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Wagner MS, Peisert H, Chassé T, Bettinger HF. Detection of diheptacendiyl diradical intermediate in the cycloreversion of diheptacene to heptacene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8451-8453. [PMID: 39041191 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03354j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Cycloreversion of diheptacenes, the covalently bound dimers of heptacene, in the solid state produces heptacene. In addition, diheptacendiyl diradical can be detected by ESR spectroscopy. The diradical has a small singlet-triplet energy gap of -0.02 kJ mol-1 (-4.8 × 10-3 kcal mol-1) in favor of the singlet state and is persistent in solid heptacene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie S Wagner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Aoki S, Tsurumaki E, Yamashina M, Wakamatsu K, Toyota S. Structure and Photophysical Properties of 1,1,2,2-Tetra(1-anthryl)ethane: A C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) Bond Substituted with Four Anthracene Units. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100447. [PMID: 34811962 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The title aromatic compound comprising four anthracene units was synthesized by the McMurry coupling of di(1-anthryl) ketone as a hydrogenated product in 65 % yield. The molecule forms a C2 symmetric structure with the ap conformation about the C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) single bond, as revealed by X-ray analysis and DFT calculations. The UV/vis and fluorescence spectra of this compound were compared with those of anthracene, di(1-anthryl)methane, and 1,2-di(1-anthryl)ethane. The fluorescence spectrum showed a broad emission band at 450 nm having a long lifetime at 21 ns, which was assignable to an excimer-type emission, in contrast to the other reference compounds. The characteristic photophysical property is discussed in terms of the molecular structure with the aid of the noncovalent interaction plots and the conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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3
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Nishiuchi T, Kisaka K, Kubo T. Synthesis of Anthracene‐Based Cyclic π‐Clusters and Elucidation of their Properties Originating from Congested Aromatic Planes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kazuki Kisaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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4
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Nishiuchi T, Kisaka K, Kubo T. Synthesis of Anthracene-Based Cyclic π-Clusters and Elucidation of their Properties Originating from Congested Aromatic Planes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5400-5406. [PMID: 33219584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and properties of anthracene-based cyclic π-clusters which possess two and four anthracene units are discussed. The optimal cyclization conditions were determined based on a nickel(0)-mediated reaction that afforded a cyclic anthracene dimer as the major product. Bringing two anthracene planes in close proximity in a face-to-face manner resulted in red-shifted absorption owing to the narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gap. The cyclic anthracene dimer exhibits multi-stimuli responsiveness due to high π-congestion. For example, photoirradiation on the anthracene dimer affords its photoisomer having C-C bonds that are longer than 1.65 Å, which can undergo thermal reversion under gentle heating. This enabled mechanochromism of the photoisomer (colorless) to the original anthracene dimer (red). Photoisomerization was also observed in the crystalline state, accompanied by crystal jumping or collapsing, that is, the photosalient effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kisaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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5
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Delgado AAA, Humason A, Kalescky R, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Exceptionally Long Covalent CC Bonds-A Local Vibrational Mode Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040950. [PMID: 33670107 PMCID: PMC7916873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades one has strived to synthesize a compound with the longest covalent C−C bond applying predominantly steric hindrance and/or strain to achieve this goal. On the other hand electronic effects have been added to the repertoire, such as realized in the electron deficient ethane radical cation in its D3d form. Recently, negative hyperconjugation effects occurring in diamino-o-carborane analogs such as di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane have been held responsible for their long C−C bonds. In this work we systematically analyzed CC bonding in a diverse set of 53 molecules including clamped bonds, highly sterically strained complexes such as diamondoid dimers, electron deficient species, and di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane to cover the whole spectrum of possibilities for elongating a covalent C−C bond to the limit. As a quantitative intrinsic bond strength measure, we utilized local vibrational CC stretching force constants ka(CC) and related bond strength orders BSO n(CC), computed at the ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Our systematic study quantifies for the first time that whereas steric hindrance and/or strain definitely elongate a C−C bond, electronic effects can lead to even longer and weaker C−C bonds. Within our set of molecules the electron deficient ethane radical cation, in D3d symmetry, acquires the longest C−C bond with a length of 1.935 Å followed by di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane with a bond length of 1.930 Å. However, the C−C bond in di-N,N-dimethylamino-o-carborane is the weakest with a BSO n value of 0.209 compared to 0.286 for the ethane radical cation; another example that the longer bond is not always the weaker bond. Based on our findings we provide new guidelines for the general characterization of CC bonds based on local vibrational CC stretching force constants and for future design of compounds with long C−C bonds.
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Ganguly G, Sultana M, Paul A. Designing Efficient Solar-Thermal Fuels with [n.n](9,10)Anthracene Cyclophanes: A Theoretical Perspective. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:328-334. [PMID: 29256618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal storage (MOST) systems have been largely limited to three classes of molecular motifs: azo-benzene, norbornadiene, and transition metal based fulvalene-tetracarbonyl systems. Photodimerization of anthracene has been known for a century; however, this photoprocess has not been successfully exploited for MOST purposes due to its poor energy storage. Using well-calibrated theoretical methods on a series of [n.n](9,10)bis-anthracene cyclophanes, we have exposed that they can store solar energy into chemical bonds and can release in the form of heat energy on demand under mild conditions. The storage is mainly attributed to the strain in the rings formed by the alkyl linkers upon photoexcitation. Our results demonstrate that the gravimetric energy storage density for longer alkyl-chain linkers (n > 3) are comparable to those for the best-known candidates; however, it lacks some of the deleterious attributes of known systems, thus making the proposed molecules desirable targets for MOST applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Ganguly
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Munia Sultana
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ankan Paul
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Chaładaj W, Kołodziejczyk A, Domański S. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Conia-ene Cyclization of Internal ϵ
-Acetylenic β-Ketoesters under High Pressure. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Chaładaj
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Agata Kołodziejczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Sylwester Domański
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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Shimizu A, Nagasaki K, Inoue Y, Mori T. Chiroptical properties of dithia[3.3]cyclophanes composed of anthracene and pyridine/pyridinium moieties: A combined experimental and theoretical study. Chirality 2017; 29:677-683. [PMID: 28833559 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroisms (CDs) of neutral and protonated [3.3]anthracenopyridinophane (1 and 1-H+ ) were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Introducing an anthracene moiety with extended conjugation affected the cyclophane structure with the bent angles being appreciably reduced from those of parent [3.3]pyridinophane. The Cotton effects (CEs) observed at the 1 Bb band for both 1 and 1-H+ were fairly strong and apparently bisignate, which, however, turned out not to be a simple exciton couplet but to be composed of multiple transitions. In contrast, the CEs were much weaker in the 1 La band region. The spectral changes upon protonation were less significant compared with the parent pyridinophane, being dominated by the local transitions of anthracene. Nevertheless, the CD spectra of 1 and 1-H+ were well reproduced by theoretical calculations to allow us an unambiguous absolute configuration determination of the first high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elute (from Chiralcel IB column) as Sp . The transannular interactions between the anthracene and pyridine/pyridinium units were examined by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy to reveal a charge-transfer (CT) band in the low-energy region, particularly for 1-H+ . Despite the comparable CT interactions, the CE at the CT band was much stronger for the anthracenopyridinophane than for the parent pyridinophane, affording an anisotropy (g) factor as large as 4 × 10-3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Abstract
Acid catalyzed condensation between tetramethoxyanthracenes and formaldehyde in the presence of additional benzene-based building blocks leads to hybrid macrocyclic products that are further modified by the Diels–Alder reaction with benzyne to obtain macrocycles with expanded cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boinski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Science
- 01-244 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szumna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Science
- 01-244 Warsaw
- Poland
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10
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Nishiuchi T, Uno SY, Hirao Y, Kubo T. Intramolecular Interaction, Photoisomerization, and Mechanical C-C Bond Dissociation of 1,2-Di(9-anthryl)benzene and Its Photoisomer: A Fundamental Moiety of Anthracene-Based π-Cluster Molecules. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2106-12. [PMID: 26828776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report variable and unique properties of 1,2-di(9-anthryl)benzene 1 as a fundamental moiety of anthracene-based π-cluster molecules. Due to a through-space π-conjugation between anthracene units, excimer emission at room temperature and charge delocalized state in radical cation state of 1 could be observed. Photoirradiation to 1 afforded an intramolecular [4 + 4] cyclized anthracene dimer 1' having a high strain energy with long C-C bond that exceeded 1.68 Å, resulting in C-C bond dissociation by simple mechanical grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shin-ya Uno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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11
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Han YP, Song XR, Qiu YF, Zhang HR, Li LH, Jin DP, Sun XQ, Liu XY, Liang YM. Lewis Acid Catalyzed [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Propargylic Alcohols with Azides. Org Lett 2016; 18:940-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xian-Rong Song
- Jiangxi
Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yi-Feng Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Heng-Rui Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lian-Hua Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong-Po Jin
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Antillon E, Strachan A. Mesoscale simulations of shockwave energy dissipation via chemical reactions. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:084108. [PMID: 25725713 DOI: 10.1063/1.4908309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Antillon
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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13
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Tong F, Cruz CD, Jezowski SR, Zhou X, Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Chronister EL, Bardeen CJ. Pressure dependence of the forward and backward rates of 9-tert-butylanthracene Dewar isomerization. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5349-54. [PMID: 24978589 DOI: 10.1021/jp504771b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
9-tert-Butylanthracene undergoes a photochemical reaction to form its strained Dewar isomer, which thermally back-reacts to reform the original molecule. When 9-tert-butylanthracene is dissolved in a polymer host, we find that both the forward and reverse isomerization rates are pressure-dependent. The forward photoreaction rate, which reflects the sum of contributions from photoperoxidation and Dewar isomerization, decreases by a factor of 1000 at high pressure (1.5 GPa). The back-reaction rate, on the other hand, increases by a factor of ∼3 at high pressure. Despite being highly strained and higher volume, the back-reaction reaction rate of the Dewar isomer is at least 100× less sensitive to pressure than that of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer studied previously by our group. These results suggest that the high pressure sensitivity of the bi(anthracene-9,10-dimethylene) photodimer reaction is not just due to the presence of strained four-membered rings but instead relies on the unique molecular geometry of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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