1
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Nair A, Chandrashekhar H R, Day CM, Garg S, Nayak Y, Shenoy PA, Nayak UY. Polymeric functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Biomedical insights. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124314. [PMID: 38862066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) endowed with polymer coatings present a versatile platform, offering notable advantages such as targeted, pH-controlled, and stimuli-responsive drug delivery. Surface functionalization, particularly through amine and carboxyl modification, enhances their suitability for polymerization, thereby augmenting their versatility and applicability. This review delves into the diverse therapeutic realms benefiting from polymer-coated MSNs, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemotherapy, RNA delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, food packaging, and neurodegenerative disorder treatment. The multifaceted potential of polymer-coated MSNs underscores their significance as a focal point for future research endeavors and clinical applications. A comprehensive analysis of various polymers and biopolymers, such as polydopamine, chitosan, polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone, alginate, gelatin, albumin, and others, is conducted to elucidate their advantages, benefits, and utilization across biomedical disciplines. Furthermore, this review extends its scope beyond polymerization and biomedical applications to encompass topics such as surface functionalization, chemical modification of MSNs, recent patents in the MSN domain, and the toxicity associated with MSN polymerization. Additionally, a brief discourse on green polymers is also included in review, highlighting their potential for fostering a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekhar H
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Candace M Day
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmaja A Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Bhowmik R, Roy M. Recent advances on the development of NO-releasing molecules (NORMs) for biomedical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116217. [PMID: 38367491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important biological messenger as well as a signaling molecule that participates in a broad range of physiological events and therapeutic applications in biological systems. However, due to its very short half-life in physiological conditions, its therapeutic applications are restricted. Efforts have been made to develop an enormous number of NO-releasing molecules (NORMs) and motifs for NO delivery to the target tissues. These NORMs involve organic nitrate, nitrite, nitro compounds, transition metal nitrosyls, and several nanomaterials. The controlled release of NO from these NORMs to the specific site requires several external stimuli like light, sound, pH, heat, enzyme, etc. Herein, we have provided a comprehensive review of the biochemistry of nitric oxide, recent advancements in NO-releasing materials with the appropriate stimuli of NO release, and their biomedical applications in cancer and other disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintu Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, 795004, Imphal West, Manipur, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, 795004, Imphal West, Manipur, India.
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3
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Vorotnikov YA, Vorotnikova NA, Shestopalov MA. Silica-Based Materials Containing Inorganic Red/NIR Emitters and Their Application in Biomedicine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5869. [PMID: 37687562 PMCID: PMC10488461 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The low absorption of biological substances and living tissues in the red/near-infrared region (therapeutic window) makes luminophores emitting in the range of ~650-1350 nm favorable for in vitro and in vivo imaging. In contrast to commonly used organic dyes, inorganic red/NIR emitters, including ruthenium complexes, quantum dots, lanthanide compounds, and octahedral cluster complexes of molybdenum and tungsten, not only exhibit excellent emission in the desired region but also possess additional functional properties, such as photosensitization of the singlet oxygen generation process, upconversion luminescence, photoactivated effects, and so on. However, despite their outstanding functional applicability, they share the same drawback-instability in aqueous media under physiological conditions, especially without additional modifications. One of the most effective and thus widely used types of modification is incorporation into silica, which is (1) easy to obtain, (2) biocompatible, and (3) non-toxic. In addition, the variety of morphological characteristics, along with simple surface modification, provides room for creativity in the development of various multifunctional diagnostic/therapeutic platforms. In this review, we have highlighted biomedical applications of silica-based materials containing red/NIR-emitting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Vorotnikov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | | | - Michael A. Shestopalov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Karges J. Encapsulation of Ru(II) Polypyridine Complexes for Tumor-Targeted Anticancer Therapy. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0024. [PMID: 37849670 PMCID: PMC10392611 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ru(II) polypyridine complexes have attracted much attention as anticancer agents because of their unique photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. Despite their promising therapeutic profile, the vast majority of compounds are associated with poor water solubility and poor cancer selectivity. Among the different strategies employed to overcome these pharmacological limitations, many research efforts have been devoted to the physical or covalent encapsulation of the Ru(II) polypyridine complexes into nanoparticles. This article highlights recent developments in the design, preparation, and physicochemical properties of Ru(II) polypyridine complex-loaded nanoparticles for their potential application in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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5
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Lenis Rojas OA, Cordeiro S, Baptista PV, Fernandes AR. Half-sandwich Ru(II) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes in anticancer drug design. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 245:112255. [PMID: 37196411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ruthenium arene fragment is a rich source for the design of anticancer drugs; in this design, the co-ligand is a critical factor for obtaining effective anticancer complexes. In comparison with other types of ligands, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been less explored, despite the versatility in structural modifications and the marked stabilization of metal ions, being these characteristics important for the design of metal drugs. However, notable advances have been made in the development of NHC Ruthenium arene as anticancer agents. These advances include high antitumor activities, proven both in in vitro and in in vivo models and, in some cases, with marked selectivity against tumorigenic cells. The versatility of the structure has played a fundamental role, since they have allowed a selective interaction with their molecular targets through, for example, bio-conjugation with known anticancer molecules. For this reason, the structure-activity relationship of the imidazole, benzimidazole, and abnormal NHC ruthenium (II) η6-arene complexes have been studied. Taking into account this study, several synthetic aspects are provided to contribute to the next generations of this kind of complexes. Moreover, in recent years nanotechnology has provided innovative nanomedicines, where half-sandwich Ruthenium(II) complexes are paving their way. In this review, the recent developments in nanomaterials functionalized with Ruthenium complexes for targeted drug delivery to tumors will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Lenis Rojas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Cordeiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro V Baptista
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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6
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Del Pino JMV, Scalambra F, Bermejo-Casadesús C, Massaguer A, García-Maroto F, Romerosa A. Study of the biological activity of photoactive bipyridyl-Ru(II) complexes containing 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112291. [PMID: 37352655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble ruthenium complex cis-[Ru(dcbpyH)2(PTAH)2]Cl2·3H2O (1) (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine; PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) has been synthesized and characterised by NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The optical properties of 1 were studied, including photoactivation under visible light, as well as its biological properties, together with those of the previously published Ru complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2]Cl2 (2), trans-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2](CF3SO3)2 (3) and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(H2O)(PTA)](CF3SO3)2 (4) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Anticancer activities of the complexes against human lung (A549), cervical (HeLa) and prostate (PC3) carcinoma cells were evaluated under dark conditions and upon photoactivation with visible light. None of the complexes exhibited cytotoxic activity in the absence of light irradiation (IC50 > 100 μM). However, after photoactivation, the cytotoxicity of complexes 1, 2 and 3 against the three cell lines markedly increased, resulting in IC50 values between 25.3 μM and 9.3 μM. Notably, these complexes did not show toxicity against red blood cells. These findings show the potential of complexes 1, 2 and, particularly, 3 for selective and controlled cancer photochemotherapy. The reactivity of the Ru complexes against DNA under UV-Vis irradiation was studied by analysing plasmid mobility. Experimental data shows that 4 unfolds supercoiled DNA (SC DNA) both in the dark and under visible irradiation, while 1 and 3 are only active under light, being 2 inactive in either case. The unfolding activities of complexes 3 and 4 were dependent on the air present in the reaction. The measured intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation with complexes 1, 2 and 3 suggest that their mechanism of action is related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain.
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Hakkennes MLA, Meijer MS, Menzel JP, Goetz AC, Van Duijn R, Siegler MA, Buda F, Bonnet S. Ligand Rigidity Steers the Selectivity and Efficiency of the Photosubstitution Reaction of Strained Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37294954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While photosubstitution reactions in metal complexes are usually thought of as dissociative processes poorly dependent on the environment, they are, in fact, very sensitive to solvent effects. Therefore, it is crucial to explicitly consider solvent molecules in theoretical models of these reactions. Here, we experimentally and computationally investigated the selectivity of the photosubstitution of diimine chelates in a series of sterically strained ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes in water and acetonitrile. The complexes differ essentially by the rigidity of the chelates, which strongly influenced the observed selectivity of the photosubstitution. As the ratio between the different photoproducts was also influenced by the solvent, we developed a full density functional theory modeling of the reaction mechanism that included explicit solvent molecules. Three reaction pathways leading to photodissociation were identified on the triplet hypersurface, each characterized by either one or two energy barriers. Photodissociation in water was promoted by a proton transfer in the triplet state, which was facilitated by the dissociated pyridine ring acting as a pendent base. We show that the temperature variation of the photosubstitution quantum yield is an excellent tool to compare theory with experiments. An unusual phenomenon was observed for one of the compounds in acetonitrile, for which an increase in temperature led to a surprising decrease in the photosubstitution reaction rate. We interpret this experimental observation based on complete mapping of the triplet hypersurface of this complex, revealing thermal deactivation to the singlet ground state through intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs L A Hakkennes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Charlotte Goetz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Van Duijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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8
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Marinescu G, Culita DC, Mocanu T, Mitran RA, Petrescu S, Stan MS, Chifiriuc MC, Popa M. New Nanostructured Materials Based on Mesoporous Silica Loaded with Ru(II)/Ru(III) Complexes with Anticancer and Antimicrobial Properties. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051458. [PMID: 37242698 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of nanostructured materials was obtained by functionalization of SBA-15 mesoporous silica with Ru(II) and Ru(III) complexes bearing Schiff base ligands derived from salicylaldehyde and various amines (1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2-phenylenediamine, ethylenediamine, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, 2-aminomethyl-pyridine, and 2-(2-aminoethyl)-pyridine). The incorporation of ruthenium complexes into the porous structure of SBA-15 and the structural, morphological, and textural features of the resulting nanostructured materials were investigated by FTIR, XPS, TG/DTA, zeta potential, SEM, and N2 physisorption. The ruthenium complex-loaded SBA-15 silica samples were tested against A549 lung tumor cells and MRC-5 normal lung fibroblasts. A dose-dependent effect was observed, with the highest antitumoral efficiency being recorded for the material containing [Ru(Salen)(PPh3)Cl] (50%/90% decrease in the A549 cells' viability at a concentration of 70 μg/mL/200 μg/mL after 24 h incubation). The other hybrid materials have also shown good cytotoxicity against cancer cells, depending on the ligand included in the ruthenium complex. The antibacterial assay revealed an inhibitory effect for all samples, the most active being those containing [Ru(Salen)(PPh3)Cl], [Ru(Saldiam)(PPh3)Cl], and [Ru(Salaepy)(PPh3)Cl], especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis Gram-positive strains. In conclusion, these nanostructured hybrid materials could represent valuable tools for the development of multi-pharmacologically active compounds with antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Marinescu
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela C Culita
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocanu
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raul-Augustin Mitran
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Petrescu
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miruna S Stan
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana C Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marcela Popa
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
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Siddiqui B, Rehman AU, Haq IU, Al-Dossary AA, Elaissari A, Ahmed N. Exploiting recent trends for the synthesis and surface functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles towards biomedical applications. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100116. [PMID: 35509288 PMCID: PMC9058968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid progress in developing multifunctional nanocarriers for drug delivery has been observed in recent years. Inorganic mesoporous silica nanocarriers (MSNs), emerged as an ideal candidate for gene/drug delivery with distinctive morphological features. These ordered carriers of porous nature have gained unique attention due to their distinctive features. Moreover, transformation can be made to these nanocarriers in terms of pores size, pores volume, and particle size by altering specific parameters during synthesis. These ordered porous materials have earned special attention as a drug carrier for treating multiple diseases. Herein, we highlight the strategies employed in synthesizing and functionalizing these versatile nanocarriers. In addition, the various factors that influence their sizes and morphological features were also discussed. The article also summarizes the recent advancements and strategies for drug and gene delivery by rendering smarter MSNs by incorporating functional groups on their surfaces. Averting off-target effects through various capping strategies is a massive milestone for the induction of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers that brings out a great revolution in the biomedical field. MSNs serve as an ideal candidate for gene/drug delivery with unique and excellent attributes. MSNs surface can be functionalized using specific materials to impart unique structural features. Functionalization of MSNs with stimuli-responsive molecules can act as gatekeepers by responding to the desired stimulus after uncapping. These capping agents act as vital targeting agents in developing MSNs being employed in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bazla Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan-Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amal A Al-Dossary
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
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10
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Li D, Xia C, Chen X, Li Q, Li J, Qian X. Fabrication of novel ruthenium loaded silk fibroin nanomaterials for fingolimod release improved antitumor efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1955-1972. [PMID: 35820069 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2090348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer targeted nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems have been described as promising. In this work, we employed silk fibroin (SF), ruthenium nanomaterials (RuNMs), heptapeptide (T7), and fingolimod (FTY720) to construct a pH-responsive smart nanomaterials drug delivery system. They were spherical with a mean size of around 120 nm, which may have contributed to the improved penetration and retention of the NMs in tumour areas. T7-FTY720@SF-RuNMs had an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 72.51 ± 4.02%. When the pH of an environment is acidic, the release of FTY720 from nanocarriers is enhanced. T7-FTY720@SF-RuNMs demonstrated increased cellular uptake selective and anticancer efficacy for hepatocellular cancer in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Additionally, the in vivo biodistribution investigation showed that T7-FTY720@SF-RuNMs could efficiently aggregate in the tumour location, improving their in vivo potential to kill cancer cells. T7-FTY720@SF-RuNMs demonstrated little toxicity to tumour-bearing animals in investigations of histology and immunohistochemistry, showing that the fabricated NMs are biocompatible in vivo. For the treatment of hepatocellular cancer, the T7-FTY720@SF-RuNMs delivery method offers significant promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Chenmei Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Baoji Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Xiaoqi Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
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11
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He M, Wang R, Wan P, Wang H, Cheng Y, Miao P, Wei Z, Leng X, Li Y, Du J, Fan J, Sun W, Peng X. Biodegradable Ru-Containing Polycarbonate Micelles for Photoinduced Anticancer Multitherapeutic Agent Delivery and Phototherapy Enhancement. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1733-1744. [PMID: 35107271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of selectivity between tumor and healthy cells, along with inefficient reactive oxygen species production in solid tumors, are two major impediments to the development of anticancer Ru complexes. The development of photoinduced combination therapy based on biodegradable polymers that can be light activated in the "therapeutic window" would be beneficial for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Ru complexes. Herein, a biodegradable Ru-containing polymer (poly(DCARu)) is developed, in which two different therapeutics (the drug and the Ru complex) are rationally integrated and then conjugated to a diblock copolymer (MPEG-b-PMCC) containing hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) and cyano-functionalized polycarbonate with good degradability and biocompatibility. The polymer self-assembles into micelles with high drug loading capacity, which can be efficiently internalized into tumor cells. Red light induces the generation of singlet oxygen and the release of anticancer drug-Ru complex conjugates from poly(DCARu) micelles, hence inhibiting tumor cell growth. Furthermore, the phototherapy of polymer micelles demonstrates remarkable inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Meanwhile, polymer micelles exhibit good biocompatibility with blood and healthy tissues, which opens up opportunities for multitherapeutic agent delivery and enhanced phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Peiyuan Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Pengcheng Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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12
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Shen J, Rees TW, Ji L, Chao H. Recent advances in ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes containing nanosystems for cancer treatment and bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Morales V, McConnell J, Pérez-Garnes M, Almendro N, Sanz R, García-Muñoz RA. L-Dopa release from mesoporous silica nanoparticles engineered through the concept of drug-structure-directing agents for Parkinson's disease. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4178-4189. [PMID: 33989370 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00481f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the 2nd most common after Alzheimer's disease, the main effect of which is the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Levodopa or l-Dopa is an amino acid used in the treatment of PD that acts as the immediate precursor to dopamine. However, over time the efficacy of the medication gradually decreases requiring modified delivery methods. One of the major challenges for the medication to work is to achieve a gradual continuous supply of l-Dopa to the brain to minimise symptoms. Herein, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were engineered through the concept of drug-structure-directing agents (DSDAs) with inherent therapeutic activity. The DSDA used was l-Dopa drug modified by amidation with fatty acids to build anionic surfactants that were able to form micelles as templates for the assembly of inorganic precursors to form the silica framework. This templating route produced MSNs with tunable sizes ranging from 100 nm to 1 μm and with different shapes: spherical, with either solid structures with radial mesopores and porous shells, or hollow-shells with inside large void cavities; and elongated, characterized by long hollows covered by mesoporous shells. The concept of using DSDAs to synthesize drug nanocarriers can be used to avoid the surfactant removal and subsequent drug loading steps involved in the synthesis of conventional MSNs. We hypothesized that the l-Dopa released from MSN materials is mediated by the size and solubility of the DSDAs, and the surface chemical interactions between the DSDAs and MSN hosts. Different pHs (acidic and neutral) simulating gastrointestinal tract conditions were tested, and the results showed hardly any release for gastric conditions at pH 1.2, avoiding the premature release in the stomach typical of conventional MSNs, while for intestinal conditions of pH 7.4, the release of l-Dopa occurred in a continuous and sustained manner, which is well suited to the drug's application and delivery route, and matches well with achieving a sustained l-Dopa delivery to relief symptoms. This could open up new uses for MSNs synthesized by this approach to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Morales
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J McConnell
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
| | - M Pérez-Garnes
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - N Almendro
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Sanz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R A García-Muñoz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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15
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Gou Y, Huang G, Li J, Yang F, Liang H. Versatile delivery systems for non-platinum metal-based anticancer therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Ji W, Li X, Xiao M, Sun Y, Lai W, Zhang H, Pei H, Li L. DNA-Scaffolded Disulfide Redox Network for Programming Drug-Delivery Kinetics. Chemistry 2021; 27:8745-8752. [PMID: 33778987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In response to specific stimuli, dynamic covalent materials enable the generation of new structures by reversibly forming/breaking chemical bonds, thus showing great potential for application in controlled drug release. However, using dynamic covalent chemistry to program drug-delivery kinetics remains challenging. Herein, an in situ polymerization-generated DNA-scaffolded disulfide redox network (DdiSRN) is reported in which nucleic acids are used as a scaffold for dynamic disulfide bonds. The constructed DdiSRN allows selective release of loading cargos inside cancer cells in response to redox stimuli. Moreover, the density of disulfide bonds in network can be tuned by precise control over their position and number on DNA scaffolds. As a result, drug-delivery kinetics can be programmed with a half-life, t1/2 , decreasing from 8.3 to 4.4 h, thus facilitating keeping an adequate drug concentration within the therapeutic window. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that co-delivery of DOX and siRNA in combination with fast drug release inside cells using this DdiSRN enhances the therapeutic effect on multidrug-resistant cancer. This nontrivial therapeutic platform enabling kinetic control provides a good paradigm for precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Department Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Department Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Mingshu Xiao
- Department Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yueyang Sun
- Department Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademic University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Hao Pei
- Department Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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17
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Karges J, Díaz-García D, Prashar S, Gómez-Ruiz S, Gasser G. Ru(II) Polypyridine Complex-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Photosensitizers for Cancer Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4394-4405. [PMID: 35006851 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the developed world. In the last few decades, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has augmented the number of medical techniques to treat this disease in the clinics. As the pharmacological active species to kill cancer cells are only generated upon light irradiation, PDT is associated with an intrinsic first level of selectivity. However, since PDT agents also accumulate in the surrounding, healthy tissue and since it is practically very challenging to only expose the tumor site to light, some side effects can be observed. Consequently, there is a need for a selective drug delivery system, which would give a second level of selectivity. In this work, a dual tumor targeting approach is presented based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which act by the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and the conjugation to folic acid, which acts as a targeting moiety for folate receptor-overexpressed cancer cells. The conjugates were found to be nontoxic in noncancerous human normal lung fibroblast cells while showing a phototoxic effect upon irradiation at 480 or 540 nm in the low nanomolar range in folate receptor overexpressing cancerous human ovarian carcinoma cells, demonstrating their potential for cancer targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Diana Díaz-García
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid E-28933, Spain
| | - Sanjiv Prashar
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid E-28933, Spain
| | - Santiago Gómez-Ruiz
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid E-28933, Spain
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
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18
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19
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Queyriaux N, Esmieu C, Gupta AK, Vendier L, Ott S, Orio M, Hammarström L. Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and Computational Investigation of a Series of Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Characterization of Reduced States. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Queyriaux
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Charlène Esmieu
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Arvind K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Laure Vendier
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maylis Orio
- CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Aix Marseille University 13397 Marseille France
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
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20
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Karges J, Tharaud M, Gasser G. Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizer for Folate-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Drug Resistant Cancers. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4612-4622. [PMID: 33818111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The currently used photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) are generally associated with a poor cancer cell selectivity, which is responsible for some undesirable side effects. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need for a selective drug delivery system for PDT PSs. Herein, the encapsulation of a promising Ru(II) polypyridine complex in a polymer with terminal folate groups to form nanoparticles is presented. While the Ru(II) complex itself has a cytotoxic effect in the dark, the encapsulation is able to overcome this drawback. Upon light exposure, the nanoparticles were found to be highly phototoxic in 2D monolayer cells as well as 3D multicellular tumor spheroids upon 480 or 595 nm irradiation. Importantly, the nanoparticles demonstrated a high selectivity for cancerous cells over noncancerous cells and were found to be active in drug resistant cancer cells lines, indicating that they are able to overcome drug resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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21
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pH-Responsive Release of Ruthenium Metallotherapeutics from Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040460. [PMID: 33800647 PMCID: PMC8067187 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are attracting interest in cancer treatment due to their potent cytotoxic activity. However, as their high toxicity may also affect healthy tissues, efficient and selective drug delivery systems to tumour tissues are needed. Our study focuses on the construction of such drug delivery systems for the delivery of cytotoxic Ru(II) complexes upon exposure to a weakly acidic environment of tumours. As nanocarriers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are utilized, whose surface is functionalized with two types of ligands, (2-thienylmethyl)hydrazine hydrochloride (H1) and (5,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)hydrazine (H2), which were attached to MSN through a pH-responsive hydrazone linkage. Further coordination to ruthenium(II) center yielded two types of nanomaterials MSN-H1[Ru] and MSN-H2[Ru]. Spectrophotometric measurements of the drug release kinetics at different pH (5.0, 6.0 and 7.4) confirm the enhanced release of Ru(II) complexes at lower pH values, which is further supported by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) measurements. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effect of the released metallotherapeutics is evaluated in vitro on metastatic B16F1 melanoma cells and enhanced cancer cell-killing efficacy is demonstrated upon exposure of the nanomaterials to weakly acidic conditions. The obtained results showcase the promising capabilities of the designed MSN nanocarriers for the pH-responsive delivery of metallotherapeutics and targeted treatment of cancer.
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22
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Karges J, Li J, Zeng L, Chao H, Gasser G. Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ruthenium Polypyridine Complex for Tumor Targeted One- and Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54433-54444. [PMID: 33238711 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a medical technique, which is gaining increasing attention to treat various types of cancer. Among the investigated classes of photosensitizers (PSs), the use of Ru(II) polypyridine complexes is gaining momentum. However, the currently investigated compounds generally show poor cancer cell selectivity. As a consequence, high drug doses are needed, which can cause side effects. To overcome this limitation, there is a need for the development of a suitable drug delivery system to increase the amount of PS delivered to the tumor. Herein, we report the encapsulation of a promising Ru(II) polypyridyl complex into polymeric nanoparticles with terminal biotin groups. Thanks to this design, the particles showed much higher selectivity for cancer cells in comparison to noncancerous cells in a 2D monolayer and 3D multicellular tumor spheroid model. As a highlight, upon intravenous injection of an identical amount of the Ru(II) polypyridine complex of the nanoparticle formulation, an improved accumulation inside an adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial tumor of a mouse up to a factor of 8.7 compared to the Ru complex itself was determined. The nanoparticles were found to have a high phototoxic effect upon one-photon (500 nm) or two-photon (800 nm) excitation with eradication of adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial tumor inside a mouse model. Overall, this work describes, to the best of our knowledge, the first in vivo study demonstrating the cancer cell selectivity of a very promising Ru(II)-based PDT photosensitizer encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles with terminal biotin groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jia Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Leli Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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24
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Critical discussion of the applications of metal complexes for 2-photon photodynamic therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:1035-1050. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Soliman N, Gasser G, Thomas CM. Incorporation of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes into Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003294. [PMID: 33073433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are compounds of great interest in cancer therapy due to their unique photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. For effective treatment, they must be able to penetrate tumor cells effectively and selectively. The development of nanoscale carriers capable of delivering Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes has the potential to passively or selectively enhance their cellular uptake in tumor cells. Many different strategies have been explored to incorporate Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes into a variety of nanosized constructs, ranging from organic to inorganic materials. Herein, recent developments in nanomaterials loaded with Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are highlighted. Their rational design, preparation, and physicochemical properties are described, and their potential applications in cancer therapy are eventually discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Soliman
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Christophe M Thomas
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
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26
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of the Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complex with Pluronic F‐127/Poloxamer‐407 for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 75005 Paris France
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27
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Martínez-Carmona M, Ho QP, Morand J, García A, Ortega E, Erthal LCS, Ruiz-Hernandez E, Santana MD, Ruiz J, Vallet-Regí M, Gun'ko YK. Amino-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Octahedral Organoruthenium Complex as an Efficient Platform for Combatting Cancer. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10275-10284. [PMID: 32628466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the process of synthesis of a new drug, as important as the drug itself is the formulation used, because the same compound can present a very different efficacy depending on how it is administered. In this work, we demonstrate how the antitumor capacity of a new octahedral organoruthenium complex, [Ru(ppy-CHO)(phen)2][PF6] is affected by its encapsulation in different types of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The interactions between the Ru complex and the silica matrix and how these interactions are affected at two different pHs (7.4 and 5.4, mimicking physiological and endolysosomal acidic conditions, respectively) have been studied. The encapsulation has also been shown to affect the induction of apoptosis and necrosis and progression of the cell cycle compared to the free drug. The encapsulation of the Ru complex in nanoparticles functionalized with amino groups produced very high anticancer activity in cancer cells in vitro, especially against U87 glioblastoma cells, favoring cellular internalization and significantly increasing the anticancer capacity of the initial non-encapsulated Ru complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martínez-Carmona
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College, The University of Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Quy P Ho
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jérémy Morand
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College, The University of Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ana García
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luiza C S Erthal
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Hernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M Dolores Santana
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia, and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yurii K Gun'ko
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College, The University of Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
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Salinas Y, Brüggemann O, Monkowius U, Teasdale I. Visible Light Photocleavable Ruthenium-Based Molecular Gates to Reversibly Control Release from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061030. [PMID: 32481603 PMCID: PMC7352806 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present hybrid mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSN) with visible light-sensitive ruthenium complexes acting as gates. Two different [Ru(bpy)2L1L2]2+ complexes were investigated by grafting [Ru(bpy)2(4AMP)2](PF6)2 (RC1) and [Ru(bpy)2(PPh3)Cl]Cl (RC2) via two or one ligands onto the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), to give MSN1-RC1 and MSN2-RC2, respectively. The pores were previously loaded with a common dye, safranin O, and release studies were conducted. The number and position of the ligands were shown to influence the photocages behavior and thus the release of the cargo. Release studies from MSN1-RC1 in acetonitrile showed that in the dark the amount of dye released was minimal after 300 min, whereas a significant increase was measured upon visible light irradiation (ca. 90%). While successful as a photochemically-controlled gated system, RC1 was restricted to organic solvents since it required cleavage of two ligands in order to be cleaved from the surface, and in water only one is cleaved. Release studies from the second nanomaterial MSN2-RC2, where the complex RC2 was bound to the MSN via only one ligand, showed stability under darkness and in aqueous solution up to 180 min and, rapid release of the dye when irradiated with visible light. Furthermore, this system was demonstrated to be reversible, since, upon heating to 80 °C, the system could effectively re-close the pores and re-open it again upon visible light irradiation. This work, thus, demonstrates the potential reversible gate mechanism of the ruthenium-gated nanomaterials upon visible light irradiation, and could be envisioned as a future design of photochemically-driven drug delivery nanosystems or on/off switches for nanorelease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Salinas
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-732-2468-9075
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- Linz School of Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (O.B.); (I.T.)
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Loftus LM, Rack JJ, Turro C. Photoinduced ligand dissociation follows reverse energy gap law: nitrile photodissociation from low energy 3MLCT excited states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4070-4073. [PMID: 32159547 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc10095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of Ru(ii)-terpyridine complexes containing electron-donating bidentate ligands are able to effectively photodissociate nitrile ligands using red light. A spectroscopic investigation of these complexes reveal that they follow anti-energy gap law behavior, providing further evidence that population of 3LF excited states is not necessary for photoinduced nitrile dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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30
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Wumaier M, Yao TM, Hu XC, Hu ZA, Shi S. Luminescent Ru(ii)-thiol modified silver nanoparticles for lysosome targeted theranostics. Dalton Trans 2020; 48:10393-10397. [PMID: 31162516 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) modified by luminescent Ru(ii) complexes not only possess bright red fluorescence but also can target lysosomes. Cell imaging and a cytotoxicity study suggest that Ru1-2·AgNPs may act as a potential theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maierhaba Wumaier
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Tian-Ming Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Chun Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhi-An Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China. and Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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31
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Ellahioui Y, Patra M, Mari C, Kaabi R, Karges J, Gasser G, Gómez-Ruiz S. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalised with a photoactive ruthenium(ii) complex: exploring the formulation of a metal-based photodynamic therapy photosensitiser. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5940-5951. [PMID: 30209497 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of nanomaterials based on mesoporous silica have been synthesised and functionalised with a photoactive polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complex, namely [Ru(bipy)2-dppz-7-hydroxymethyl][PF6]2 (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), by various methods. The functionalisation reactions were based on the covalent binding to different ligands attached to the pores of the mesoporous nanoparticles and a simple physisorption using polyamino-functionalised mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The resulting nanostructured systems have been characterised by XRD, XRF, BET, SEM and TEM, observing the incorporation of the metallodrug onto the nanostructured silica in a different way depending on the synthetic method used in the loading reactions. In our studies, we have also observed that functionalisation with the metallodrug causes changes in the structural and textural features of the materials. The phototherapeutic activity of the ruthenium-functionalised materials in HeLa cervical cancer cells has been tested and the preliminary results are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ellahioui
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles (Madrid), Spain.
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Srivastava P, Mishra R, Verma M, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Cytotoxic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with naproxen as NSAID: Synthesis, biological interactions and antioxidant activity. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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March AM, Doumy G, Andersen A, Al Haddad A, Kumagai Y, Tu MF, Bang J, Bostedt C, Uhlig J, Nascimento DR, Assefa TA, Németh Z, Vankó G, Gawelda W, Govind N, Young L. Elucidation of the photoaquation reaction mechanism in ferrous hexacyanide using synchrotron x-rays with sub-pulse-duration sensitivity. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:144306. [PMID: 31615248 DOI: 10.1063/1.5117318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand substitution reactions are common in solvated transition metal complexes, and harnessing them through initiation with light promises interesting practical applications, driving interest in new means of probing their mechanisms. Using a combination of time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations and x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy calculations, we elucidate the mechanism of photoaquation in the model system iron(ii) hexacyanide, where UV excitation results in the exchange of a CN- ligand with a water molecule from the solvent. We take advantage of the high flux and stability of synchrotron x-rays to capture high precision x-ray absorption spectra that allow us to overcome the usual limitation of the relatively long x-ray pulses and extract the spectrum of the short-lived intermediate pentacoordinated species. Additionally, we determine its lifetime to be 19 (±5) ps. The QM/MM simulations support our experimental findings and explain the ∼20 ps time scale for aquation as involving interconversion between the square pyramidal (SP) and trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinated geometries, with aquation being only active in the SP configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie March
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Amity Andersen
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Andre Al Haddad
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Kumagai
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Ming-Feng Tu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Joohee Bang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel R Nascimento
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | | | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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Liu J, Lai H, Xiong Z, Chen B, Chen T. Functionalization and cancer-targeting design of ruthenium complexes for precise cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9904-9914. [PMID: 31360938 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The successful clinical application of the three generation platinum anticancer drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, has promoted research interest in metallodrugs; however, the problems of drug resistance and adverse effects have hindered their further application and effects. Thus, scientists are searching for new anticancer metallodrugs with lower toxicity and higher efficacy. The ruthenium complexes have emerged as the most promising alternatives to platinum-based anticancer agents because of their unique multifunctional biochemical properties. In this review, we first focus on the anticancer applications of various ruthenium complexes in different signaling pathways, including the mitochondria-mediated pathway, the DNA damage-mediated pathway, and the death receptor-mediated pathway. We then discuss the functionalization and cancer-targeting designs of different ruthenium complexes in conjunction with other therapies such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, radiosensitization, targeted therapy and nanotechnology for precise cancer therapy. This review will help in designing and accelerating the research progress regarding new anticancer ruthenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Meijer M, Talens VS, Hilbers M, Kieltyka RE, Brouwer AM, Natile MM, Bonnet S. NIR-Light-Driven Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Using Ru(II)-Decorated Lipid-Encapsulated Upconverting Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12079-12090. [PMID: 31389710 PMCID: PMC6753655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The biological application of ruthenium anticancer prodrugs for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is restricted by the need to use poorly penetrating high-energy photons for their activation, i.e., typically blue or green light. Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), which produce high-energy light under near-infrared (NIR) excitation, may solve this issue, provided that the coupling between the UCNP surface and the Ru prodrug is optimized to produce stable nanoconjugates with efficient energy transfer from the UCNP to the ruthenium complex. Herein, we report on the synthesis and photochemistry of the two structurally related ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)2(5)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2) and [Ru(bpy)2(6)](PF6)2 ([2](PF6)2), where bpy = 2,2-bipyridine, 5 is 5,6-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and 6 is 5,6-bis(dodecyloxy)-1,10-phenanthroline. [1](PF6)2 is photolabile as a result of the steric strain induced by ligand 5, but the irradiation of [1](PF6)2 in solution leads to the nonselective and slow photosubstitution of one of its three ligands, making it a poor PACT compound. On the other hand, [2](PF6)2 is an efficient and photostable PDT photosensitizer. The water-dispersible, negatively charged nanoconjugate UCNP@lipid/[2] was prepared by the encapsulation of 44 nm diameter NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs in a mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine phospholipids, cholesterol, and the amphiphilic complex [2](PF6)2. A nonradiative energy transfer efficiency of 12% between the Tm3+ ions in the UCNP and the Ru2+ acceptor [2]2+ was found using time-resolved emission spectroscopy. Under irradiation with NIR light (969 nm), UCNP@lipid/[2] was found to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), as judged by the oxidation of the nonspecific ROS probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH2-). Determination of the type of ROS produced was precluded by the negative surface charge of the nanoconjugate, which resulted in the electrostatic repulsion of the more specific but also negatively charged 1O2 probe tetrasodium 9,10-anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonate (Na4(ADMBMA)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
S. Meijer
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victorio Saez Talens
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel
F. Hilbers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roxanne E. Kieltyka
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marta M. Natile
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE),
National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- E-mail: (M.M.N.)
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail: (S.B.)
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36
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Meijer MS, Bonnet S. Diastereoselective Synthesis and Two-Step Photocleavage of Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Bearing a Bis(thioether) Ligand. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11689-11698. [PMID: 31433170 PMCID: PMC6724527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Thioethers are good
ligands for photoactivatable ruthenium(II)
polypyridyl complexes, as they form thermally stable complexes that
are prone to ligand photosubstitution. Here, we introduce a novel
symmetric chelating bis(thioether) ligand scaffold, based on 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-propanol
(4) and report the synthesis and stereochemical characterization
of the series of novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)2(L)](PF6)2 ([1]–[3](PF6)2), where L is ligand 4, its methyl ether, 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-methoxypropane (5), or its carboxymethyl ether, 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-(carboxymethoxy)propane
(6). Coordination of ligands 4–6 to the bis(bipyridine)ruthenium center gives rise to 16
possible isomers, consisting of 8 possible Λ diastereoisomers
and their Δ enantiomers. We found that the synthesis of [1]–[3](PF6)2 is
diastereoselective, yielding a racemic mixture of the Λ-(S)-eq-(S)-ax-OHeq-[Ru]2+ and Δ-(R)-ax-(R)-eq-OHeq-[Ru]2+ isomers. Upon
irradiation with blue light in water, [1]–[3](PF6)2 selectively substitute their
bis(thioether) ligands for water molecules in a two-step photoreaction,
ultimately producing [Ru(bpy)2(H2O)2]2+ as the photoproduct. The relatively stable photochemical
intermediate was identified as cis-[Ru(bpy)2(κ1-L)(H2O)]2+ by mass spectrometry.
Global fitting of the time evolution of the UV–vis absorption
spectra of [1]–[3](PF6)2 was employed to derive the photosubstitution quantum
yields (Φ443) for each of the two photochemical reaction
steps separately, revealing very high quantum yields of 0.16–0.25
for the first step and lower values (0.0055–0.0093) for the
second step of the photoreaction. The selective and efficient photochemical
reaction makes the photocleavable bis(thioether) ligand scaffold reported
here a promising candidate for use in e.g. ruthenium-based photo-activated
chemotherapy. Thioethers are excellent photocleavable ligands for ruthenium(II)
polypyridyl complexes but may lead to the formation of several stereoisomers
when they are present in bidentate ligands. Here, a chelating bis(thioether)
ligand was found to coordinate to Ru(II) diastereoselectively, in
spite of the four chiral centers of the resulting complex. Photosubstitution
of this bis(thioether) ligand in water occurs via a selective, two-step
process that involves a relatively stable mono(aqua) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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Yu Y, Xu Q, He S, Xiong H, Zhang Q, Xu W, Ricotta V, Bai L, Zhang Q, Yu Z, Ding J, Xiao H, Zhou D. Recent advances in delivery of photosensitive metal-based drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Su W, Luo Z, Dong S, Chen X, Xiao JA, Peng B, Li P. Novel half-sandwich rhodium(III) and iridium(III) photosensitizers for dual chemo- and photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:448-454. [PMID: 31048016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for cancer and other malignancies. Design of photosensitizers with two different action mechanisms may be an essential strategy for the improvement of the efficacy of phototherapeutic drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticancer photo- and chemocytotoxic effects of the novel half-sandwich rhodium(III) and iridium(III) photosensitizers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of novel half-sandwich Cp*-Rh(III) and Cp*-Ir(III) complexes containing 9-anthraldehyde thiosemicarbazones, (Cp*)M(L)Cl (M = Rh or Ir, L = 9-anthraldehyde thiosemicarbazones), were compared for cell uptake and photo- and chemocytotoxic effects against human prostate carcinoma (PC3) and human ovarian carcinoma (SKOV3) cell lines. RESULTS Cp*-Ir(III) complexes, (Cp*)Ir(L)Cl, showed remarkable phototoxic behavior against human ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV3 cells (IC50 = 2.7 and 2.3 μM, respectively, λirr > 400 nm), as well as the 7.4 and 5.3-fold lower toxicity in the dark, implying possibility of dual action as chemo- and phototherapeutic agents. CONCLUSION The complexes, which present a synergistic effect with good properties of both the Cp*-Rh(III) and Cp*-Ir(III) chemotherapeutic effect and the anthracene photodynamic therapy efficiency, show great potential as a new generation of light activated dual-action anticancer agents for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Zhijin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Chongqing Insistute of Forensic Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiufeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Binghua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.
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Luis ET, Iranmanesh H, Beves JE. Photosubstitution reactions in ruthenium(II) trisdiimine complexes: Implications for photoredox catalysis. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Ko CN, Li G, Leung CH, Ma DL. Dual function luminescent transition metal complexes for cancer theranostics: The combination of diagnosis and therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Kitajima N, Umehara Y, Son A, Kondo T, Tanabe K. Confinement of Singlet Oxygen Generated from Ruthenium Complex-Based Oxygen Sensor in the Pores of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4168-4175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kitajima
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yui Umehara
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Aoi Son
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Kondo
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
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Lin K, Zhao ZZ, Bo HB, Hao XJ, Wang JQ. Applications of Ruthenium Complex in Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1323. [PMID: 30510511 PMCID: PMC6252376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are a new generation of metal antitumor drugs that are currently of great interest in multidisciplinary research. In this review article, we introduce the applications of ruthenium complexes in the diagnosis and therapy of tumors. We focus on the actions of ruthenium complexes on DNA, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum of cells, as well as signaling pathways that induce tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, we highlight the use of ruthenium complexes as specific tumor cell probes to dynamically monitor the active biological component of the microenvironment and as excellent photosensitizer, catalyst, and bioimaging agents for phototherapies that significantly enhance the diagnosis and therapeutic effect on tumors. Finally, the combinational use of ruthenium complexes with existing clinical antitumor drugs to synergistically treat tumors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ben Bo
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Hao
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jin-Quan Wang
- School of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Xie C, Sun W, Lu H, Kretzschmann A, Liu J, Wagner M, Butt HJ, Deng X, Wu S. Reconfiguring surface functions using visible-light-controlled metal-ligand coordination. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3842. [PMID: 30242263 PMCID: PMC6154962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most surfaces are either static or switchable only between “on” and “off” states for a specific application. It is a challenge to develop reconfigurable surfaces that can adapt to rapidly changing environments or applications. Here, we demonstrate fabrication of surfaces that can be reconfigured for user-defined functions using visible-light-controlled Ru–thioether coordination chemistry. We modify substrates with Ru complex Ru-H2O. To endow a Ru-H2O-modified substrate with a certain function, a functional thioether ligand is immobilized on the substrate via Ru–thioether coordination. To change the surface function, the immobilized thioether ligand is cleaved from the substrate by visible-light-induced ligand dissociation, and then another thioether ligand with a distinct function is immobilized on the substrate. Different thioethers endow the surface with different functions. Based on this strategy, we rewrite surface patterns, manipulate protein adsorption, and control surface wettability. This strategy enables the fabrication of reconfigurable surfaces with customizable functions on demand. Configuring surfaces on-demand for desired functionalities is an ongoing challenge. Here, diverse and tailorable modifications of quartz and porous silica surfaces that are rapidly and reversibly switchable by the use of visible light are achieved via ruthenium-thioether coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoming Xie
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wen Sun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jiahui Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.
| | - Si Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128, Mainz, Germany. .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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44
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Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy is an approach where a biologically active compound is protected against interaction with the cell environment by a light-cleavable protecting group, and unprotected by light irradiation. As such, PACT represents a major scientific opportunity for developing new bioactive inorganic compounds. However, the societal impact of this approach will only take off if the PACT field is used to address real societal challenges, i.e., therapeutic questions that make sense in a clinical context, rather than purely chemical questions. In particular, I advocate here that the field has become mature enough to switch from a compound-based approach, where a particular cancer model is chosen only to demonstrate the utility of a compound, to a disease-based approach, where the question of which disease to cure comes first: which PACT compound should I make to solve that particular clinical problem? The advantages and disadvantages of PACT vs. other phototherapeutic techniques are discussed, and a roadmap towards real clinical applications of PACT is drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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45
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Avitabile E, Bedognetti D, Ciofani G, Bianco A, Delogu LG. How can nanotechnology help the fight against breast cancer? NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11719-11731. [PMID: 29917035 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we provide a broad overview on the use of nanotechnology for the fight against breast cancer (BC). Nowadays, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention may be possible thanks to the application of nanotechnology to clinical practice. Taking into consideration the different forms of BC and the disease status, nanomaterials can be designed to meet the most forefront objectives of modern therapy and diagnosis. We have analyzed in detail three main groups of nanomaterial applications for BC treatment and diagnosis. We have identified several types of drugs successfully conjugated with nanomaterials. We have analyzed the main important imaging techniques and all nanomaterials used to help the non-invasive, early detection of the lesions. Moreover, we have examined theranostic nanomaterials as unique tools, combining imaging, detection, and therapy for BC. This state of the art review provides a useful guide depicting how nanotechnology can be used to overcome the current barriers in BC clinical practice, and how it will shape the future scenario of treatments, prevention, and diagnosis, revolutionizing the current approaches, e.g., reducing the suffering related to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Avitabile
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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46
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Yan C, Guo Z, Shen Y, Chen Y, Tian H, Zhu WH. Molecularly precise self-assembly of theranostic nanoprobes within a single-molecular framework for in vivo tracking of tumor-specific chemotherapy. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4959-4969. [PMID: 29938023 PMCID: PMC5989654 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural heterogeneity and the lack of in vivo real-time tracking of drug release are the utmost barriers for nanocarrier-mediated prodrugs in targeted therapy. Herein, we describe the strategy of molecularly precise self-assembly of monodisperse nanotheranostics for BP n -DCM-S-CPT (n = 0, 5 and 20) with fixed drug loadings (36%, 23% and 16%) and constant release capacities, permitting in vivo real-time targeted therapy. We focus on regulating the hydrophilic fragment length to construct stable, well-defined nanostructured assemblies. Taking the bis-condensed dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran (DCM) derivative as the activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore, it makes full use of two terminal conjunctions: the hydrophobic disulfide-bridged anticancer prodrug camptothecin (CPT) and the hydrophilic oligomer-bridged biotin segment serving as an active targeting unit. From the rational design, only BP20-DCM-S-CPT forms uniform and highly stable self-assemblies (ca. 80 nm, critical micelle concentration = 1.52 μM) with several advantages, such as structural homogeneity, fixed drug loading efficiency, real-time drug release tracking and synergistic targeting (passive, active and activatable ability). More importantly, in vitro and in vivo experiments verify that the surface-grafted biotins of nanoassemblies are directly exposed to receptors on cancer cells, thus markedly facilitating cellular internalization. Notably, through synergistic targeting, BP20-DCM-S-CPT displays excellent tumor-specific drug release performance in HeLa tumor-bearing nude mice, which has significantly enhanced in vivo antitumor activity and nearly eradicates the tumor (IRT = 99.7%) with few side effects. For the first time, the specific molecularly precise self-assembly of BP20-DCM-S-CPT within a single-molecular framework has successfully achieved a single reproducible entity for real-time reporting of drug release and cancer therapeutic efficacy in living animals, providing a new insight into amphiphilic nanotheranostics for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Yan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Institute of Fine Chemicals , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
| | - Zhiqian Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Institute of Fine Chemicals , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology , State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Institute of Fine Chemicals , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Institute of Fine Chemicals , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China . ;
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47
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Gill MR, Menon JU, Jarman PJ, Owen J, Skaripa-Koukelli I, Able S, Thomas JA, Carlisle R, Vallis KA. 111In-labelled polymeric nanoparticles incorporating a ruthenium-based radiosensitizer for EGFR-targeted combination therapy in oesophageal cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10596-10608. [PMID: 29808844 PMCID: PMC5994990 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabelled, drug-loaded nanoparticles may combine the theranostic properties of radionuclides, the controlled release of chemotherapy and cancer cell targeting. Here, we report the preparation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles surface conjugated to DTPA-hEGF (DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, hEGF = human epidermal growth factor) and encapsulating the ruthenium-based DNA replication inhibitor and radiosensitizer Ru(phen)2(tpphz)2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, tpphz = tetrapyridophenazine) Ru1. The functionalized PLGA surface incorporates the metal ion chelator DTPA for radiolabelling and the targeting ligand for EGF receptor (EGFR). Nanoparticles radiolabelled with 111In are taken up preferentially by EGFR-overexpressing oesophageal cancer cells, where they exhibit radiotoxicity through the generation of cellular DNA damage. Moreover, nanoparticle co-delivery of Ru1 alongside 111In results in decreased cell survival compared to single-agent formulations; an effect that occurs through DNA damage enhancement and an additive relationship between 111In and Ru1. Substantially decreased uptake and radiotoxicity of nanoparticles towards normal human fibroblasts and oesophageal cancer cells with normal EGFR levels is observed. This work demonstrates nanoparticle co-delivery of a therapeutic radionuclide plus a ruthenium-based radiosensitizer can achieve combinational and targeted therapeutic effects in cancer cells that overexpress EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Gill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, UK
.
| | - Jyothi U. Menon
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, UK
.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
, Department of Engineering Science
, University of Oxford
, Old Road Campus Research Building
,
Oxford OX3 7DQ
, UK
| | - Paul J. Jarman
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Sheffield
,
Sheffield
, UK
| | - Joshua Owen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
, Department of Engineering Science
, University of Oxford
, Old Road Campus Research Building
,
Oxford OX3 7DQ
, UK
| | - Irini Skaripa-Koukelli
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, UK
.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
, Department of Engineering Science
, University of Oxford
, Old Road Campus Research Building
,
Oxford OX3 7DQ
, UK
| | - Sarah Able
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, UK
.
| | - Jim A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry
, University of Sheffield
,
Sheffield
, UK
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
, Department of Engineering Science
, University of Oxford
, Old Road Campus Research Building
,
Oxford OX3 7DQ
, UK
| | - Katherine A. Vallis
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, UK
.
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48
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Pal M, Nandi U, Mukherjee D. Detailed account on activation mechanisms of ruthenium coordination complexes and their role as antineoplastic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:419-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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49
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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50
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Cuello-Garibo JA, Meijer MS, Bonnet S. To cage or to be caged? The cytotoxic species in ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapy is not always the metal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6768-6771. [PMID: 28597879 PMCID: PMC5708332 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In metal-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), two photoproducts are generated by light-triggered photosubstitution of a metal-bound ligand: the free ligand itself and an aquated metal complex. By analogy with cisplatin, the aquated metal complex is usually presented as the biologically active species, as it can typically bind to DNA. In this work, we show that this qualitative assumption is not necessarily valid by comparing the biological activity, log P, and cellular uptake of three ruthenium-based PACT complexes: [Ru(bpy)2(dmbpy)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(mtmp)]2+, and [Ru(Ph2phen)2(mtmp)]2+. For the first complex, the photoreleased dmbpy ligand is responsible for the observed phototoxicity, whereas the second complex is not phototoxic, and for the third complex it is the ruthenium bis-aqua photoproduct that is the sole cytotoxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi-Amat Cuello-Garibo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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