to ERα with selective antiproliferative activity in ERα positive breast cancer cells. The co-crystal structure of the TD-stabilized peptide 6 in complex with ERα LBD further demonstrates that it forms an α helical conformation and directly binds at the coactivator binding site of ERα. Further studies showed that peptide 6W could potently inhibit cellular ERα's transcriptional activity. This approach demonstrates the potential of TD stabilized peptides to modulate various intracellular protein-protein interactions involved in a range of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Xie
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qisong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Yujia Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Yin
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanhong Jiang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongyuan Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kuan Hu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuan Qin
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- Shenzhen Middle School , Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiyang Ye
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen People's Hospital , Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zigang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
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17
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Scheepstra M, Andrei SA, Unver MY, Hirsch AKH, Leysen S, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L, Milroy LG. Designed Spiroketal Protein Modulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Scheepstra
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS); Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. Andrei
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS); Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - M. Yagiz Unver
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Seppe Leysen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS); Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS); Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS); Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS); Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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18
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Scheepstra M, Andrei SA, Unver MY, Hirsch AKH, Leysen S, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L, Milroy LG. Designed Spiroketal Protein Modulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5480-5484. [PMID: 28407400 PMCID: PMC5435924 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Spiroketals are structural motifs found in many biologically active natural products, which has stimulated considerable efforts toward their synthesis and interest in their use as drug lead compounds. Despite this, the use of spiroketals, and especially bisbenzanulated spiroketals, in a structure-based drug discovery setting has not been convincingly demonstrated. Herein, we report the rational design of a bisbenzannulated spiroketal that potently binds to the retinoid X receptor (RXR) thereby inducing partial co-activator recruitment. We solved the crystal structure of the spiroketal-hRXRα-TIF2 ternary complex, and identified a canonical allosteric mechanism as a possible explanation for the partial agonist behavior of our spiroketal. Our co-crystal structure, the first of a designed spiroketal-protein complex, suggests that spiroketals can be designed to selectively target other nuclear receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Scheepstra
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A Andrei
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Yagiz Unver
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Seppe Leysen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Tressler CM, Zondlo NJ. Perfluoro-tert-butyl Homoserine Is a Helix-Promoting, Highly Fluorinated, NMR-Sensitive Aliphatic Amino Acid: Detection of the Estrogen Receptor·Coactivator Protein-Protein Interaction by 19F NMR. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1062-1074. [PMID: 28165218 PMCID: PMC5894335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly fluorinated amino acids can stabilize proteins and complexes with proteins, via enhanced hydrophobicity, and provide novel methods for identification of specific molecular events in complex solutions, via selective detection by 19F NMR and the absence of native 19F signals in biological contexts. However, the potential applications of 19F NMR in probing biological processes are limited both by the strong propensities of most highly fluorinated amino acids for the extended conformation and by the relatively modest sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy, which typically constrains measurements to mid-micromolar concentrations. Herein, we demonstrate that perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine exhibits a propensity for compact conformations, including α-helix and polyproline helix (PPII), that is similar to that of methionine. Perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine has nine equivalent fluorines that do not couple to any other nuclei, resulting in a sharp singlet that can be sensitively detected rapidly at low micromolar concentrations. Perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine was incorporated at sites of leucine residues within the α-helical LXXLL short linear motif of estrogen receptor (ER) coactivator peptides. A peptide containing perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine at position i + 3 of the ER coactivator LXXLL motif exhibited a Kd of 2.2 μM for the estradiol-bound estrogen receptor, similar to that of the native ligand. 19F NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the sensitive detection (5 μM concentration, 128 scans) of binding of the peptide to the ER and of inhibition of protein-protein interaction by the native ligand or by the ER antagonist tamoxifen. These results suggest diverse potential applications of perfluoro-tert-butyl homoserine in probing protein function and protein-protein interfaces in complex solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Tressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Neal J. Zondlo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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20
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Grison CM, Miles JA, Robin S, Wilson AJ, Aitken DJ. An α-Helix-Mimicking 12,13-Helix: Designed α/β/γ-Foldamers as Selective Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11096-100. [PMID: 27467859 PMCID: PMC5014220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A major current challenge in bioorganic chemistry is the identification of effective mimics of protein secondary structures that act as inhibitors of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). In this work, trans-2-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (tACBC) was used as the key β-amino acid component in the design of α/β/γ-peptides to structurally mimic a native α-helix. Suitably functionalized α/β/γ-peptides assume an α-helix-mimicking 12,13-helix conformation in solution, exhibit enhanced proteolytic stability in comparison to the wild-type α-peptide parent sequence from which they are derived, and act as selective inhibitors of the p53/hDM2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Grison
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 Rue George Clemenceau, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jennifer A Miles
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sylvie Robin
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 Rue George Clemenceau, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270, Paris cedex 06, France
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David J Aitken
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 15 Rue George Clemenceau, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France.
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21
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Zhao H, Liu QS, Geng H, Tian Y, Cheng M, Jiang YH, Xie MS, Niu XG, Jiang F, Zhang YO, Lao YZ, Wu YD, Xu NH, Li ZG. Crosslinked Aspartic Acids as Helix-Nucleating Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12088-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qi-Song Liu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Tissue Engineering; The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen; Shenzhen 518035 China
| | - Hao Geng
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Min Cheng
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yan-Hong Jiang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ming-Sheng Xie
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiao-Gang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Fan Jiang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ya-Ou Zhang
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Nai-Han Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zi-Gang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
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22
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Zhao H, Liu QS, Geng H, Tian Y, Cheng M, Jiang YH, Xie MS, Niu XG, Jiang F, Zhang YO, Lao YZ, Wu YD, Xu NH, Li ZG. Crosslinked Aspartic Acids as Helix-Nucleating Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qi-Song Liu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Tissue Engineering; The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen; Shenzhen 518035 China
| | - Hao Geng
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Min Cheng
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yan-Hong Jiang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ming-Sheng Xie
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiao-Gang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Fan Jiang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ya-Ou Zhang
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Nai-Han Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zi-Gang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University; Shenzhen 518055 China
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23
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Grison CM, Miles JA, Robin S, Wilson AJ, Aitken DJ. An α-Helix-Mimicking 12,13-Helix: Designed α/β/γ-Foldamers as Selective Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Grison
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay; 15 Rue George Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Jennifer A. Miles
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology; University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Sylvie Robin
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay; 15 Rue George Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Université Paris Descartes; 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire 75270 Paris cedex 06 France
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School of Chemistry; University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology; University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - David J. Aitken
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group, ICMMO, CNRS; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay; 15 Rue George Clemenceau 91405 Orsay Cedex France
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24
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Speltz TE, Fanning SW, Mayne CG, Fowler C, Tajkhorshid E, Greene GL, Moore TW. Stapled Peptides with γ‐Methylated Hydrocarbon Chains for the Estrogen Receptor/Coactivator Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center University of Illinois at Chicago 833 S. Wood St. Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Sean W. Fanning
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Christopher G. Mayne
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Colin Fowler
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Geoffrey L. Greene
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Terry W. Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center University of Illinois at Chicago 833 S. Wood St. Chicago IL 60612 USA
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25
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Speltz TE, Fanning SW, Mayne CG, Fowler C, Tajkhorshid E, Greene GL, Moore TW. Stapled Peptides with γ-Methylated Hydrocarbon Chains for the Estrogen Receptor/Coactivator Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4252-5. [PMID: 26928945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
"Stapled" peptides are typically designed to replace two non-interacting residues with a constraining, olefinic staple. To mimic interacting leucine and isoleucine residues, we have created new amino acids that incorporate a methyl group in the γ-position of the stapling amino acid S5. We have incorporated them into a sequence derived from steroid receptor coactivator 2, which interacts with estrogen receptor α. The best peptide (IC50 =89 nm) replaces isoleucine 689 with an S-γ-methyl stapled amino acid, and has significantly higher affinity than unsubstituted peptides (390 and 760 nm). Through X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics studies, we show that the conformation taken up by the S-γ-methyl peptide minimizes the syn-pentane interactions between the α- and γ-methyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Speltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sean W Fanning
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher G Mayne
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Colin Fowler
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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26
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Tian Y, Li J, Zhao H, Zeng X, Wang D, Liu Q, Niu X, Huang X, Xu N, Li Z. Stapling of unprotected helical peptides via photo-induced intramolecular thiol-yne hydrothiolation. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3325-3330. [PMID: 29997825 PMCID: PMC6006495 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide stapling emerged as a versatile strategy to recapitulate the bioactive helical conformation of unstructured short peptides in water to improve their therapeutic properties in targeting intracellular "undruggable" targets. Here, we describe the development of photo-induced intramolecular thiol-yne macrocyclization for rapid access to short stapled peptides with enhanced biophysical properties. This new peptide stapling technique provides rapid access to conformationally constrained helices with satisfying functional group tolerance. Notably, the vinyl sulfide linkage shows distinct lipophilicity with reduced membrane toxicity compared to the corresponding all-hydrocarbon analogue. As a proof of principle, we constructed stabilized helices modulating intracellular estrogen receptor (ER)-coactivator interactions with a nanomolar binding affinity, enhanced serum stability, a diffuse cellular distribution and selective cytotoxicity towards ER-positive MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Jingxu Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Xiangze Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , Center of Systems Biology and Human Health , School of Science and Institute for Advance Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Dongyuan Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Qisong Liu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Center of Systems Biology and Human Health , School of Science and Institute for Advance Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , Hong Kong , China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology , Division of Life Science , Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Zigang Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
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27
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Cino EA, Choy WY, Karttunen M. Characterization of the Free State Ensemble of the CoRNR Box Motif by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1060-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elio A. Cino
- Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science & the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MetaForum, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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Nevola L, Giralt E. Modulating protein-protein interactions: the potential of peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3302-15. [PMID: 25578807 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08565e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have emerged as important and challenging targets in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. The main difficulty encountered in the discovery of small molecule modulators derives from the large contact surfaces involved in PPIs when compared with those that participate in protein-small molecule interactions. Because of their intrinsic features, peptides can explore larger surfaces and therefore represent a useful alternative to modulate PPIs. The use of peptides as therapeutics has been held back by their instability in vivo and poor cell internalization. However, more than 200 peptide drugs and homologous compounds (proteins or antibodies) containing peptide bonds are (or have been) on the market, and many alternatives are now available to tackle these limitations. This review will focus on the latest progress in the field, spanning from "lead" identification methods to binding evaluation techniques, through an update of the most successful examples described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nevola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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van de Schans MGM, Ritschel T, Bovee TFH, Sanders MG, de Waard P, Gruppen H, Vincken JP. Involvement of a Hydrophobic Pocket and Helix 11 in Determining the Modes of Action of Prenylated Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids in the Human Estrogen Receptor. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2668-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milou G. M. van de Schans
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Tina Ritschel
- Computational Discovery and Design Group; Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics; Radboudumc; P. O. Box 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Toine F. H. Bovee
- Business Unit of Toxicology and Bioassays; RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety; P. O. Box 230 6700 AE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sanders
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter de Waard
- Wageningen NMR Centre; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 8128 6700 ET Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
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Ng HW, Perkins R, Tong W, Hong H. Versatility or promiscuity: the estrogen receptors, control of ligand selectivity and an update on subtype selective ligands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:8709-42. [PMID: 25162709 PMCID: PMC4198987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110908709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of versatile receptors. They regulate an enormity of processes starting in early life and continuing through sexual reproduction, development, and end of life. This review provides a background and structural perspective for the ERs as part of the nuclear receptor superfamily and discusses the ER versatility and promiscuity. The wide repertoire of ER actions is mediated mostly through ligand-activated transcription factors and many DNA response elements in most tissues and organs. Their versatility, however, comes with the drawback of promiscuous interactions with structurally diverse exogenous chemicals with potential for a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Even when interacting with endogenous hormones, ER actions can have adverse effects in disease progression. Finally, how nature controls ER specificity and how the subtle differences in receptor subtypes are exploited in pharmaceutical design to achieve binding specificity and subtype selectivity for desired biological response are discussed. The intent of this review is to complement the large body of literature with emphasis on most recent developments in selective ER ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen Ng
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Roger Perkins
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Weida Tong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Huixiao Hong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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31
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Gonugunta VK, Miao L, Sareddy GR, Ravindranathan P, Vadlamudi R, Raj GV. The social network of PELP1 and its implications in breast and prostate cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:T79-86. [PMID: 24859989 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proline, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) is a multi-domain scaffold protein that serves as a platform for various protein-protein interactions between steroid receptors (SRs) and signaling factors and cell cycle, transcriptional, cytoskeletal, and epigenetic remodelers. PELP1 is known to be a coregulator of transcription and participates in the nuclear and extranuclear functions of SRs, ribosome biogenesis, and cell cycle progression. The expression and localization of PELP1 are dysregulated in hormonal cancers including breast and prostate cancers. This review focuses on the interactive functions and therapeutic and prognostic significance of PELP1 in breast and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Gonugunta
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard J8130, Dallas, Texas 75390, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lu Miao
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard J8130, Dallas, Texas 75390, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gangadhara R Sareddy
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard J8130, Dallas, Texas 75390, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Preethi Ravindranathan
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard J8130, Dallas, Texas 75390, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ratna Vadlamudi
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard J8130, Dallas, Texas 75390, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of UrologyUT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard J8130, Dallas, Texas 75390, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4695-748. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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The Surprising Features of the TEAD4-Vgll1 Protein-Protein Interaction. Chembiochem 2014; 15:537-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cino EA, Choy WY, Karttunen M. Conformational Biases of Linear Motifs. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15943-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407536p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elio A. Cino
- Department
of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department
of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Pharmaceutical implications of helix length control in helix-mediated protein–protein interactions. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:2175-83. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant protein secondary structure in nature – the α-helix – is frequently found at protein interfaces, making it an important lead structure for the design of small-molecule modulators of protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Nature’s ability to precisely control the length of α-helices, especially in the context of helix-mediated PPIs, is key to ensuring the optimal interaction of protein partners. By extension, precise control over the length of α-helix mimetics is necessary to ensure optimal disruption of α-helix-mediated PPIs. This article will highlight the emerging importance of helix length control in the context of helix-mediated PPIs through a discussion of the contemporary chemical approaches to identifying novel helix mimetic inhibitors, including all-hydrocarbon stapling, hydrogen bond surrogates and optimized peptides emerging from in vitro screening methods. A current update on the therapeutic status of the different approaches is provided, as well as indications as to their long-term potential.
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