1
|
Gobeze HB, Younus M, Turlington MD, Ahmed S, Schanze KS. Characterization of Excited-State Electronic Structure in Diblock π-Conjugated Oligomers with Adjustable Linker Electronic Coupling. Molecules 2024; 29:2678. [PMID: 38893552 PMCID: PMC11173629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Diblock conjugated oligomers are π-conjugated molecules that contain two segments having distinct frontier orbital energies and HOMO-LUMO gap offsets. These oligomers are of fundamental interest to understand how the distinct π-conjugated segments interact and modify their excited state properties. The current paper reports a study of two series of diblock oligomers that contain oligothiophene (Tn) and 4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (TBT) segments that are coupled by either ethynyl (-C≡C-) or trans-(-C≡C-)2Pt(II)(PBu3)2 acetylide linkers. In these structures, the Tn segment is electron rich (donor), and the TBT is electron poor (acceptor). The diblock oligomers are characterized by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, including UV-visible absorption, fluorescence, fluorescence lifetimes, and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Studies are compared in several solvents of different polarity and with different excitation wavelengths. The results reveal that the (-C≡C-) linked oligomers feature a delocalized excited state that takes on a charge transfer (CT) character in more polar media. In the (-C≡C-)2Pt(II)(PBu3)2-linked oligomers, there is weak coupling between the Tn and TBT segments. Consequently, short wavelength excitation selectively excites the Tn segment, which then undergoes ultrafast energy transfer (~1 ps) to afford a TBT-localized excited state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (H.B.G.); (M.Y.); (M.D.T.); (S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sardar G, Biswas A, Singh S, Kabra D. Study of Intrachain Charge Transfer in a Blue Emissive Polyfluorene Random Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3521-3526. [PMID: 38547519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Photophysics of a blue light-emitting fluorescent random copolymer, consisting of arylated polydioctylfluorene (aryl-F8), polydioctylfluorene (F8), and amine comonomers in a ratio of 80:15:5 is reported. In a solution of 10-6 M, solvatochromism in absorption and photoluminescence (PL) is observed with an increased lifetime of PL as the polarity of the solvent increases. Dual fluorescence is observed in the 10-9 M diluted solution, comprising a structured emission from a localized state in the aryl-F8 comonomer and a broad emission peak from the charge-transfer (CT) state at a lower energy. Emission wavelength-dependent time-resolved photoluminescence studies in different polar media confirm the presence of the emissive intrachain CT state in this copolymer. Analyzing the PL decay kinetics, we calculated the formation rate of the intrachain CT state to be ∼3.0 × 109 s-1. Repopulation of the localized state from the CT state is observed in the lower polarity medium with a rate of 7 × 108 s-1, which is almost absent for the large Stokes-shifted CT emission in the higher polarity medium. Along with the fundamental understanding of the photophysics of the random copolymer, this study suggests that the emission spectrum can be tailored by the concentration of polymer and the polarity of surrounding media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopa Sardar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Abhinav Biswas
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shivam Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Chair for Emerging Electronic Technologies, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kabra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gobeze HB, Jagadesan P, Schanze KS. Photophysics and charge transfer in oligo(thiophene) based conjugated diblock oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23685-23695. [PMID: 37610339 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports an investigation of the electronic structure and photophysical properties of two "diblock" π-conjugated oligomers (T4-TBT and T8-TBT) that feature electron rich tetra(thiophene) (T4) or octa(thiophene) (T8) segments linked to an electron poor 4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (TBT) moiety. Electrochemistry and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy reveals that the diblock oligomers display redox and absorption features that can be attributed to the Tn and TBT units. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations support the experimental electrochemistry and optical spectroscopy results, suggesting that the frontier orbitals on the diblock oligomers retain characteristics of the individual π-conjugated segments. However, low energy optical transitions are anticipated to arise from Tn to TBT charge transfer. Fluorescence spectroscopy on the diblock oligomers reveals that the oligomers feature strongly solvent dependent fluorescence. In non-polar solvents (hexane, toluene), the emission is structured with a moderate Stokes shift; however, in more polar solvents the emission becomes broader, and red-shifts significantly. Transient absorption spectroscopy on timescales from femtoseconds (fs) to microseconds (μs) reveals that in non-polar solvents excitation produces a singlet excited state (LE) that decays uniformly to the ground state in parallel with intersystem crossing to a triplet state. By contrast, in more polar solvents, excitation produces a very short-lived excited state (1-3 ps) which evolves rapidly into a second excited state that is attributed to the charge transfer (CT) state. The fast dynamics are associated with crossing from the LE state, which is populated initially by photoexcitation, into the CT state, which then decays to the ground state. The photophysical properties and dynamics of the LE and CT excited states are very similar for T4-TBT and T8-TBT, suggesting that the length of the oligo(thiophene) segment does not have a strong influence on the energy, structure or dynamics of the LE and CT excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtom B Gobeze
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Chemistry, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Chemistry, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Chemistry, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kakuta T, Miyazaki R, Shinjo Y, Ueno Y, Yamagishi TA. Acceptor-Induced Fluorescence of Phenolic Polymers Based on Triphenylamine Derivatives. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300269. [PMID: 37583032 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers facilitate the electrical current flow through the transfer of electrons and holes. They show promise for novel photo-functional materials in photovoltaics. However, substantial electrostatic interactions between electron donors and acceptors induce polymer aggregation, limiting moldability and conductivity. In this study, robust donor polymers with high heat resistance were synthesized by bonding triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives and formaldehyde to phenolic groups. Resulting TPA-based phenolic polymers exhibited flexible structures and fluorescence due to charge transfer with acceptor molecules. Furthermore, TPA-based phenolic polymers' capacity to distinguish acceptor molecule sizes correlated with their molecular weight, reflecting upon donor-acceptor interactions. This novel optical trait in phenolic polymers holds potential for electronic components and conductive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kakuta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rise Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Shinjo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ueno
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tada-Aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bai QQ, Fang ZJ, Wang XF, Zhang Y, Zhao XH, Zhao PD. Charge Transfer and Level Lifetime in Molecular Photon-Absorption upon the Quantum Impedance Lorentz Oscillator. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19950-19962. [PMID: 37305236 PMCID: PMC10249119 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
On the strength of the new quantum impedance Lorentz oscillator (QILO) model, a charge-transfer method in molecular photon-absorption is proposed and imaged via the numerical simulations of 1- and 2-photon-absorption (1PA and 2PA) behaviors of the organic compounds LB3 and M4 in this paper. According to the frequencies at the peaks and the full width at half-maximums (FWHMs) of the linear absorptive spectra of the two compounds, we first calculate the effective quantum numbers before and after the electronic transitions. Thus, we obtain the molecular average dipole moments, i.e., 1.8728 × 10-29 C·m (5.6145 D) for LB3 and 1.9626 × 10-29 C·m (5.8838 D) for M4 in the ground state in the tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. Then, the molecular 2PA cross sections corresponding to wavelength are theoretically inferred and figured out by QILO. As a result, the theoretical cross sections turn out to be in good agreement with the experimental ones. Our results reveal such a charge-transfer image in 1PA near wavelength 425 nm, where an atomic electron of LB3 jumps from the ground-state ellipse orbit with the semimajor axis ai = 1.2492 × 10-10m = 1.2492 Å and semiminor axis bi = 0.4363 Å to the excited-state circle (aj = bj = 2.5399 Å). In addition, during its 2PA process, the same transitional electron in the ground state is excited to the elliptic orbit with aj = 2.5399 Å and bj =1.3808 Å, in which the molecular dipole moment reaches as high as 3.4109 × 10-29 C·m (10.2256 D). In addition, we obtain a level-lifetime formula with the microparticle collision idea of thermal motion, which indicates that the level lifetime is proportional (not inverse) to the damping coefficient or FWHM of an absorptive spectrum. The lifetimes of the two compounds at some excited states are calculated and presented. This formula may be used as an experimental method to verify 1PA and 2PA transition selection rules. The QILO model exhibits the advantage of simplifying the calculation complexity and reducing the high cost associated with the first principle in dealing with quantum properties of optoelectronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Bai
- School
of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Zheng-Ji Fang
- School
of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- School
of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School
of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei
Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xing-Hua Zhao
- School
of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Pei-De Zhao
- School
of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Hebei
Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun G, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Lin J, Liu Z, Chen W, Su J, Chou P, Tian H. Diversified Excited‐State Relaxation Pathways of Donor–Linker–Acceptor Dyads Controlled by a Bent‐to‐Planar Motion of the Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐An Lin
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Zong‐Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun G, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Lin J, Liu Z, Chen W, Su J, Chou P, Tian H. Diversified Excited‐State Relaxation Pathways of Donor–Linker–Acceptor Dyads Controlled by a Bent‐to‐Planar Motion of the Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18611-18618. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐An Lin
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Zong‐Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan R.O.C
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Joint International Research Laboratory for Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi D, Wang H, Sun H, Yuan W, Wang S, Huang W. Improved efficiency of single-component active layer photovoltaics by optimizing conjugated diblock copolymers. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05869a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using an A–B type monomer instead of an AA + BB type monomer to synthesise diblock copolymers, the PCE of a single-component photovoltaic device reached 1.22%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Shi
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Xuzhou
- China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
| | - Huabin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Hua Sun
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Wenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Shifan Wang
- School of Material and Chemistry Engineering
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thomas TH, Rivett JPH, Gu Q, Harkin DJ, Richter JM, Sadhanala A, Yong CK, Schott S, Broch K, Armitage J, Gillett AJ, Menke SM, Rao A, Credgington D, Sirringhaus H. Chain Coupling and Luminescence in High-Mobility, Low-Disorder Conjugated Polymers. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13716-13727. [PMID: 31738516 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers often rely on multilayer device architectures, as it is difficult to design all the different functional requirements, in particular the need for efficient luminescence and fast carrier transport, into a single polymer. Here we study the photophysics of a recently discovered class of conjugated polymers with high charge carrier mobility and low degree of energetic disorder and investigate whether it is possible in this system to achieve by molecular design a high photoluminescence quantum yield without sacrificing carrier mobility. Tracing exciton dynamics over femtosecond to microsecond time scales, we show that nearly all nonradiative exciton recombination arises from interactions between chromophores on different chains. We evaluate the temperature dependence and role of electron-phonon coupling leading to fast internal conversion in systems with strong interchain coupling and the extent to which this can be turned off by varying side chain substitution. By sterically decreasing interchain interaction, we present an effective approach to increase the fluorescence quantum yield of low-energy gap polymers. We present a red-NIR-emitting amorphous polymer with the highest reported film luminescence quantum efficiency of 18% whose mobility concurrently exceeds that of amorphous-Si. This is a key result toward the development of single-layer optoelectronic devices that require both properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tudor H Thomas
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Jasmine P H Rivett
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Qifei Gu
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - David J Harkin
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Johannes M Richter
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Chaw Keong Yong
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Sam Schott
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Katharina Broch
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - John Armitage
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Alexander J Gillett
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - S Matthew Menke
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Dan Credgington
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0HE , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rahmanudin A, Yao L, Sekar A, Cho HH, Liu Y, Lhermitte CR, Sivula K. Fully Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers for Organic Photovoltaics via Heck-Mizoroki Coupling. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:134-139. [PMID: 35619421 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of facile routes to prepare fully conjugated block copolymers (BCPs) from diverse monomers is an important goal for advancing robust bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Herein we introduce a synthetic strategy for step-growth BCPs employing 1,2-bis(trialkylstannyl)ethene as one monomer, which, in addition to offering improved backbone planarity, directly yields a vinylene-terminated macromonomer suitable for Heck-Mizoroki coupling. The benefits of our strategy, which facilitates the preparation of functionalized macromonomers suitable for BCP synthesis, are demonstrated with a representative BCP based on a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) copolymer coded pBDTTDPP as the donor block and a perylenediimide (PDI) copolymer coded as pPDIV as the acceptor block. Feed ratio optimization affords control over the macromonomer chain-end functionalities and allows for the selective formation of a tri-BCP consisting of pPDIV-b-pBDTTDPP-b-pPDIV, which is employed in a single-component BHJ OPV. Devices achieved a power conversion efficiency of 1.51% after thermal stress at 150 °C compared to 0.02% for a control device consisting of a comparable blend of pBDTTDPP and pPDIV. The difference in performance is ascribed to the morphological stability of the BHJ when using the BCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Liang Yao
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Arvindh Sekar
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Han-Hee Cho
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Charles R. Lhermitte
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nübling F, Hopper TR, Kuei B, Komber H, Untilova V, Schmidt SB, Brinkmann M, Gomez ED, Bakulin AA, Sommer M. Block Junction-Functionalized All-Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1143-1155. [PMID: 30523687 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Junction-functionalized donor-acceptor (D-A) block copolymers (BCPs) enable spatial and electronic control over interfacial charge dynamics in excitonic devices such as solar cells. Here, we present the design, synthesis, morphology, and electronic characterization of block junction-functionalized, all-conjugated, all-crystalline D-A BCPs. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a single thienylated diketopyrrolopyrrole (Th xDPPTh x, x = 1 or 2) unit, and poly{[ N, N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]- alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (PNDIT2) are used as donor, interfacial unit, and acceptor, respectively. Almost all C-C coupling steps are accomplished by virtue of C-H activation. Synthesis of the macroreagent H-P3HT-Th xDPPTh x, with x determining its C-H reactivity, is key to the synthesis of various BCPs of type H-P3HT-Th xDPPTh x- block-PNDIT2. Morphology is determined from a combination of calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thin-film scattering. Block copolymer crystallinity of P3HT and PNDIT2 is reduced, indicating frustrated crystallization. A long period lp is invisible from TEM, but shows up in resonant soft X-ray scattering experiments at a length scale of lp ∼ 60 nm. Photoluminescence of H-P3HT-Th xDPPTh x indicates efficient transfer of the excitation energy to the DPP chain end, but is quenched in BCP films. Transient absorption and pump-push photocurrent spectroscopies reveal geminate recombination (GR) as the main loss channel in as-prepared BCP films independent of junction functionalization. Melt annealing increases GR as a result of the low degree of crystallinity and poorly defined interfaces and additionally changes backbone orientation of PNDIT2 from face-on to edge-on. These morphological effects dominate solar cell performance and cause an insensitivity to the presence of the block junction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Nübling
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 31 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Thomas R Hopper
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | | | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Straße 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Viktoriia Untilova
- Institut Charles Sadron , CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 23 Rue de Loess , 67034 Strasbourg , France
| | - Simon B Schmidt
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Chemnitz , Straße der Nationen 62 , 09111 Chemnitz , Germany
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron , CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 23 Rue de Loess , 67034 Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Artem A Bakulin
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Chemnitz , Straße der Nationen 62 , 09111 Chemnitz , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aplan MP, Munro JM, Lee Y, Brigeman AN, Grieco C, Wang Q, Giebink NC, Dabo I, Asbury JB, Gomez ED. Revealing the Importance of Energetic and Entropic Contributions to the Driving Force for Charge Photogeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39933-39941. [PMID: 30360072 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant recent progress, much about the mechanism for charge photogeneration in organic photovoltaics remains unknown. Here, we use conjugated block copolymers as model systems to examine the effects of energetic and entropic driving forces in organic donor-acceptor materials. The block copolymers are designed such that an electron donor block and an electron acceptor block are covalently linked, embedding a donor-acceptor interface within the molecular structure. This enables model studies in solution where processes occurring between one donor and one acceptor are examined. First, energy levels and dielectric constants that govern the driving force for charge transfer are systematically tuned and charge transfer within individual block copolymer chains is quantified. Results indicate that in isolated chains, a significant driving force of ∼0.3 eV is necessary to facilitate significant exciton dissociation to charge-transfer states. Next, block copolymers are cast into films, allowing for intermolecular interactions and charge delocalization over multiple chains. In the solid state, charge transfer is significantly enhanced relative to isolated block copolymer chains. Using Marcus Theory, we conclude that changes in the energetic driving force alone cannot explain the increased efficiency of exciton dissociation to charge-transfer states in the solid state. This implies that increasing the number of accessible states for charge transfer introduces an entropic driving force that can play an important role in the charge-generation mechanism of organic materials, particularly in systems where the excited state energy level is close to that of the charge-transfer state.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mitchell VD, Jones DJ. Advances toward the effective use of block copolymers as organic photovoltaic active layers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01878a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Donor/acceptor block copolymers for organic photovoltaic active layers are discussed from first principles through the modern state-of-the-art and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. D. Mitchell
- School of Chemistry
- University of Melbourne
- Bio21 Institute
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - D. J. Jones
- School of Chemistry
- University of Melbourne
- Bio21 Institute
- Parkville
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakano K, Tajima K. Organic Planar Heterojunctions: From Models for Interfaces in Bulk Heterojunctions to High-Performance Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603269. [PMID: 27885716 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress regarding planar heterojunctions (PHJs) is reviewed, with respect to the fundamental understanding of the photophysical processes at the donor/acceptor interfaces in organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). The current state of OPV research is summarized and the advantages of PHJs as models for exploring the relationship between organic interfaces and device characteristics described. The preparation methods and the characterization of PHJ structures to provide key points for the appropriate handling of PHJs. Next, we describe the effects of the donor/acceptor interface on each photoelectric conversion process are reviewed by examining various PHJ systems to clarify what is currently known and not known. Finally, it is discussed how we the knowledge obtained by studies of PHJs can be used to overcome the current limits of OPV efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Nakano
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Schiefer D, Hanselmann R, Sommer M. All-conjugated P3HT donor PCDTBT acceptor graft copolymers synthesised via a grafting through approach. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A generally applicable synthetic method for all-conjugated graft copolymers is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schiefer
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Ralf Hanselmann
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gasperini A, Johnson M, Jeanbourquin X, Yao L, Rahmanudin A, Guijarro N, Sivula K. Semiconducting alternating multi-block copolymers via a di-functionalized macromonomer approach. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A route to fully-conjugated semiconducting block copolymers is presented and the prototype exhibits nanoscopic phase domain separation and good mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gasperini
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - M. Johnson
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - X. Jeanbourquin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - L. Yao
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - A. Rahmanudin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - N. Guijarro
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - K. Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials (LIMNO)
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nanoscale Morphology from Donor–Acceptor Block Copolymers: Formation and Functions. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28338-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
|
19
|
Brady MA, Ku SY, Perez LA, Cochran JE, Schmidt K, Weiss TM, Toney MF, Ade H, Hexemer A, Wang C, Hawker CJ, Kramer EJ, Chabinyc ML. Role of Solution Structure in Self-Assembly of Conjugated Block Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristin Schmidt
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Thomas M. Weiss
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Harald Ade
- Department
of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
The synthesis and purification of amphiphilic conjugated donor–acceptor block copolymers. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Higuchi T, Pinna M, Zvelindovsky AV, Jinnai H, Yabu H. Multipod structures of lamellae-forming diblock copolymers in three-dimensional confinement spaces: Experimental observation and computer simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Higuchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University; 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Marco Pinna
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool; Lincoln LN6 7TS United Kingdom
| | - Andrei V. Zvelindovsky
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool; Lincoln LN6 7TS United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University; 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- Research Division Gobancho Building 5F, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency; 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University; 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yao J, Yu C, Liu Z, Luo H, Yang Y, Zhang G, Zhang D. Significant Improvement of Semiconducting Performance of the Diketopyrrolopyrrole–Quaterthiophene Conjugated Polymer through Side-Chain Engineering via Hydrogen-Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 138:173-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chenmin Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hewei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bai L, Gao Q, Xia Y, Ang CY, Bose P, Tan SY, Zhao Y. The photoirradiation induced p-n junction in naphthylamine-based organic photovoltaic cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14612-14617. [PMID: 26263850 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) plays an indispensable role in organic photovoltaics, and thus has been investigated extensively in recent years. While a p-n heterojunction is usually fabricated using two different donor and acceptor materials such as poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), it is really rare that such a BHJ is constructed by a single entity. Here, we presented a photoirradiation-induced p-n heterojunction in naphthylamine-based organic photovoltaic cells, where naphthylamine as a typical p-type semiconductor could be oxidized under photoirradiation and transformed into a new semiconductor with the n-type character. The p-n heterojunction was realized using both the remaining naphthylamine and its oxidative product, giving rise to the performance improvement in organic photovoltaic devices. The experimental results show that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices could be achieved up to 1.79% and 0.43% in solution and thin film processes, respectively. Importantly, this technology using naphthylamine does not require classic P3HT and PCBM to realize the p-n heterojunction, thereby simplifying the device fabrication process. The present approach opens up a promising route for the development of novel materials applicable to the p-n heterojunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Bai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee Y, Gomez ED. Challenges and Opportunities in the Development of Conjugated Block Copolymers for Photovoltaics. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fronk SL, Mai CK, Ford M, Noland RP, Bazan GC. End-Group-Mediated Aggregation of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kuang H, Janik MJ, Gomez ED. Quantifying the role of interfacial width on intermolecular charge recombination in block copolymer photovoltaics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Michael J. Janik
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania 16802
- Materials Research Institute; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania 16802
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Haruk AM, Mativetsky JM. Supramolecular Approaches to Nanoscale Morphological Control in Organic Solar Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13381-406. [PMID: 26110382 PMCID: PMC4490500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Having recently surpassed 10% efficiency, solar cells based on organic molecules are poised to become a viable low-cost clean energy source with the added advantages of mechanical flexibility and light weight. The best-performing organic solar cells rely on a nanostructured active layer morphology consisting of a complex organization of electron donating and electron accepting molecules. Although much progress has been made in designing new donor and acceptor molecules, rational control over active layer morphology remains a central challenge. Long-term device stability is another important consideration that needs to be addressed. This review highlights supramolecular strategies for generating highly stable nanostructured organic photovoltaic active materials by design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Haruk
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Mativetsky
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chang SW, Horie M. A donor–acceptor conjugated block copolymer of poly(arylenevinylene)s by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9113-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00498e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A donor–acceptor conjugated block copolymer of poly(arylenevinylene)s has been synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu
- 30013 Taiwan
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu
- 30013 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Takacs CJ, Collins SD, Love JA, Mikhailovsky AA, Wynands D, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ, Heeger AJ. Mapping orientational order in a bulk heterojunction solar cell with polarization-dependent photoconductive atomic force microscopy. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8141-51. [PMID: 25080374 DOI: 10.1021/nn502277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New methods connecting molecular structure, self-organization, and optoelectronic performance are important for understanding the current generation of organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials. In high power conversion efficiency (PCE) OPVs, light-harvesting small-molecules or polymers are typically blended with fullerene derivatives and deposited in thin films, forming a bulk heterojunction (BHJ), a self-assembled three-dimensional nanostructure of electron donors and acceptors that separates and transports charges. Recent data suggest micrometer-scale orientational order of donor domains exists within this complex nanomorphology, but the link to the optoelectronic properties is yet unexplored. Here we introduce polarization-dependent, photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pd-pcAFM) as a combined probe of orientational order and nanoscale optoelectronic properties (∼20 nm resolution). Using the donor 7,7'-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5'-hexyl[2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole), p-DTS(FBTTh2)2, we show significant spatial dependence of the nanoscale photocurrent with polarized light in both pristine and BHJ blends (up to 7.0% PCE) due to the local alignment of the molecular transition dipoles. By mapping the polarization dependence of the nanoscale photocurrent, we estimate the molecular orientation and orientational order parameter. Liquid crystalline disclinations are observed in all films, in agreement with complementary electron microscopy experiments, and the order parameter exceeds 0.3. The results demonstrate the utility of pd-pcAFM to investigate the optical/structural anisotropy that exists within a well-performing BHJ system and its relationship to optoelectronic properties on both the nanometer and micrometer length scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Takacs
- Department of Physics, ∞Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huo MM, Liang R, Xing YD, Hu R, Zhao NJ, Zhang W, Fu LM, Ai XC, Zhang JP, Hou JH. Side-chain effects on the solution-phase conformations and charge photogeneration dynamics of low-bandgap copolymers. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:124904. [PMID: 24089801 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-phase conformations and charge photogeneration dynamics of a pair of low-bandgap copolymers based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b(')]dithiophene (BDT) and thieno[3,4-b]thiophene (TT), differed by the respective carbonyl (-C) and ester (-E) substituents at the TT units, were comparatively investigated by using near-infrared time-resolved absorption (TA) spectroscopy at 25 °C and 120 °C. Steady-state and TA spectroscopic results corroborated by quantum chemical analyses prove that both PBDTTT-C and PBDTTT-E in chlorobenzene solutions are self-aggregated; however, the former bears a relatively higher packing order. Specifically, PBDTTT-C aggregates with more π-π stacked domains, whereas PBDTTT-E does with more random coils interacting strongly at the chain intersections. At 25 °C, the copolymers exhibit comparable exciton lifetimes (~1 ns) and fluorescence quantum yields (~2%), but distinctly different charge photogeneration dynamics: PBDTTT-C on photoexcitation gives rise to a branching ratio of charge separated (CS) over charge transfer (CT) states more than 20% higher than PBDTTT-E does, correlating with their photovoltaic performance. Temperature and excitation-wavelength dependent exciton∕charge dynamics suggest that the CT states localize at the chain intersections that are survivable up to 120 °C, and that the excitons and the CS states inhabit the stretched strands and the also thermally robust orderly stacked domains. The stable self-aggregation structures and the associated primary charge dynamics of the PBDTTT copolymers in solutions are suggested to impact intimately on the morphologies and the charge photogeneration efficiency of the solid-state photoactive layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Huo
- Center for Condensed Matter Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stenbock-Fermor A, Knoll AW, Böker A, Tsarkova L. Enhancing Ordering Dynamics in Solvent-Annealed Block Copolymer Films by Lithographic Hard Mask Supports. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500561q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Stenbock-Fermor
- DWI—Leibniz-Institut
für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen Germany
| | - Armin W. Knoll
- IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Böker
- DWI—Leibniz-Institut
für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen Germany
| | - Larisa Tsarkova
- DWI—Leibniz-Institut
für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056, Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Qin T, Zajaczkowski W, Pisula W, Baumgarten M, Chen M, Gao M, Wilson G, Easton CD, Müllen K, Watkins SE. Tailored Donor–Acceptor Polymers with an A–D1–A–D2 Structure: Controlling Intermolecular Interactions to Enable Enhanced Polymer Photovoltaic Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6049-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshi Qin
- Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Australia
| | | | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ming Chen
- Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Australia
| | - Mei Gao
- Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Australia
| | - Gerry Wilson
- Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Australia
| | - Christopher D. Easton
- Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Australia
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Scott E. Watkins
- Ian Wark Laboratory, CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu W, Tkachov R, Komber H, Senkovskyy V, Schubert M, Wei Z, Facchetti A, Neher D, Kiriy A. Chain-growth polycondensation of perylene diimide-based copolymers: a new route to regio-regular perylene diimide-based acceptors for all-polymer solar cells and n-type transistors. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chain-growth tin-free room temperature polymerization is reported which leads to perylene diimide-based n-type polymers suitable for solar cell and transistor applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Liu
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6
- 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - R. Tkachov
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6
- 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - H. Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6
- 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - M. Schubert
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Potsdam
- 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - D. Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Potsdam
- 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - A. Kiriy
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6
- 01069 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen K, Barker AJ, Reish ME, Gordon KC, Hodgkiss JM. Broadband ultrafast photoluminescence spectroscopy resolves charge photogeneration via delocalized hot excitons in polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18502-12. [PMID: 24206394 DOI: 10.1021/ja408235h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional descriptions of excitons in semiconducting polymers do not account for several important observations in polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends, including the ultrafast time scale of charge photogeneration in phase separated blends and the intermediate role of delocalized charge transfer states. We investigate the nature of excitons in thin films of polymers and polymer:fullerene blends by using broadband ultrafast photoluminescence spectroscopy. Our technique enables us to resolve energetic relaxation, as well as the volume of excitons and population dynamics on ultrafast time scales. We resolve substantial high-energy emission from hot excitons prior to energetic relaxation, which occurs predominantly on a subpicosecond time scale. Consistent with quantum chemical calculations, ultrafast annihilation measurements show that excitons initially extend along a substantial chain length prior to localization induced by structural relaxation. Moreover, we see that hot excitons are initially highly mobile and the subsequent rapid decay in mobility is correlated with energetic relaxation. The relevance of these measurements to charge photogeneration is confirmed by our measurements in blends. We find that charge photogeneration occurs predominately via these delocalized hot exciton states in competition with relaxation and independently of temperature. As well as accounting for the ultrafast time scale of charge generation across large polymer phases, delocalized hot excitons may also account for the crucial requirement that primary charge pairs are well separated in efficient organic photovoltaic blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Völker SF, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Böhm C, Lambert C. Charge transfer dynamics in squaraine-naphthalene diimide copolymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19831-44. [PMID: 24145596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53455c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an alternating squaraine-naphthalene diimide donor-acceptor low band gap polymer (1.14-1.40 eV) as well as its monomolecular analogue is presented. Spectroelectrochemistry experiments and transient absorption spectroscopy in the fs-time regime reveal an ultrafast population of a charge separated state for both polymer and monomer. Local excitation of the squaraine moiety is followed by population of intermediate states, presumably charge transfer states, followed by full charge separation, which occurs within a ca. 2 ps. Charge recombination takes place within 5.2 ps, probably because the system is close to the Marcus optimal region for barrierless ET. For the polymer, measurements of the transient absorption anisotropy show that neither charge nor does energy transfer take place within the lifetime of the charge separated state, indicating that this state is essentially confined within one donor-acceptor pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F Völker
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Robb MJ, Montarnal D, Eisenmenger ND, Ku SY, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ. A One-Step Strategy for End-Functionalized Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Robb
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Department, §Materials Research Laboratory, and ∥Mitsubishi Chemical
Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Department, §Materials Research Laboratory, and ∥Mitsubishi Chemical
Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
| | - Nancy D. Eisenmenger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Department, §Materials Research Laboratory, and ∥Mitsubishi Chemical
Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
| | - Sung-Yu Ku
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Department, §Materials Research Laboratory, and ∥Mitsubishi Chemical
Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Department, §Materials Research Laboratory, and ∥Mitsubishi Chemical
Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Department, §Materials Research Laboratory, and ∥Mitsubishi Chemical
Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sforazzini G, Orentas E, Bolag A, Sakai N, Matile S. Toward Oriented Surface Architectures with Three Coaxial Charge-Transporting Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12082-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Altan Bolag
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Guo C, Lin YH, Witman MD, Smith KA, Wang C, Hexemer A, Strzalka J, Gomez ED, Verduzco R. Conjugated block copolymer photovoltaics with near 3% efficiency through microphase separation. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2957-2963. [PMID: 23687903 DOI: 10.1021/nl401420s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronic materials have the potential to impact almost every aspect of modern life including how we access information, light our homes, and power personal electronics. Nevertheless, weak intermolecular interactions and disorder at junctions of different organic materials limit the performance and stability of organic interfaces and hence the applicability of organic semiconductors to electronic devices. Here, we demonstrate control of donor-acceptor heterojunctions through microphase-separated conjugated block copolymers. When utilized as the active layer of photovoltaic cells, block copolymer-based devices demonstrate efficient photoconversion well beyond devices composed of homopolymer blends. The 3% block copolymer device efficiencies are achieved without the use of a fullerene acceptor. X-ray scattering results reveal that the remarkable performance of block copolymer solar cells is due to self-assembly into mesoscale lamellar morphologies with primarily face-on crystallite orientations. Conjugated block copolymers thus provide a pathway to enhance performance in excitonic solar cells through control of donor-acceptor interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|