1
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Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Single Step Synthesis of gem-Dinitro Methyl-1,2,4-triazole and Its Hydroxylamine Salt: An Alternative to the FOX-7 and Other Benchmark Explosives. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38809597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
gem-Dinitro methyl based high-energy-density material 5-(dinitromethylene)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (2) and its hydroxylamine salt (4) were synthesized for the first time in a single step and characterized. Further, the structure of 2 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies. Interestengly, both the compounds show excellent density (> 1.83 g cm-3), detonation velocity (> 8700 m s-1), pressure (> 30 GPa) and are insensitive toward mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction sensitivity. Considering their synthetic fesibility and balanced energetic performance, compounds 2 and 4 show future prospects as potential next-generation energetic materials for the replacenent of many presently used benchmark high energy density materials such as RDX, FOX-7 and highly insensitive H-FOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Yi P, Lin C, Yi X, He P, Wang T, Zhang J. Trinitromethyl-Substituted 1 H-1,2,4-Triazole Bridging Nitropyrazole: A Strategy of Utterly Manipulable Nitration Achieving High-Energy Density Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38683233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Nitro groups have been demonstrated to play a decisive role in the development of the most powerful known energetic materials. Two trinitromethyl-substituted 1H-1,2,4-triazole bridging nitropyrazoles were first synthesized by straightforward routes and were characterized by chemical (MS, NMR, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and experimental analysis (sensitivity toward friction, impact, and differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis test). Their detonation properties (detonation pressure, detonation velocity, etc.) were predicted by the EXPLO5 package based on the crystal density and calculated heat of formation with Gaussian 09. These new trinitromethyl triazoles were found to show suitable sensitivities, high density, and highly positive heat of formation. The combination of exceedingly high performances superior to those of HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitrotetraazacyclooctane), and its straightforward preparation highlights compound 8 as a promising high-energy density material (HEDM). This work supports the effectivity of utterly manipulable nitration and provides a generalizable design synthesis strategy for developing new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Chenchen Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Guo Z, Yu Q, Chen Y, Liu J, Li T, Peng Y, Yi W. Fluorine-Containing Functional Group-Based Energetic Materials. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300108. [PMID: 37265346 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecules featuring fluorine-containing functional groups exhibit outstanding properties with high density, low sensitivity, excellent thermal stability, and good energetic performance due to the strong electron-withdrawing ability and high density of fluorine. Hence, they play a pivotal role in the field of energetic materials. In light of current theoretical and experimental reports, this review systematically focuses on three types of energetic materials possessing fluorine-containing functional groups F- and NF2 - substituted trinitromethyl groups (C(NO2 )2 F, C(NO2 )2 NF2 ), trifluoromethyl group (CF3 ), and difluoroamino and pentafluorosulfone groups (NF2 , SF5 ) and investigates the synthetic methods, physicochemical parameters, and energetic properties of each. The incorporation of fluorine-containing functional moieties is critical for the development of novel high energy density materials, and is rapidly being adopted in the design of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yucong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yuhuang Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wenbin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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4
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Marrs FW, Davis JV, Burch AC, Brown GW, Lease N, Huestis PL, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Chemical Descriptors for a Large-Scale Study on Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity of High Explosives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:753-769. [PMID: 36695777 PMCID: PMC9930127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The drop-weight impact test is an experiment that has been used for nearly 80 years to evaluate handling sensitivity of high explosives. Although the results of this test are known to have large statistical uncertainties, it is one of the most common tests due to its accessibility and modest material requirements. In this paper, we compile a large data set of drop-weight impact sensitivity test results (mainly performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory), along with a compendium of molecular and chemical descriptors for the explosives under test. These data consist of over 500 unique explosives, over 1000 repeat tests, and over 100 descriptors, for a total of about 1500 observations. We use random forest methods to estimate a model of explosive handling sensitivity as a function of chemical and molecular properties of the explosives under test. Our model predicts well across a wide range of explosive types, spanning a broad range of explosive performance and sensitivity. We find that properties related to explosive performance, such as heat of explosion, oxygen balance, and functional group, are highly predictive of explosive handling sensitivity. Yet, models that omit many of these properties still perform well. Our results suggest that there is not one or even several factors that explain explosive handling sensitivity, but that there are many complex, interrelated effects at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Marrs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Jack V. Davis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Burch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | | | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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5
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Shang F, Wang T, Ma Y, Lv M. Theoretical study on several important decomposition paths of FOX-7 and its derivatives. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Yin Z, Yi Z, Tang Y, Wei H, Huang W. Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Halogen-substituted 1,1-Diamino-2-nitro-2-(1-amino-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) Ethene Derivatives as Energetic Materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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7
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External oxidant-free and transition metal-free synthesis of 5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles as promising antibacterials against ESKAPE pathogen strains. Mol Divers 2022; 27:651-666. [PMID: 35639224 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new route to 5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives via reaction of N-chloroamidines with isothiocyanates has been proposed. The advantages of this method are high product yields (up to 93%), the column chromatography-free workup procedure, scalability and the absence of additive oxidizing agents or transition metal catalysts. The 28 examples of 5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives obtaining via the proposing protocol were evaluated in vitro against ESKAPE pathogens strains (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae). It was found that compounds 5ba, 5bd, 6a, 6d and 6c have potent antibacterial activity (MIC values 0.09-1.5 μg mL-1), which is superior to the activity of commercial antibiotics such as pefloxacin (MIC 4-8 μg mL-1) and streptomycin (MIC 2-32 μg mL-1). The additional cytotoxic assay of hit compounds on PANC-1 cell line demonstrated the low or non-cytotoxicity activity at the same level of concentrations. Thus, these 5 compounds are promising starting point for further antimicrobial drug development.
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8
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Bai J, Yao E, Xiao L, Zhou J, Ren Y, Zhao F, Shen W. Synthesis, Thermal Behavior and Energy Performance of Nitroguanidyl‐Functionalized Energetic Materials. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Ergang Yao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P.R. China
| | - Libai Xiao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P.R. China
| | - Wenzhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion Institute of Coal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
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9
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Li X, Wang Q, Zhang S, Lin Q, Lu M. C
4
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8
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: A Promising Ternary CNO‐Compound With Good Detonation Performance And Low Sensitivity. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Shujia Zhang
- China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation China Nanjing Jiangsu
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
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10
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Yin Z, Huang W, Tang Y. Synthesis and Properties of Lead‐Free Primary Explosive: Potassium 5‐(2,2‐Diamino‐1‐nitrovinyl)tetrazolate. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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11
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Wang M, Wang Z, Wang B, Zhang J, Zhang J. Synthesis and properties of novel nitrogen- and oxygen-enriched dicationic 3,4-diaminotriazolium salts as attractive energetic materials. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Yin Z, Dong Y, Zeng Z, Huang W, Tang Y. Crystal structures and properties of high-nitrogen energetic salts based on ( Z)-1,1-diamino-2-nitro-2-(1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethene. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01751a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Forming hydrogen bond interactions between a nitro group (Tz-FOX), a tetrazole moiety (Tz-FOX), and amino groups (G, AG, and TAG) led to three nitrogen-rich energetic salts (2, 3, and 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yaqun Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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13
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Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. HFOX-1-Amino-1-hydrazino-2,2-Dinitroethylene as a Precursor to Trifluoromethyl, Dinitro, or Trinitro-Based Energetic 1,2,4-Triazoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:76-80. [PMID: 33326241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of 1-amino-1-hydrazino-2,2-dinitroethylene with a carboxylic acid for the construction of structurally interesting energetic triazoles and their energetic salts is reported. All new compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Crystal analysis, good detonation properties, and low sensitivities of these trifluoromethyl and dinitro- or trinitro-based triazoles suggest their role as potential candidates for insensitive high-energy-density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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14
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Lal S, Chowdhury A, Kumbhakarna N, Nandagopal S, Kumar A, Namboothiri INN. Synthesis and energetic properties of homocubane based high energy density materials. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel Homocubane based HED materials with high densities, HOF and density specific impulse are superior to conventional fuels RP1 and HTPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Lal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Arindrajit Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Neeraj Kumbhakarna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Sundaramoorthy Nandagopal
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Defence Research and Development Organisation
- Pune 411 021
- India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
- Defence Research and Development Organisation
- Pune 411 021
- India
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15
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Tang Y, Huang W, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Enforced Planar FOX-7-like Molecules: A Strategy for Thermally Stable and Insensitive π-Conjugated Energetic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7153-7160. [PMID: 32227996 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring new energetic derivatives of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) is still a key aspect in the field of energetic materials. However, so far most of the attention has been focused on modification of FOX-7 via different reaction strategies. Now we report the design of three new FOX-7-like compounds (3-5) where one nitro group in FOX-7 is replaced by a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic ring. Each of them is characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Electronic structures are studied through computational methods in comparison with FOX-7. In addition, the chemical reactivity of 3 was also investigated. Its hydroxylammonium (7), hydrazinium (8), and ammonium (9) salts were prepared, and the nitrate product (10) was also isolated. Compound 10 has a C-N bond length of 1.577 Å that is one of the longest values found for the C-NO2 bond. It was found that the incorporation of a tetrazole or triazole ring into the backbone of a conjugated nitroenamine does lead to a planar structure, which not only enhances the thermal stability but also improves the sensitivity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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16
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Song X, Huang Q, Jin B, Peng R. Preparation of Desensitizing CL‐20/rGO Composites by in‐situ Reduction. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 China
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17
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The Effects of Metal Complexes of Nano-Graphene Oxide to Thermal Decomposition of FOX-7. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10010144. [PMID: 31941081 PMCID: PMC7023237 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) an insensitive high-energetic compound, has rarely been reported previously with respect to combustion performance. In order to quickly apply it to propellants, the thermal decomposition behaviors of FOX-7 should be optimized. Metal complexes of nano-graphene oxide have an obvious effect on the thermal decomposition of energy materials. In this paper, the metal (Cu2+ and Fe3+) complexes of nano-graphene oxide (nGO) have been synthesized using nGO as a ligand and metal ions as a coordination center. They were mixed with FOX-7 as additives to form energetic composites, and the chemical bond distributions and thermal decomposition processes of these composites have been investigated. The results show that Cu2+ and Fe3+ are uniformly distributed on the surface of the nGO. The thermal decomposition processes of nGO-metal-FOX-7 composites have been fully characterized by Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analyzer-Differential scanning calorimeter-Infrared spectroscopy-Mass spectrum (TG-DSC-IR-MS) coupling technology. The results show that the Fe3+ based complex affect the decomposition of FOX-7 than the Cu2+ based one with the initial decomposition temperature of 230 °C and the apparent heat release of 3535.6 J·g−1. Moreover, the addition of nGO-metal complexes could promote the formation of nitrogen during the decomposition of FOX-7, indicating a more complete decomposition.
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18
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Liu Y, Xu Y, Sun Q, Lu M. Modification of crystalline energetic salts through polymorphic transition: enhanced crystal density and energy performance. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We presented a detailed investigation of polymorphic transition of energetic salts and explored a new path for modifying crystalline energetic salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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19
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Li C, Feng Z, Wang H, Zhou T, Li Y, Xu K. Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution of FOX‐7: Synthesis and Properties of 1‐Amino‐1‐Picrylamino‐2,2‐Dinitroethylene (APDE) and Its Potassium Salt [K(APDE)]. Chempluschem 2019; 84:794-801. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Li
- School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest University Taibai Road 229 Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Zhicun Feng
- School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest University Taibai Road 229 Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest University Taibai Road 229 Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest University Taibai Road 229 Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Zhangba Road 168 Xi'an 710065 P. R. China
| | - Kangzhen Xu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNorthwest University Taibai Road 229 Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
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20
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Dharavath S, Tang Y, Kumar D, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. A Halogen-Free Green High Energy Density Oxidizer from H-FOX. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Dharavath
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 83844-2343 Moscow, Idaho USA
| | - Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 83844-2343 Moscow, Idaho USA
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; 247667 Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Lauren A. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; 207 Pleasant Street SE 55455 Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory; 4555 Overlook Avenue 20375 Washington D.C. USA
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; 83844-2343 Moscow, Idaho USA
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21
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Cheng T. Review of novel energetic polymers and binders - high energy propellant ingredients for the new space race. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:54-65. [PMID: 30863243 PMCID: PMC6407582 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1575652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current solid rocket propellant formulations still employ traditional ingredients utilized since the 1960s, such as hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). Recent advances in energetic polymer see many binders capable of providing higher specific impulse and burn rates over HTPB. As shown by calculations, even slight increases in specific impulse can drastically increase the maximum payload of a launch system. Therefore, replacing HTPB with energetic binders could provide heavy space missions the needed extra boost. Energetic binders could also be paired with chlorine-free energetic oxidizers to synergistically provide a specific impulse exceedingly higher than the current formulation while reducing pollution. A comprehensive evaluation of the synthesis, mechanical properties, and performance of various trending and overlooked energetic polymers is described. Several outstanding candidates show promising properties to replace HTPB.
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22
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Larin AA, Muravyev NV, Pivkina AN, Suponitsky KY, Ananyev IV, Khakimov DV, Fershtat LL, Makhova NN. Assembly of Tetrazolylfuroxan Organic Salts: Multipurpose Green Energetic Materials with High Enthalpies of Formation and Excellent Detonation Performance. Chemistry 2019; 25:4225-4233. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Larin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical PhysicsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Kosygin str. 4 Moscow Russia
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical PhysicsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Kosygin str. 4 Moscow Russia
| | - Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Vavilova str. 28 Moscow Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 117997 Stremyanny per. 36 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan V. Ananyev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Vavilova str. 28 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Keldysh Research Center” 125438 Onezhskaya Str. 8 Moscow Russia
| | - Leonid L. Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Nina N. Makhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
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23
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Yan C, Qi X, Wang K, Jin Y, Cheng G, Liu T, Yang H, Zhang Q. Revisiting the reactive chemistry of FOX-7: cyclization of FOX-7 affords the fused-ring polynitro compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3497-3500. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new FOX-7 derivatization strategy was developed to synthesize fused-ring and cyclic polynitro compounds, which enriches the unpredictable reactive chemistry of FOX-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
- School of Material Science and Engineering
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Yunhe Jin
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
- School of Chemical Engineering
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24
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Xiong H, Cheng G, Zhang Z, Yang H. C8N12O10: a promising energetic compound with excellent detonation performance and desirable sensitivity. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A promising energetic molecule bis(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazole-2-oxid-3-yl)-azo-1,2,4-oxadiazole was synthesized and characterized. It has high density, acceptable thermal stability, high heat of formation, outstanding detonation properties and desirable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zaichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University
- Huai'an 223300
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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25
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Liu Y, Xu Y, Sun Q, Lu M. Energetic furazan–triazoles with high thermal stability and low sensitivity: facile synthesis, crystal structures and energetic properties. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mononitroamino-diamino and dinitramino-monoamino furazan–triazoles were designed and synthesized by a flexible method and showed excellent stability and high performance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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26
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Cao Y, Lin X, Yang J, Gong X, Fan G, Huang H. Synthesis and performance study of methylene-bridged bis(nitramino-1,2,4-oxadiazole) and its energetic salts. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new energetic compounds based on methylene-bridged bis(nitramino-1,2,4-oxadiazole) was synthesized through a simple, safe and efficient route and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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27
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Feng Z, Wang X, Xu K, Song J, Zhao F. Three unexpected cadmium(II)-based energetic metal–organic frameworks derived from 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclopentane. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Tang Y, He C, Yin P, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Energetic Functionalized Azido/Nitro Imidazole Fused 1,2,3,4‐Tetrazine. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho 83844‐2343 Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho 83844‐2343 Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho 83844‐2343 Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue 20375 Washington D.C. United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue 20375 Washington D.C. United States
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29
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Six new complexes constructed from silver(I) and 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclopentane (DNDZ): Synthesis, crystal structure and properties. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Chang B, Su Y, Huang D, Wang KH, Zhang W, Shi Y, Zhang X, Hu Y. Synthesis of Trifluoroethyl Pyrazolines via Trichloroisocyanuric Acid Promoted Cascade Cyclization/Trifluoromethylation of β,γ-Unsaturated Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4365-4374. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yingpeng Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Danfeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ke-Hu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weigang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ya Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yulai Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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31
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Zhang Y, Feng Z, Xu K, Song J, Zhao F. Four new energetic complexes constructed from nickel(II) and 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclopentane: synthesis, characterization and thermal properties. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Shen C, Wang P, Lu M. Theoretical study on benzoheterocycle based energetic materials, effect of heterocyclic-fused, conjugation, hydrogen bond, and substitutional group on the detonation performance. J Mol Model 2018; 24:40. [PMID: 29327141 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, four series of benzoheterocycle based energetic materials (EMs) have been designed to plan out a strategy to improve the density and safety of EMs, such as combining the insensitive group with aminobenzene ring and the high energetic nitramine explosives, benzo-heterocycle mother ring, designing multi-nitrogen heterocycles with a conjugated system containing N-N and C-N high energy bonds, and hydrogen bonding. Their optimized structure and detonation properties were first calculated and discussed using DFT methods. After calculation, these designed explosives all showed good detonation from 7352 m/s to 8788 m/s. Among them, the compounds with six nitro groups, 1c, 2c, 3c, and 4c, exhibit better performance and rather poor impact sensitivity. However, we found that the compounds with five nitro groups and one amino group have a limited performance reduction and a rapid stability improvement. These four compounds, 1b, 2b, 3b, and 4b, have good detonation performance and better stability. Moreover, the synthesis routes for these four compounds were also designed. The precursor 4-0 and mononitro product 4-1 were successfully synthesized. Their 1H NMR, single crystal, and elemental analysis were also done to verify the structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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33
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Chen SL, Shang Y, He CT, Sun LY, Ye ZM, Zhang WX, Chen XM. Optimizing the oxygen balance by changing the A-site cations in molecular perovskite high-energetic materials. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two new members of molecular perovskite high-energetic materials exhibit optimized oxygen balances by changing the A-site cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Li Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Yu Shang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Chun-Ting He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Lin-Ying Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Zi-Ming Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Wei-Xiong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
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34
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Yan C, Yang H, Qi X, Jin Y, Wang K, Liu T, Tian J, Nie F, Cheng G, Zhang Q. A simple and versatile strategy for taming FOX-7. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9333-9336. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel derivatization strategy was developed for the exciting reactive chemistry of FOX-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Yunhe Jin
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Junjun Tian
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Fude Nie
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
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35
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Cao Y, Huang H, Lin X, Yang J, Gong X. Synthesis and properties of 5,5′-dinitramino-3,3′-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole) and its energetic salts. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop high energy density materials, 5,5′-dinitramino-3,3′-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole) (3, DNABO), a new heterocyclic energetic compound, was synthesized by the simple nitration of 5,5′-diamino-3,3′-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole) (2) with 95% fuming nitric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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36
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Feng W, Liu H, Huang X, Yang G, Wei A, Zhang D. Theoretical investigation on the interaction of hypergolic monomethylhydrazine with 1-chloro-1,1-dinitro-2-(N-chloroamidino)ethane using DFT methods. Theor Chem Acc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-017-2139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Axthammer QJ, Krumm B, Klapötke TM. The Exciting Chemistry of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene and 1-Amino-1-hydrazino-2,2-dinitroethene. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3567-3579. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quirin J. Axthammer
- Department of Chemistry,
Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5−13 (D), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department of Chemistry,
Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5−13 (D), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry,
Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5−13 (D), 81377 Munich, Germany
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38
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Zhang X, Gong X. A computational study on new oxidizers as replacements for ammonium perchlorate: tetranitroacetimidic acid and tetranitroacetamide. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High energetic materials tetranitroacetimidic acid (TNAA) and tetranitroacetamide (NTNAA) with positive oxygen balance (OB = 30%) are highly potential replacements for ammonium perchlorate (AP). Tautomerization from TNAA to NTNAA is feasible, reflected by the activation energy of 160.2∼170.0 kJ/mol. No transition state appears on the C–NO2 bond breaking, which triggers pyrolysis of two compounds. The C–NO2 bond dissociation energies are 116.1∼167.2 kJ/mol and 120.4∼174.6 kJ/mol for TNAA and NTNAA, respectively. The chemical stabilities of TNAA and NTNAA are higher than that of the insensitive explosive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene. TNAA and NTNAA possess lower impact sensitivities (h50 ≥ 77.51 cm) than AP does. Detonation properties of the composite explosives containing TNAA or NTNAA are comparable with that of the composite explosives containing AP. The acceptable stabilities, highly positive OB, environmentally friendly decomposition products, and the comparable ability to improve detonation performance of composite explosives show that TNAA and NTNAA are potential replacements for AP as an oxidizer used in composite explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451191, P.R. China
| | - Xuedong Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P.R. China
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39
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Ma Q, Lu Z, Liao L, Huang J, Liu D, Li J, Fan G. 5,6-Di(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethoxy)furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine: a high performance melt-cast energetic material and its polycrystalline properties. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new high-energetic and insensitive melt-cast material was synthesized, and its polycrystalline properties were characterized and theoretically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Materials
| | - Zhipeng Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Longyu Liao
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Jinglun Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Dabin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
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40
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Zhou T, Li Y, Xu K, Song J, Zhao F. The new role of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7): two unexpected reactions. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two unexpected reactions of FOX-7 were studied. The reaction to form MNTzA is unusual among the syntheses of 2,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Kangzhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
| | - Jirong Song
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an 710065
- China
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41
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Trache D, Klapötke TM, Maiz L, Abd-Elghany M, DeLuca LT. Recent advances in new oxidizers for solid rocket propulsion. GREEN CHEMISTRY 2017; 19:4711-4736. [DOI: 10.1039/c7gc01928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the synthesis and modification of green oxidizers and their application in solid rocket propellant formulations during these last few decades are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djalal Trache
- UER Procédés Energétiques
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algiers
- Algeria
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Energetic Materials Research
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig-Maximilian University
- D-81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - Lotfi Maiz
- UER Procédés Energétiques
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
- Algiers
- Algeria
| | - Mohamed Abd-Elghany
- Energetic Materials Research
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig-Maximilian University
- D-81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - Luigi T. DeLuca
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology (Retired Professor)
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
- School of Chemical Engineering (Visiting Professor)
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
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42
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Liu MH, Liu CW. Comparative simulation study of chemical synthesis of functional DADNE material. J Mol Model 2016; 23:4. [PMID: 27933420 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous molecular simulation to model the reaction species in the synthesis of chemically inert and energetic 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE) explosive material was performed in this work. Nitromethane was selected as the starting reactant to undergo halogenation, nitration, deprotonation, intermolecular condensation, and dehydration to produce the target DADNE product. The Materials Studio (MS) forcite program allowed fast energy calculations and reliable geometric optimization of all aqueous molecular reaction systems (0.1-0.5 M) at 283 K and 298 K. The MS forcite-computed and Gaussian polarizable continuum model (PCM)-computed results were analyzed and compared in order to explore feasible reaction pathways under suitable conditions for the synthesis of DADNE. Through theoretical simulation, the findings revealed that synthesis was possible, and a total energy barrier of 449.6 kJ mol-1 needed to be overcome in order to carry out the reaction according to MS calculation of the energy barriers at each stage at 283 K, as shown by the reaction profiles. Local analysis of intermolecular interaction, together with calculation of the stabilization energy of each reaction system, provided information that can be used as a reference regarding molecular integrated stability. Graphical Abstract Materials Studio software has been suggested for the computation and simulation of DADNE synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hsien Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, 33509 Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Wen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, 33509 Taiwan, Republic of China
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43
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Qu Y, Zeng Q, Wang J, Ma Q, Li H, Li H, Yang G. Furazans with Azo Linkages: Stable CHNO Energetic Materials with High Densities, Highly Energetic Performance, and Low Impact and Friction Sensitivities. Chemistry 2016; 22:12527-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Qu
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP, P. O. Box 919-311; Mianyang Sichun 621900 P. R. China
| | - Qun Zeng
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP, P. O. Box 919-311; Mianyang Sichun 621900 P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP, P. O. Box 919-311; Mianyang Sichun 621900 P. R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP, P. O. Box 919-311; Mianyang Sichun 621900 P. R. China
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP, P. O. Box 919-311; Mianyang Sichun 621900 P. R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP, P. O. Box 919-311; Mianyang Sichun 621900 P. R. China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; CAEP, P. O. Box 919-311; Mianyang Sichun 621900 P. R. China
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44
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ZHAO GUOZHENG, JIA JIANFENG, WU HAISHUN. Design and selection of triazole-based compounds with high energetic properties and stabilities. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Liu MH, Liu CW. Comparative theoretical kinetics and thermodynamics study on high-energy insensitive explosive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene synthesis. J Mol Model 2016; 22:153. [PMID: 27283445 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two synthesis methods were investigated in this study in order to explore feasible reaction pathways to obtain the target DADNE product: (1) the nitration of tetrahalogen ethene and (2) the reaction of acetamidine hydrochloride with dicarbonyl dichloride. Through theoretical simulation, the findings revealed that synthesis was possible, starting from acetamidine hydrochloride in a hydrated environment, followed by subsequent reaction routes via cyclization of the methoxy-substituted acetamidine anion intermediate with oxalyl chloride to form 2-methoxy-2-methyl-imidazolan-4,5-dione, acid-catalyzed synthesis of 2-methylene-imidazolan-4,5-dione, nitration using nitric acid to obtain 2-dinitromethylene-imidazolan-4,5-dione, and hydrolysis to produce 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene. A total energy of 1048.4 kJ mol(-1) was needed to carry out the reaction according to calculation of the energy barriers at each stage, as shown by the reaction profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsien Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chuan-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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46
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Zhang J, Dharavath S, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Energetic Salts Based on 3,5-Bis(dinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole Monoanion and Dianion: Controllable Preparation, Characterization, and High Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7500-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Lauren A. Mitchell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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47
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Srinivas D, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. From FOX-7 to H-FOX to insensitive energetic materials with hypergolic properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7668-71. [PMID: 27225382 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen/halogen rich derivatives, , , , and of FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene), and H-FOX (1-hydrazinyl-2,2-dinitroethenamine) have been synthesized, characterized and found to exhibit good energetic properties. Compound displays hypergolic properties with commonly utilized fuels such as monomethyl hydrazine (MMH), and hydrazine hydrate (HH), as well as with ethylenediamine (EN), and 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP) showing ignition delay times between 2.5 to 10 ms. Additionally, the hypergolic properties of 4 and 8 were further studied by using ammonia borane as a fuel solubilized in a green ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyanamide, (1 : 1 molar ratio). This is a new role for a derivative of H-FOX. The energetic and physical properties of all the molecules were either measured or calculated. All of materials were characterized by NMR, and infrared spectra, elemental analyses, and differential scanning calorimetry. Single crystal X-ray structural measurements for and were helpful in their confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharavath Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Lauren A Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6030, Washington, D.C. 20375-5001, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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48
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Yin P, Zhang Q, Shreeve JM. Dancing with Energetic Nitrogen Atoms: Versatile N-Functionalization Strategies for N-Heterocyclic Frameworks in High Energy Density Materials. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:4-16. [PMID: 26717271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich heterocycles represent a unique class of energetic frameworks featuring high heats of formation and high nitrogen content, which have generated considerable research interest in the field of high energy density materials (HEDMs). Although traditional C-functionalization methodology of aromatic hydrocarbons has been fully established, studies on N-functionalization strategies of nitrogen-containing heterocycles still have great potential to be exploited by virtue of forming diverse N-X bonds (X = C, N, O, B, halogen, etc.), which are capable of regulating energy performance and the stability of the resulting energetic compounds. In this sense, versatile N-functionalization of N-heterocyclic frameworks offers a flexible strategy to meet the requirements of developing new-generation HEDMs. In this Account, the role of strategic N-functionalization in designing new energetic frameworks, including the formation of N-C, N-N, N-O, N-B and N-halogen bonds, is emphasized. In the family of N-functionalized HEDMs, energetic derivatives, by virtue of forming N-C bonds, are the most widely used type due to the good nucleophilic capacity of most heterocyclic backbones. Although introduction of carbon tends to decrease energetic performance, significant improvement in material sensitivity makes this strategy attractive for safety concerns. More importantly, most "explosophores" can be readily introduced into the N-C linkage, thus providing a promising route to various HEDMs. Formation of additional N-N bonds typically gives rise to higher heats of formation, implying the potential enhancement in detonation performance. In many cases, the increased hydrogen bonding interactions within N-N functionalized heterocycles also improve thermal stability accordingly. Introduction of a single N,N'-azo bridge into several azole moieties leads to an extended nitrogen chain, demonstrating a new strategy for designing high-nitrogen compounds. The strategy of N-O functionalization has become an increasingly efficient tool for exploring new HEDMs with both high energy and low sensitivity. As a highly dense building block, introduction of oxygen not only improves density significantly but also gives rise to a better oxygen balance. Furthermore, the N-O functionalized strategy is highly suitable for a broad variety of N-heterocycles including five-membered azoles and six-membered azines. Newly explored N-halogen and N-B functionalization strategies have endowed the resulting HEDMs with some new energetic characteristics. Typical examples include the N-halogenated fused triazole and FOX-7 as potential hypergolic oxidizers with very short ignition delay times. In addition, some exploratory studies of N-B functionalized heterocycles have expanded energetic applications as hypergolic ionic liquids, green pyrotechnic colorants, and high-oxygen carriers. Overall, flexible N-functionalization methodologies involving different N-X bond formation have not only provided an efficient approach to diverse energetic ingredients but also expanded the application scope of energetic materials. Discussion and perspectives of N-functionalized protocols are given to summarize possible structure-property correlations, thus providing efficient guidelines for future design of new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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49
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Abstract
The main advances in the reactions of FOX-7 over recent years, including condensation, halogenation, nitration, acid–base reactions and coordination reactions, are covered in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
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50
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Shen C, Wang P, Lu M. Molecular Design and Property Prediction for a Series of Novel Dicyclic Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramines (RDX) Derivatized as High Energy Density Materials. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8250-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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