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Leach BI, Lister D, Adams SR, Bykowski J, Schwartz AB, McConville P, Dimant H, Ahrens ET. Cryo-Fluorescence Tomography as a Tool for Visualizing Whole-Body Inflammation Using Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsion Tracers. Mol Imaging Biol 2024:10.1007/s11307-024-01926-w. [PMID: 39023693 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-024-01926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explore the use of intravenously delivered fluorescent perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion tracers and multi-spectral cryo-fluorescence tomography (CFT) for whole-body tracer imaging in murine inflammation models. CFT is an emerging technique that provides high-resolution, three-dimensional mapping of probe localization in intact animals and tissue samples, enabling unbiased validation of probe biodistribution and minimizes reliance on laborious histological methods employing discrete tissue panels, where disseminated populations of PFC-labeled cells may be overlooked. This methodology can be used to streamline the development of new generations of non-invasive, cellular-molecular imaging probes for in vivo imaging. PROCEDURES Mixtures of nanoemulsions with different fluorescent emission wavelengths were administered intravenously to naïve mice and models of acute inflammation, colitis, and solid tumor. Mice were euthanized 24 h post-injection, frozen en bloc, and imaged at high resolution (~ 50 µm voxels) using CFT at multiple wavelengths. RESULTS PFC nanoemulsions were visualized using CFT within tissues of the reticuloendothelial system and inflammatory lesions, consistent with immune cell (macrophage) labeling, as previously reported in in vivo magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging studies. The CFT signals show pronounced differences among fluorescence wavelengths and tissues, presumably due to autofluorescence, differential fluorescence quenching, and scattering of incident and emitted light. CONCLUSIONS CFT is an effective and complementary methodology to in vivo imaging for validating PFC nanoemulsion biodistribution at high spatial localization, bridging the resolution gap between in vivo imaging and histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Stephen R Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Julie Bykowski
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Amy B Schwartz
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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2
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Cooke DJ, Maier EY, King TL, Lin H, Hendrichs S, Lee S, Mafy NN, Scott KM, Lu Y, Que EL. Dual Nanoparticle Conjugates for Highly Sensitive and Versatile Sensing Using 19 F Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312322. [PMID: 38016929 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19 F MRI) has emerged as an attractive alternative to conventional 1 H MRI due to enhanced specificity deriving from negligible background signal in this modality. We report a dual nanoparticle conjugate (DNC) platform as an aptamer-based sensor for use in 19 F MRI. DNC consists of core-shell nanoparticles with a liquid perfluorocarbon core and a mesoporous silica shell (19 F-MSNs), which give a robust 19 F MR signal, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as magnetic quenchers. Due to the strong magnetic quenching effects of SPIONs, this platform is uniquely sensitive and functions with a low concentration of SPIONs (4 equivalents) relative to 19 F-MSNs. The probe functions as a "turn-on" sensor using target-induced dissociation of DNA aptamers. The thrombin binding aptamer was incorporated as a proof-of-concept (DNCThr ), and we demonstrate a significant increase in 19 F MR signal intensity when DNCThr is incubated with human α-thrombin. This proof-of-concept probe is highly versatile and can be adapted to sense ATP and kanamycin as well. Importantly, DNCThr generates a robust 19 F MRI "hot-spot" signal in response to thrombin in live mice, establishing this platform as a practical, versatile, and biologically relevant molecular imaging probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Esther Y Maier
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tyler L King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Haoding Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Santiago Hendrichs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Slade Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Noushaba N Mafy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kathleen M Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Departments of chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Emily L Que
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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3
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Janjic JM, McCallin R, Liu L, Crelli C, Das AC, Troidle A. In vitro Quality Assessments of Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions for Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Inflammation in Preclinical Models. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4842. [PMID: 37817906 PMCID: PMC10560689 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracking macrophages by non-invasive molecular imaging can provide useful insights into the immunobiology of inflammatory disorders in preclinical disease models. Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (PFC-NEs) have been well documented in their ability to be taken up by macrophages through phagocytosis and serve as 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracers of inflammation in vivo and ex vivo. Incorporation of near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dyes in PFC-NEs can help monitor the spatiotemporal distribution of macrophages in vivo during inflammatory processes, using NIRF imaging as a complementary methodology to MRI. Here, we discuss in depth how both colloidal and fluorescence stabilities of the PFC-NEs are essential for successful and reliable macrophage tracking in vivo and for their detection in excised tissues ex vivo by NIRF imaging. Furthermore, PFC-NE quality assures NIRF imaging reproducibility and reliability across preclinical studies, providing insights into inflammation progression and therapeutic response. Previous studies focused on assessments of colloidal property changes in response to stress and during storage as a means of quality control. We recently focused on the joint evaluation of both colloidal and fluorescence properties and their relationship to NIRF imaging outcomes. In this protocol, we summarize the key assessments of the fluorescent dye-labeled nanoemulsions, which include long-term particle size distribution monitoring as the measure of colloidal stability and monitoring of the fluorescence signal. Due to its simplicity and reproducibility, our protocols are easy to adopt for researchers to assess the quality of PFC-NEs for in vivo NIRF imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M. Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca McCallin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin Crelli
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amit Chandra Das
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anneliese Troidle
- School of Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Vichare R, Crelli C, Liu L, McCallin R, Cowan A, Stratimirovic S, Herneisey M, Pollock JA, Janjic JM. Folate-conjugated near-infrared fluorescent perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions as theranostics for activated macrophage COX-2 inhibition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15229. [PMID: 37709807 PMCID: PMC10502124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages play a critical role in the orchestration of inflammation and inflammatory pain in several chronic diseases. We present here the first perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC NE) that is designed to preferentially target activated macrophages and can deliver up to three payloads (two fluorescent dyes and a COX-2 inhibitor). Folate receptors are overexpressed on activated macrophages. Therefore, we introduced a folate-PEG-cholesterol conjugate into the formulation. The incorporation of folate conjugate did not require changes in processing parameters and did not change the droplet size or fluorescent properties of the PFC NE. The uptake of folate-conjugated PFC NE was higher in activated macrophages than in resting macrophages. Flow cytometry showed that the uptake of folate-conjugated PFC NE occurred by both phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, folate-conjugated PFC NE inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) more effectively than nonmodified PFC NE, while drug loading and COX-2 inhibition were comparable. The PFC NEs reported here were successfully produced on multiple scales, from 25 to 200 mL, and by using two distinct processors (microfluidizers: M110S and LM20). Therefore, folate-conjugated PFC NEs are viable anti-inflammatory theranostic nanosystems for macrophage drug delivery and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Vichare
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Caitlin Crelli
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Rebecca McCallin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Abree Cowan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Stefan Stratimirovic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Michele Herneisey
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - John A Pollock
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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Ahrens ET, Helfer BM, O'Hanlon CF, Lister DR, Bykowski JL, Messer K, Leach BI, Chen J, Xu H, Daniels GA, Cohen EEW. Method for estimation of apoptotic cell fraction of cytotherapy using in vivo fluorine-19 magnetic resonance: pilot study in a patient with head and neck carcinoma receiving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes labeled with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007015. [PMID: 37339797 PMCID: PMC10314637 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of T cells is a burgeoning cancer therapeutic approach. However, the fate of the cells, once transferred, is most often unknown. We describe the first clinical experience with a non-invasive biomarker to assay the apoptotic cell fraction (ACF) after cell therapy infusion, tested in the setting of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A patient with HNSCC received autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) labeled with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion cell tracer. Nanoemulsion, released from apoptotic cells, clears through the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the Kupffer cells of the liver, and fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the liver was used to non-invasively infer the ACF. METHODS Autologous TILs were isolated from a patient in their late 50s with relapsed, refractory human papillomavirus-mediated squamous cell carcinoma of the right tonsil, metastatic to the lung. A lung metastasis was resected for T cell harvest and expansion using a rapid expansion protocol. The expanded TILs were intracellularly labeled with PFC nanoemulsion tracer by coincubation in the final 24 hours of culture, followed by a wash step. At 22 days after intravenous infusion of TILs, quantitative single-voxel liver 19F MRS was performed in vivo using a 3T MRI system. From these data, we model the apparent ACF of the initial cell inoculant. RESULTS We show that it is feasible to PFC-label ~70×1010 TILs (F-TILs) in a single batch in a clinical cell processing facility, while maintaining >90% cell viability and standard flow cytometry-based release criteria for phenotype and function. Based on quantitative in vivo 19F MRS measurements in the liver, we estimate that ~30% cell equivalents of adoptively transferred F-TILs have become apoptotic by 22 days post-transfer. CONCLUSIONS Survival of the primary cell therapy product is likely to vary per patient. A non-invasive assay of ACF over time could potentially provide insight into the mechanisms of response and non-response, informing future clinical studies. This information may be useful to developers of cytotherapies and clinicians as it opens an avenue to quantify cellular product survival and engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Deanne R Lister
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julie L Bykowski
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory A Daniels
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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6
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Joseph JM, Gigliobianco MR, Firouzabadi BM, Censi R, Di Martino P. Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent's Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:382. [PMID: 35214114 PMCID: PMC8874484 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously being a non-radiative and non-invasive technique makes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) one of the highly sought imaging techniques for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Despite more than four decades of research on finding a suitable imaging agent from fluorine for clinical applications, it still lingers as a challenge to get the regulatory approval compared to its hydrogen counterpart. The pertinent hurdle is the simultaneous intrinsic hydrophobicity and lipophobicity of fluorine and its derivatives that make them insoluble in any liquids, strongly limiting their application in areas such as targeted delivery. A blossoming technique to circumvent the unfavorable physicochemical characteristics of perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) and guarantee a high local concentration of fluorine in the desired body part is to encapsulate them in nanosystems. In this review, we will be emphasizing different types of nanocarrier systems studied to encapsulate various PFCs and fluorinated compounds, headway to be applied as a contrast agent (CA) in fluorine-19 MRI (19F MRI). We would also scrutinize, especially from studies over the last decade, the different types of PFCs and their specific applications and limitations concerning the nanoparticle (NP) system used to encapsulate them. A critical evaluation for future opportunities would be speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Maria Joseph
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.M.J.); (B.M.F.); (P.D.M.)
| | | | | | - Roberta Censi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.M.J.); (B.M.F.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Piera Di Martino
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (J.M.J.); (B.M.F.); (P.D.M.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti e Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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7
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Day RA, Sletten EM. Experimental Perspectives on Direct Visualization of Endosomal Rupture. Chembiochem 2021; 22:3277-3282. [PMID: 34519410 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal escape continues to be a limiting factor in the therapeutic use of nanomaterials. Assays to visualize endosomal escape often do not decouple the endosomal/lysosomal disruption from the release of payload into the cytosol. Here, we discuss three approaches to directly probe endosomal/lysosomal rupture: calcein dye dilution, lysosome size quantification and endosome/lysosome membrane integrity visualized with a genetically engineered cell line. We apply the three assays to endosomes/lysosomes ruptured via osmotic pressure and photochemical internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Day
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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Novel amphiphilic fluorine-containing nanocarriers for oxygen self-sufficiency "AND" GSH depletion sequentially to enhance photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112341. [PMID: 34474891 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to maximize the retention of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy, while avoiding the dilemma of hypoxia and high reducing substances in tumor tissue, fluoropolymers were synthesized in a simple and effective methods. Fluorous effect with good oxygen carrying capacity was endowed by the fluorine-containing section in fluoropolymers and the perfluorodecalin (PFD) together, the reaction site with GSH was provided by the disulfide bond, which enhanced PDT efficiency through the sequential "AND" logic gate design. Two kind of fluorine-containing nanocarriers (M-Ce6 and E-Ce6) were obtained by solvent evaporation or ultrasound emulsification with PFD, respectively. In vitro, both of them showed promising high ROS generation under photoirradiation. Benefiting by cavitation effects, E-Ce6 had a more significant statistical difference in cellular uptake. Furthermore, the cells incubating with E-Ce6 hardly were noticed that the hypoxia signal appeared under hypoxia, while reducing the intracellular GSH content by more than 15%. Through the sequential "AND" logic gate design, ROS production even under hypoxia and GSH conditions of E-Ce6 was also almost 1.5 times that of Ce6 under normoxia. Enhancing effect of E-Ce6 was 13.47 times and 6.85 times, while selectivity ratio reached 5.13 times and 4.81 times compared with Ce6 and M-Ce6. The two-pronged strategy showed a high potential for delivering the Ce6 to deep inside of cancer cells and killing it in the simulated tumor by PDT. These above results demonstrated the potential of E-Ce6, as oxygen self-sufficiency and GSH depletion nanocarriers for combined enhancement of photodynamic therapy.
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9
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Wang C, Adams SR, Ahrens ET. Emergent Fluorous Molecules and Their Uses in Molecular Imaging. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3060-3070. [PMID: 34259521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This Account summarizes recent advances in the chemistry of fluorocarbon nanoemulsion (FC NE) functionalization. We describe new families of fluorous molecules, such as chelators, fluorophores, and peptides, that are soluble in FC oils. These materials have helped transform the field of in vivo molecular imaging by enabling sensitive and cell-specific imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and fluorescence detection. FC emulsions, historically considered for artificial blood substitutes, are routinely used for ultrasound imaging in clinic and have a proven safety profile and a well-characterized biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. The inertness of fluorocarbons contributes to their low toxicity but makes functionalization difficult. The high electronegativity of fluorine imparts very low cohesive energy density and Lewis basicity to heavily fluorinated compounds, making dissolution of metal ions and organic molecules challenging. Functionalization is further complicated by colloidal instability toward heat and pH, as well as limited availability of biocompatible surfactants.We have devised new fluorous chelators that overcome solubility barriers and are able to bind a range of metal ions with high thermodynamic stability and biocompatibility. NE harboring chelators in the fluorous phase are a powerful platform for the development of multimodal imaging agents. These compositions rapidly capture metal ions added to the aqueous phase, thereby functionalizing NEs in useful ways. For example, Fe3+ encapsulation imparts a strong paramagnetic relaxation effect on 19F T1 that dramatically accelerates 19F MRI data acquisition times and hence sensitivity in cell tracking applications. Alternatively, 89Zr encapsulation creates a sensitive and versatile PET probe for inflammatory macrophage detection. Adding lanthanides, such as Eu3+, renders NE luminescent. Beyond chelators, this Account further covers our progress in formulating NEs with fluorophores, such as cyanine or BODIPY dyes, with their utility demonstrated in fluorescence imaging, biosensing, flow cytometry and histology. Fluorous dyes soluble in FC oils are also key enablers for nascent whole-body imaging technologies such as cryo-fluorescence tomography (CFT). Additionally, fluorous cell-penetrating peptides inserted on the NE surface increase the uptake of NE by ∼8-fold in weakly phagocytic stem cells and lymphocytes used in immunotherapy, resulting in significant leaps in detection sensitivity in vivo.
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Li Z, Cai B, Yang W, Chen CL. Hierarchical Nanomaterials Assembled from Peptoids and Other Sequence-Defined Synthetic Polymers. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14031-14087. [PMID: 34342989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In nature, the self-assembly of sequence-specific biopolymers into hierarchical structures plays an essential role in the construction of functional biomaterials. To develop synthetic materials that can mimic and surpass the function of these natural counterparts, various sequence-defined bio- and biomimetic polymers have been developed and exploited as building blocks for hierarchical self-assembly. This review summarizes the recent advances in the molecular self-assembly of hierarchical nanomaterials based on peptoids (or poly-N-substituted glycines) and other sequence-defined synthetic polymers. Modern techniques to monitor the assembly mechanisms and characterize the physicochemical properties of these self-assembly systems are highlighted. In addition, discussions about their potential applications in biomedical sciences and renewable energy are also included. This review aims to highlight essential features of sequence-defined synthetic polymers (e.g., high stability and protein-like high-information content) and how these unique features enable the construction of robust biomimetic functional materials with high programmability and predictability, with an emphasis on peptoids and their self-assembled nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Li
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Chen E, Cai K, Liu X, Wu S, Wu Z, Ma M, Chen B, Zhao Z. Label-Free Ratiometric Upconversion Nanoprobe for Spatiotemporal pH Mapping in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6895-6900. [PMID: 33904297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensing and imaging pH inside living cells are of paramount importance for better penetrating cellular functions and disease diagnostics. Herein, we engineered an original pH sensor by a simple one-step self-assembly of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)ylated phospholipid (DSPE-PEG) and a phenol red small molecule on the surface of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to form a phospholipid monolayer for sensing and imaging the change of intracellular pH. The sensor showed excellent reversibility and rapid response to the pH variations. Furthermore, this pH sensing system could measure spatial and temporal pH changes during endocytosis and interrogate the pH fluctuations inside cells under external stimuli. Our experimental results revealed that the pH sensor was able to map spatial and temporal pH fluctuations inside living cells, showing its potential application in diagnostics and pH-related study of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ke Cai
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, and Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Chapelin F, Leach BI, Chen R, Lister D, Messer K, Okada H, Ahrens ET. Assessing Oximetry Response to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy against Glioma with 19F MRI in a Murine Model. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2021; 3:e200062. [PMID: 33575659 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.2021200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the cell-specific, intracellular partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) dynamics of both tumor and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in a murine immunotherapy model. Materials and Methods Human glioblastoma cells or human T cells were intracellularly labeled with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion droplet sensors prior to in vivo injection in severe combined immunodeficient mice to measure Po2 in the two cell types in response to treatment. Two main sets of experiments were performed: (a) mice were injected in the flank with perfluorocarbon-labeled human glioblastoma cells and were then inoculated with either CAR T cells or untransduced T cells or were untreated 5 days after tumor inoculation; and (b) mice with unlabeled glioblastoma tumors were inoculated with perfluorocarbon-labeled CAR T cells or untransduced T cells 5 days after tumor inoculation. Longitudinal fluorine 19 (19F) spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of the tumor mass were used to ascertain absolute Po2 in vivo. Results were analyzed for significance using an analysis of variance, a linear mixed-effect model, and a Pearson correlation coefficient test, as appropriate. Results The intracellular tumor cell Po2 temporal dynamics exhibited delayed, transient hyperoxia at 3 days after infusion of CAR T cells, commensurate with significant tumor cell killing and CAR T-cell infiltration, as observed by bioluminescence imaging and histologic findings. Conversely, no significant changes were detected in CAR or untransduced T-cell intracellular Po2 over time in tumor using these same methods. Moreover, it was observed that the total 19F tumor cell signal quenches with treatment, consistent with rapid tissue clearance of probe from apoptotic tumor cells. Conclusion Cell-specific Po2 measurements using perfluorocarbon probes can provide insights into effector cell function and tumor response in cellular immunotherapeutic cancer models.Keywords: Animal Studies, MR-Imaging, MR-Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging-Cancer, Molecular Imaging-Immunotherapy Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2021See also commentary by Bulte in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Deanne Lister
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Karen Messer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky (F.C.); Department of Radiology (B.I.L., D.L., E.T.A.), Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (R.C.), and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (K.M.), University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.); and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, Calif (H.O.)
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13
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Bonneaud C, Howell J, Bongiovanni R, Joly-Duhamel C, Friesen CM. Diversity of Synthetic Approaches to Functionalized Perfluoropolyalkylether Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Howell
- Science Department, Centenary University, 400 Jefferson Street, Hackettstown, New Jersey 07840, United States
| | - Roberta Bongiovanni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10128 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Chadron M. Friesen
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 7600 Glover Road, Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1Y1, Canada
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14
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15
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Gao X, Ding J, Long Q, Zhan C. Virus-mimetic systems for cancer diagnosis and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1692. [PMID: 33354937 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over past decades, various strategies have been developed to enhance the delivery efficiency of therapeutics and imaging agents to tumor tissues. However, the therapeutic outcome of tumors to date have not been significantly improved, which can be partly attributed to the weak targeting ability, fast elimination, and low stability of conventional delivery systems. Viruses are the most efficient agents for gene transfer, serving as a valuable source of inspiration for designing nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Based on the properties of viruses, including well-defined geometry, precise composition, easy modification, stable construction, and specific infection, researchers attempt to design biocompatible delivery vectors by mimicking virus assembly and using the vector system to selectively concentrate drugs or imaging probes in tumors with mitigated toxicity and improved efficacy. In this review, we introduce common viruses features and provide an overview of various virus-mimetic strategies for cancer therapy and diagnosis. The challenges faced by virus-mimetic systems are also discussed. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqiang Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education and PLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Long
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Herneisey M, Salcedo PF, Domenech T, Bagia C, George SS, Tunney R, Velankar S, Hitchens TK, Janjic JM. Design of Thermoresponsive Polyamine Cross-Linked Perfluoropolyether Hydrogels for Imaging and Delivery Applications. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2032-2040. [PMID: 33062189 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbons are versatile compounds with applications in 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chemical conjugation to drugs and pH sensors. We present a novel thermoresponsive perfluorocarbon emulsion hydrogel that can be detected by 19F MRI. The developed hydrogel contains perfluoro(polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether) (PFPE) emulsion droplets that are stabilized through ionic cross-linking with polyethylenimine (PEI). Specifically, PFPE ester undergoes hydrolysis upon contact with aqueous PEI solution, resulting in an ionic bond between the PFPE acid and charged PEI amino groups. Due to the ionic nature of the PFPE/PEI bond, potassium buffer is required to preserve the hydrogel's pH and rheological and emulsion droplet stability. The presence of the surface cross-linked PFPE droplets does not affect the hydrogel's rheological behavior, drug loading, or drug release, and the hydrogel is nontoxic. We propose that the presented hydrogel can be adapted to a broad range of biomedical imaging and delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Herneisey
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Paula Flórez Salcedo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Trystan Domenech
- Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Christina Bagia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Simon S George
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Robert Tunney
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Sachin Velankar
- Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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18
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Xiao YP, Zhang J, Liu YH, Huang Z, Yu XQ. Fluorinated polymer emulsion systems: Construction and application in delivering genes and proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112799. [PMID: 32980740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Emulsions have shown great potential in the delivery of various types of cargoes such as nucleic acids and proteins. In this study, fluorinated polymer emulsions (PFx@PFD-n) were prepared using fluorinated polymers with different structures as surfactant in PFD emulsions under ultrasound. These polymer emulsions gave comparable DNA binding ability compared with corresponding polymers. Heparin competition experiment showed that polymer emulsions could compact DNA or protein to form more stable complexes. In vitro gene transfection results showed that the polymer emulsions could induce higher gene expression than corresponding polymers and polyethyleneimine (PEI), and the transfection efficiency was enhanced with the increase of PFD amount in polymer emulsions. Flow cytometry studies revealed that the emulsions could mediate more efficient cellular uptake with stronger serum tolerance. Moreover, the polymer emulsion could deliver considerable amount of OVA into Raw 264.7 cells at low mass ratio, showing its potential in immunotherapy. The activities of β-galactosidase delivered by the emulsions could also be well maintained after entering cells. This study provides a strategy to construct cationic gene and cytosolic protein vectors with high efficiency and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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19
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Day RA, Estabrook DA, Wu C, Chapman JO, Togle AJ, Sletten EM. Systematic Study of Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Polymer Amphiphiles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38887-38898. [PMID: 32706233 PMCID: PMC8341393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions, droplets of fluorous solvent stabilized by surfactants dispersed in water, are simple yet versatile nanomaterials. The orthogonal nature of the fluorous phase promotes the formation of nanoemulsions through a simple, self-assembly process while simultaneously encapsulating fluorous-tagged payloads for various applications. The size, stability, and surface chemistry of PFC nanoemulsions are controlled by the surfactant. Here, we systematically study the effect of the hydrophilic portion of polymer surfactants on PFC nanoemulsions. We find that the hydrophilic block length and identity, the overall polymer hydrophilic/lipophilic balance, and the polymer architecture are all important factors. The ability to modulate these parameters enables control over initial size, stability, payload retention, cellular internalization, and protein adsorption of PFC nanoemulsions. With the insight obtained from this systematic study of polymer amphiphiles stabilizing PFC nanoemulsions, design features required for the optimal material are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Daniel A Estabrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Carolyn Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John O Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alyssa J Togle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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20
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Chen G, Wang Y, Ullah A, Huai Y, Xu Y. The effects of fluoroalkyl chain length and density on siRNA delivery of bioreducible poly(amido amine)s. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105433. [PMID: 32590121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorination is an attractive strategy for the improvement of transfection efficiency of nucleic acid delivery vectors. Bioreducible poly(amido amine)s (bPAAs) are an important class of biomaterials exhibited to effectively deliver multiple nucleic acids. However, still, the effects of fluoroalkyl chain length and density of bPAA on siRNA delivery are unveiled. Here, we synthesized bPAAs and grafted with different chain lengths and densities of fluorocarbon compounds. Furthermore, we prepared a library of complexes of fluorinated bPAA and siRNA, and investigated the effects of fluorination on the siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. We found that all the synthesized bPAAs readily formed complexes with siRNA and the fluorinated complexes considerably achieved improved gene silencing efficacies both in vitro and in vivo. Dramatically, the gene silencing efficacy was increased with increasing fluorine contents. Heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HF) modified bPAAs achieved better gene silencing efficacy when compared with bPAAs fluorinated by trifluoroacetic anhydride (TF) and pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PF) providing the evidence for choosing of best one among fluorocarbon compounds. In addition, a combination of fluorination with bioreducibility enables efficient and safe siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Aftab Ullah
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuying Huai
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuehua Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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21
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Xiong Q, Li Y, Zhou K, Chen P, Guo H, Chen L, Ding J, Song T, Shi J. Optimized fluorodendrimer-incorporated hybrid lipid–polymer nanoparticles for efficient siRNA delivery. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:758-762. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01738k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The optimized fluorodendrimer G0-(F13)5 is developed to construct hybrid lipid–polymer nanoparticles for efficient siRNA delivery and gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer
- Liver Cancer Center
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy
- Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Yujing Li
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- Vascular Biology Program
- Boston Children's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer
- Liver Cancer Center
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy
- Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
- Tianjin 300060
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer
- Liver Cancer Center
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy
- Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
| | - Tianqiang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer
- Liver Cancer Center
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy
- Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
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22
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Lambert E, Gorantla VS, Janjic JM. Pharmaceutical design and development of perfluorocarbon nanocolloids for oxygen delivery in regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2697-2712. [PMID: 31657273 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been investigated as oxygen carriers for several decades in varied biomedical applications. PFCs are chemically and biologically inert, temperature and storage stable, pose low to no infectious risk, can be commercially manufactured, and have well established gas transport properties. In this review, we highlight design and development strategies for their successful application in regenerative medicine, transplantation and organ preservation. Effective tissue preservation strategies are key to improving outcomes of extremity salvage and organ transplantation. Maintaining tissue integrity requires adequate oxygenation to support aerobic metabolism. The use of whole blood for oxygen delivery is fraught with limitations of poor shelf stability, infectious risk, religious exclusions and product shortages. Other agents also face clinical challenges in their implementation. As a solution, we discuss new ways of designing and developing PFC-based artificial oxygen carriers by implementing modern pharmaceutical quality by design and scale up manufacturing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lambert
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.,Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Vijay S Gorantla
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.,AIRMED Program, 59th Medical Wing, United States Air Force, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.,Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.,AIRMED Program, 59th Medical Wing, United States Air Force, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
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23
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Hingorani DV, Chapelin F, Stares E, Adams SR, Okada H, Ahrens ET. Cell penetrating peptide functionalized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for targeted cell labeling and enhanced fluorine-19 MRI detection. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:974-987. [PMID: 31631402 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A bottleneck in developing cell therapies for cancer is assaying cell biodistribution, persistence, and survival in vivo. Ex vivo cell labeling using perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions, paired with 19 F MRI detection, is a non-invasive approach for cell product detection in vivo. Lymphocytes are small and weakly phagocytic limiting PFC labeling levels and MRI sensitivity. To boost labeling, we designed PFC nanoemulsion imaging probes displaying a cell-penetrating peptide, namely the transactivating transcription sequence (TAT) of the human immunodeficiency virus. We report optimized synthesis schemes for preparing TAT co-surfactant to complement the common surfactants used in PFC nanoemulsion preparations. METHODS We performed ex vivo labeling of primary human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with nanoemulsion. Intracellular labeling was validated using electron microscopy and confocal imaging. To detect signal enhancement in vivo, labeled CAR T cells were intra-tumorally injected into mice bearing flank glioma tumors. RESULTS By incorporating TAT into the nanoemulsion, a labeling efficiency of ~1012 fluorine atoms per CAR T cell was achieved that is a >8-fold increase compared to nanoemulsion without TAT while retaining high cell viability (~84%). Flow cytometry phenotypic assays show that CAR T cells are unaltered after labeling with TAT nanoemulsion, and in vitro tumor cell killing assays display intact cytotoxic function. The 19 F MRI signal detected from TAT-labeled CAR T cells was 8 times higher than cells labeled with PFC without TAT. CONCLUSION The peptide-PFC nanoemulsion synthesis scheme presented can significantly enhance cell labeling and imaging sensitivity and is generalizable for other targeted imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Hingorani
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Emma Stares
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Stephen R Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, California
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, California
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24
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Bigdeli A, Ghasemi F, Abbasi-Moayed S, Shahrajabian M, Fahimi-Kashani N, Jafarinejad S, Farahmand Nejad MA, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobes for visual detection: Design principles and recent advances - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:30-58. [PMID: 31387719 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal generation techniques for visual detection of analytes have received a great deal of attention in various sensing fields. These approaches are considered to be advantageous when instrumentation cannot be employed, such as for on-site assays, point-of-care tests, and he althcare diagnostics in resource-constrained areas. Amongst various visual detection approaches explored for non-invasive quantitative measurements, ratiometric fluorescence sensing has received particular attention as a potential method to overcome the limitations of intensity-based probes. This technique relies on changes in the intensity of two or more emission bands (induced by an analyte), resulting in an effective internal referencing which improves the sensitivity of the detection. The self-calibration, together with the unique optophysical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) have made the ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobes more sensitive and reliable, which in turn, can result in more precise visual detection of the analytes. Over the past few years, a vast number of ratiometric sensing probes using nanostructured fluorophores have been designed and reported for a wide variety of sensing, imaging, and biomedical applications. In this work, a review on the NP-based ratiometric fluorescent sensors has been presented to meticulously elucidate their development, advances and challenges. With a special emphasis on visual detection, the most important steps in the design of fluorescent ratiometric nanoprobes have been given and based on different classes of analytes, recent applications of fluorescent ratiometric nanoprobes have been summarized. The challenges for the future use of the technique investigated in this review have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafeh Bigdeli
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | - Forough Ghasemi
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran; Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, 3135933151, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Shahrajabian
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Jafarinejad
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717443, Iran
| | | | - M Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
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25
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Shamsipur M, Barati A, Nematifar Z. Fluorescent pH nanosensors: Design strategies and applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Estabrook DA, Ennis AF, Day RA, Sletten EM. Controlling nanoemulsion surface chemistry with poly(2-oxazoline) amphiphiles. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3994-4003. [PMID: 31015940 PMCID: PMC6457192 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05735d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emulsions are dynamic materials that have been extensively employed within pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. However, their use beyond conventional applications has been hindered by difficulties in surface functionalization, and an inability to selectively control physicochemical properties. Here, we employ custom poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymers to overcome these limitations. We demonstrate that poly(2-oxazoline) copolymers can effectively stabilize nanoscale droplets of hydrocarbon and perfluorocarbon in water. The controlled living polymerization of poly(2-oxazoline)s allows for the incorporation of chemical handles into the surfactants such that covalent modification of the emulsion surface can be performed. Through post-emulsion modification of these new surfactants, we are able to access nanoemulsions with modified surface chemistries, yet consistent sizes. By decoupling size and surface charge, we explore structure-activity relationships involving the cellular uptake of nanoemulsions in both macrophage and non-macrophage cell lines. We conclude that the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of poly(2-oxazoline)-stabilized droplets can be systematically tuned via chemical modification of emulsion surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Estabrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
| | - Amanda F Ennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
| | - Rachael A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 607 Charles E. Young, Dr. E. , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
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27
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Xing H, Lu M, Yang T, Liu H, Sun Y, Zhao X, Xu H, Yang L, Ding P. Structure-function relationships of nonviral gene vectors: Lessons from antimicrobial polymers. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:15-40. [PMID: 30590184 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial advances have been achieved in the design and synthesis of nonviral gene vectors. However, lack of effective and biocompatible vectors still remains a major challenge that hinders their application in clinical settings. In the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion of cationic antimicrobial polymers, due to their potent, rapid, and broad-spectrum biocidal activity against resistant microbes, and biocompatible features. Given that antimicrobial polymers share common features with nonviral gene vectors in various aspects, such as membrane affinity, functional groups, physicochemical characteristics, and unique macromolecular architectures, these polymers may provide us with inspirations to overcome challenges in the design of novel vectors toward more safe and efficient gene delivery in clinic. Building off these observations, we provide here an overview of the structure-function relationships of polymers for both antimicrobial applications and gene delivery by elaborating some key structural parameters, including functional groups, charge density, hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, MW, and macromolecular architectures. By borrowing a leaf from antimicrobial agents, great advancement in the development of newer nonviral gene vectors with high transfection efficiency and biocompatibility will be more promising. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The development of gene delivery is still in the preclinical stage for the lack of effective and biocompatible vectors. Given that antimicrobial polymers share common features with gene vectors in various aspects, such as membrane affinity, functional groups, physicochemical characteristics, and unique macromolecular architectures, these polymers may provide us with inspirations to overcome challenges in the design of novel vectors toward more safe and efficient gene delivery in clinic. In this review, we systematically summarized the structure-function relationships of antimicrobial polymers and gene vectors, with which the design of more advanced nonviral gene vectors is anticipated to be further boosted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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28
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Zhang H, Chen S, Yuan Y, Li Y, Jiang Z, Zhou X. 129Xe Hyper-CEST/19F MRI Multimodal Imaging System for Sensitive and Selective Tumor Cells Detection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:27-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center forMagnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center forMagnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center forMagnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Li
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - ZhongXing Jiang
- Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center forMagnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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29
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Xiao YP, Zhang J, Liu YH, Zhang JH, Yu QY, Huang Z, Yu XQ. Low molecular weight PEI-based fluorinated polymers for efficient gene delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:602-611. [PMID: 30472606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated biomaterials have been reported to have promising features as non-viral gene carriers. In this study, a series of fluorinated polymeric gene carriers were synthesized via Michael addition from low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) and fluorobenzoic acids (FBAs)-based linking compounds with different numbers of fluorine atoms. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these materials was systematically investigated. SAR studies showed that fluorine could screen the positive charge of these polymers. However, this shielding effect of fluorine would endow fluorinated polymers with good balance between DNA condensation and release. In vitro transfection results suggested that these fluorinated polymers could mediate efficient gene delivery. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies demonstrated that more efficient cell uptake could be achieved by fluorinated materials with more fluorine atoms. Cytotoxicity assays showed that these fluorinated materials exhibited very low cytotoxicity even at high mass ratios. This study demonstrates that FBA-based fluorinated biopolymers have the potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ju-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Qing-Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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30
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Chapelin F, Capitini CM, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 MRI for detection and quantification of immune cell therapy for cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30305175 PMCID: PMC6180584 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, immune cell therapy has emerged as a potent treatment for multiple cancers, first through groundbreaking leukemia therapy, and more recently, by tackling solid tumors. Developing successful therapeutic strategies using live cells could benefit from the ability to rapidly determine their in vivo biodistribution and persistence. Assaying cell biodistribution is unconventional compared to traditional small molecule drug pharmacokinetic readouts used in the pharmaceutical pipeline, yet this information is critical towards understanding putative therapeutic outcomes and modes of action. Towards this goal, efforts are underway to visualize and quantify immune cell therapy in vivo using advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Cell labeling probes based on perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions, paired with fluorine-19 MRI detection, enables background-free quantification of cell localization and survival. Here, we highlight recent preclinical and clinical uses of perfluorocarbon probes and 19F MRI for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) studies employing experimental T lymphocytes, NK, PBMC, and dendritic cell therapies. We assess the forward looking potential of this emerging imaging technology to aid discovery and preclinical phases, as well as clinical trials. The limitations and barriers towards widespread adoption of this technology, as well as alternative imaging strategies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California of San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. #0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, USA.
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32
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Huang X, Song J, Yung BC, Huang X, Xiong Y, Chen X. Ratiometric optical nanoprobes enable accurate molecular detection and imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2873-2920. [PMID: 29568836 PMCID: PMC5926823 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exploring and understanding biological and pathological changes are of great significance for early diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Optical sensing and imaging approaches have experienced major progress in this field. Particularly, an emergence of various functional optical nanoprobes has provided enhanced sensitivity, specificity, targeting ability, as well as multiplexing and multimodal capabilities due to improvements in their intrinsic physicochemical and optical properties. However, one of the biggest challenges of conventional optical nanoprobes is their absolute intensity-dependent signal readout, which causes inaccurate sensing and imaging results due to the presence of various analyte-independent factors that can cause fluctuations in their absolute signal intensity. Ratiometric measurements provide built-in self-calibration for signal correction, enabling more sensitive and reliable detection. Optimizing nanoprobe designs with ratiometric strategies can surmount many of the limitations encountered by traditional optical nanoprobes. This review first elaborates upon existing optical nanoprobes that exploit ratiometric measurements for improved sensing and imaging, including fluorescence, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and photoacoustic nanoprobes. Next, a thorough discussion is provided on design strategies for these nanoprobes, and their potential biomedical applications for targeting specific biomolecule populations (e.g. cancer biomarkers and small molecules with physiological relevance), for imaging the tumor microenvironment (e.g. pH, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, enzyme and metal ions), as well as for intraoperative image guidance of tumor-resection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. and MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bryant C Yung
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 213 Smith Chemistry Bldg., Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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33
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Zhang S, Wang Q, Liu X, Zhang J, Yang XF, Li Z, Li H. Sensitive and Selective Fluorescent Probe for Selenol in Living Cells Designed via a p K a Shift Strategy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4119-4125. [PMID: 29466857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Selenocysteine (Sec) is a primary kind of reactive selenium species in cells, and its vital roles in physiological processes have been featured. Thus, the development of highly sensitive and selective methods for the sensing of Sec is of great significance. This work reports a turn-on fluorescent probe for selenol based on the unique fluorescence OFF-ON switching between the Schiff base (SB) and its complementary protonated Schiff base (PSB) form of merocyanine dyes. The probe consists of a merocyanine Schiff base fluorophore and a 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide moiety that reacts especially with selenol. The fluorescence turn-on response of MC-Sec is realized via the selective removal of the strongly electron withdrawing 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl group by Sec, leading to a shift in the p Ka of the imine nitrogen of the probe from 6.40 to 9.04 and thus significantly increasing the population of the fluorescent PSB form of the dye at physiological pH. MC-Sec shows good selectivity and sensitivity for Sec and has been applied in the imaging of exogenous and endogenous selenol in living cells by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The proposed mechanism should be useful for developing future probes directed to other target molecules by employing this simple but effective p Ka shift strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710127 , People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science , Shaanxi University of Technology , Hanzhong , Shaanxi 723000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710127 , People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science , Shaanxi University of Technology , Hanzhong , Shaanxi 723000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Liu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xi'an Shiyou University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710065 , People's Republic of China
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34
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Su F, Agarwal S, Pan T, Qiao Y, Zhang L, Shi Z, Kong X, Day K, Chen M, Meldrum D, Kodibagkar VD, Tian Y. Multifunctional PHPMA-Derived Polymer for Ratiometric pH Sensing, Fluorescence Imaging, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1556-1565. [PMID: 29210559 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report synthesis and characterization of a novel multimodality (MRI/fluorescence) probe for pH sensing and imaging. A multifunctional polymer was derived from poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) and integrated with a naphthalimide-based-ratiometric fluorescence probe and a gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid complex (Gd-DOTA complex). The polymer was characterized using UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrofluorophotometry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and confocal microscopy for optical and MRI-based pH sensing and cellular imaging. In vitro labeling of macrophage J774 and esophageal CP-A cell lines shows the polymer's ability to be internalized in the cells. The transverse relaxation time (T2) of the polymer was observed to be pH-dependent, whereas the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) was not. The pH probe in the polymer shows a strong fluorescence-based ratiometric pH response with emission window changes, exhibiting blue emission under acidic conditions and green emission under basic conditions, respectively. This study provides new materials with multimodalities for pH sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Su
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shubhangi Agarwal
- School for Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Tingting Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yuan Qiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Zhengwei Shi
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiangxing Kong
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kevin Day
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Deirdre Meldrum
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Vikram D Kodibagkar
- School for Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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35
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Gong JH, Wang Y, Xing L, Cui PF, Qiao JB, He YJ, Jiang HL. Biocompatible fluorinated poly(β-amino ester)s for safe and efficient gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:180-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Chapelin F, Gao S, Okada H, Weber TG, Messer K, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance of chimeric antigen receptor T cell biodistribution in murine cancer model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17748. [PMID: 29255242 PMCID: PMC5735180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of effective cell therapies against cancer can be accelerated by the adaptation of tools to rapidly quantitate cell biodistribution and survival after delivery. Here, we describe the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ‘cytometry’ to quantify the biodistribution of immunotherapeutic T cells in intact tissue samples. In this study, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells expressing EGFRvIII targeting transgene were labeled with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion ex vivo and infused into immunocompromised mice bearing subcutaneous human U87 glioblastomas expressing EGFRvIII and luciferase. Intact organs were harvested at day 2, 7 and 14 for whole-sample fluorine-19 (19F) NMR to quantitatively measure the presence of PFC-labeled CAR T cells, followed by histological validation. NMR measurements showed greater CAR T cell homing and persistence in the tumors and spleen compared to untransduced T cells. Tumor growth was monitored with bioluminescence imaging, showing that CAR T cell treatment resulted in significant tumor regression compared to untransduced T cells. Overall, 19F NMR cytometry is a rapid and quantitative method to evaluate cell biodistribution, tumor homing, and fate in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chapelin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Weber
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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37
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Nguyen HVT, Chen Q, Paletta JT, Harvey P, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Boska MD, Ottaviani MF, Jasanoff A, Rajca A, Johnson JA. Nitroxide-Based Macromolecular Contrast Agents with Unprecedented Transverse Relaxivity and Stability for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:800-811. [PMID: 28776023 PMCID: PMC5532724 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents could overcome the established toxicity associated with metal-based agents in some patient populations and enable new modes of functional MRI in vivo. Herein, we report nitroxide-functionalized brush-arm star polymer organic radical contrast agents (BASP-ORCAs) that overcome the low contrast and poor in vivo stability associated with nitroxide-based MRI contrast agents. As a consequence of their unique nanoarchitectures, BASP-ORCAs possess per-nitroxide transverse relaxivities up to ∼44-fold greater than common nitroxides, exceptional stability in highly reducing environments, and low toxicity. These features combine to provide for accumulation of a sufficient concentration of BASP-ORCA in murine subcutaneous tumors up to 20 h following systemic administration such that MRI contrast on par with metal-based agents is observed. BASP-ORCAs are, to our knowledge, the first nitroxide MRI contrast agents capable of tumor imaging over long time periods using clinical high-field 1H MRI techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung V.-T. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Brain
and Cognitive Sciences, and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qixian Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Brain
and Cognitive Sciences, and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph T. Paletta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Peter Harvey
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Brain
and Cognitive Sciences, and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yivan Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Brain
and Cognitive Sciences, and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Department
of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United
States
| | | | - Alan Jasanoff
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Brain
and Cognitive Sciences, and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Brain
and Cognitive Sciences, and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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38
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Dimde M, Sahle FF, Wycisk V, Steinhilber D, Camacho LC, Licha K, Lademann J, Haag R. Synthesis and Validation of Functional Nanogels as pH-Sensors in the Hair Follicle. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dimde
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Fitsum Feleke Sahle
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Virginia Wycisk
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Dirk Steinhilber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Luis Cuellar Camacho
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Charitéplatz 1 Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustrasse 3 Berlin 14195 Germany
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39
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Coughlan C, Ibáñez M, Dobrozhan O, Singh A, Cabot A, Ryan KM. Compound Copper Chalcogenide Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5865-6109. [PMID: 28394585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review captures the synthesis, assembly, properties, and applications of copper chalcogenide NCs, which have achieved significant research interest in the last decade due to their compositional and structural versatility. The outstanding functional properties of these materials stems from the relationship between their band structure and defect concentration, including charge carrier concentration and electronic conductivity character, which consequently affects their optoelectronic, optical, and plasmonic properties. This, combined with several metastable crystal phases and stoichiometries and the low energy of formation of defects, makes the reproducible synthesis of these materials, with tunable parameters, remarkable. Further to this, the review captures the progress of the hierarchical assembly of these NCs, which bridges the link between their discrete and collective properties. Their ubiquitous application set has cross-cut energy conversion (photovoltaics, photocatalysis, thermoelectrics), energy storage (lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen generation), emissive materials (plasmonics, LEDs, biolabelling), sensors (electrochemical, biochemical), biomedical devices (magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computer tomography), and medical therapies (photochemothermal therapies, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and drug delivery). The confluence of advances in the synthesis, assembly, and application of these NCs in the past decade has the potential to significantly impact society, both economically and environmentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Coughlan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maria Ibáñez
- Catalonia Energy Research Institute - IREC, Sant Adria de Besos , Jardins de les Dones de Negre n.1, Pl. 2, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oleksandr Dobrozhan
- Catalonia Energy Research Institute - IREC, Sant Adria de Besos , Jardins de les Dones de Negre n.1, Pl. 2, 08930 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Computing, Sumy State University , 2 Rymskogo-Korsakova st., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Ajay Singh
- Materials Physics & Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andreu Cabot
- Catalonia Energy Research Institute - IREC, Sant Adria de Besos , Jardins de les Dones de Negre n.1, Pl. 2, 08930 Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
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40
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Zaibudeen A, Philip J. Multi-stimuli responsive nanofluid with easy-to-visualize structural color patterns. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Heinen L, Walther A. Temporal control of i-motif switch lifetimes for autonomous operation of transient DNA nanostructures. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4100-4107. [PMID: 28580123 PMCID: PMC5439531 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00646b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
System integration of the DNA i-motif switch with a tunable pH environment allows programmable lifetimes of DNA duplex hybridization and higher level self-assemblies in closed and autonomous systems.
Functional DNA nanotechnology creates increasingly complex behaviors useful for sensing, actuation or computation, as enabled via the integration of dynamic and responsive structural DNA motifs. However, temporally controlled and dynamic DNA structures with programmable lifetimes, that are able to operate autonomously and self-revert to the starting state are challenging to achieve due to tedious and very system-specific sequence design. Here, we present a straightforward concept to program transient lifetimes into DNA duplexes based on the pH-sensitive DNA i-motif switch. We integrate the i-motif switch with an internal, non-linear pH-resetting function using a rationally designed chemical reaction framework, by which the switch autonomously undergoes a complete “off–on–off”-cycle without the use of additional external triggers. The lifetime of the activated “on”-state (i.e. the hybridized state) can be systematically programmed over several hours. The system can be readily implemented into hybrid DNA structures on larger length scales. Focusing on autonomous materials, we demonstrate temporal control of transient fluorescence signals and temporary aggregation of gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heinen
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry , University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany . .,Freiburg Materials Research Center , University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany.,Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , 79110 Freiburg , Germany
| | - A Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry , University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Str. 31 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany . .,Freiburg Materials Research Center , University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany.,Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , 79110 Freiburg , Germany
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42
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Zhang Y, Guo S, Cheng S, Ji X, He Z. Label-free silicon nanodots featured ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor for lysosomal imaging and pH measurement. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:478-484. [PMID: 28342376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The homeostasis of lysosomal pH is crucial in cell physiology. Developing small fluorescent nanosensors for lysosome imaging and ratiometric measurement of pH is highly demanded yet challenging. Herein, a pH-sensitive fluorescein tagged aptamer AS1411 has been utilized to covalently modify the label-free fluorescent silicon nanodots via a crosslinker for construction of a ratiometric pH biosensor. The established aptasensor exhibits the advantages of ultrasmall size, hypotoxicity, excellent pH reversibility and good photostability, which favors its application in an intracellular environment. Using human breast MCF-7 cancer cells and MCF-10A normal cells as the model, this aptasensor shows cell specificity for cancer cells and displays a wide pH response range of 4.5-8.0 in living cells. The results demonstrate that the pH of MCF-7 cells is 5.1, which is the expected value for acidic organelles. Lysosome imaging and accurate measurement of pH in MCF-7 cells have been successfully conducted based on this nanosensor via fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shibo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinghu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhike He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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43
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Xiao YP, Zhang J, Liu YH, Huang Z, Wang B, Zhang YM, Yu XQ. Cross-linked polymers with fluorinated bridges for efficient gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8542-8553. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02158e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the construction of fluorinated cationic polymers for gene delivery was introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
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44
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Wycisk V, Achazi K, Hillmann P, Hirsch O, Kuehne C, Dernedde J, Haag R, Licha K. Responsive Contrast Agents: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tunable Series of pH-Sensitive Near-Infrared Pentamethines. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:808-817. [PMID: 30023492 PMCID: PMC6044694 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The demand for responsive dyes in optical imaging is high to achieve a better signal-to-noise ratio and, more specifically, to visualize acidic compartments of the endocytic pathway. Herein, we present a new synthetic route, with a step-by-step synthesis of water-soluble pH-sensitive cyanine dyes exhibiting pKa values in the region of physiological pH, as confirmed by absorption and fluorescence spectra. Moreover, modification of pKa values was achieved by two different substitution patterns, creating tunable pH-sensitive dyes. We demonstrated the functionality of the pH-sensitive dyes and their suitability as contrast agents for cellular uptake studies by preparing dye-labeled cetuximab and transferrin conjugates. Sulfonated head chains increased water solubility and prevented the formation of dimers, even in the context of dye-labeled bioconjugates. Confocal microscopy images of living cells revealed their pH-responsiveness, as specific fluorescence signal enhancements were observed in acidic compartments of the endocytic pathway (endosomes and lysosomes), although the background signal was low in a pH-neutral environment. Using mixtures of conjugates labeled with either a pH-sensitive or non-pH-sensitive dye for the uptake studies, we could follow the receptor binding and distinguish it from the endocytic uptake process of the conjugates in a simultaneous manner. Moreover, we used flow cytometry to quantify the fluorescence and observed a 3-fold signal enhancement for the pH-sensitive dye conjugates over a period of 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Wycisk
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Hillmann
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Hirsch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kuehne
- Institute
of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute
of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Development and characterization of resveratrol nanoemulsions carrying dual-imaging agents. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:795-808. [PMID: 27834615 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Delivery of the natural anti-inflammatory compound resveratrol with nanoemulsions can dramatically improve its tissue targeting, bioavailability and efficacy. Current assessment of resveratrol delivery efficacy is limited to indirect pharmacological measures. Molecular imaging solves this problem. Results/methodology: Nanoemulsions containing two complementary imaging agents, near-infrared dye and perfluoropolyether (PFPE), were developed and evaluated. Nanoemulsion effects on macrophage uptake, toxicity and NO production were also evaluated. The presence of PFPE did not affect nanoemulsion size, zeta potential, colloidal stability, drug loading or drug release. CONCLUSION PFPE nanoemulsions can be used in future studies to evaluate nanoemulsion biodistribution without interfering with resveratrol delivery and pharmacological outcomes. Developed nanoemulsions show promise as a versatile treatment strategy for cancer and other inflammatory diseases. [Formula: see text].
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46
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Chu B, Wang H, Song B, Peng F, Su Y, He Y. Fluorescent and Photostable Silicon Nanoparticles Sensors for Real-Time and Long-Term Intracellular pH Measurement in Live Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9235-42. [PMID: 27539306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent sensors suitable for dynamic measurement of intracellular pH (pHi) fluctuations should feature the following properties: feeble cytotoxicity, wide-pH range response, and strong fluorescence coupled with good photostability, which are still remaining scanty to date. Herein, by functionalizing fluorescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) with pH-sensitive dopamine (DA) and pH-insensitive rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC), we present the first demonstration of fluorescent SiNPs-based sensors, simultaneously exhibiting minimal toxicity (cell viability of treated cells remains above 95% during 24-h treatment), sensitive fluorescent response to a broad pH range (∼4-10), and bright fluorescence coupled with robust photostability (∼9% loss of fluorescence intensity after 40 min continuous excitation; in contrast, fluorescence of Lyso-tracker is rapidly quenched in 5 min under the same experiment conditions). Taking advantage of these merits, we further employ the resultant fluorescent SiNPs sensors for the detection of lysosomal pH change mediated by nigericin in live HeLa and MCF-7 cells in long-term (e.g., 30 min) manners. Interestingly, two consecutive stages, i.e., alkalization lag phase and logarithmic growth phase, are observed based on recording the whole process of pH change, offering important information for understanding the dynamic process of pHi fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Houyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bin Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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47
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Sun W, Guo S, Hu C, Fan J, Peng X. Recent Development of Chemosensors Based on Cyanine Platforms. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7768-817. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Shigang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Chong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
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48
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Sletten EM, Swager TM. Readily accessible multifunctional fluorous emulsions. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5091-5097. [PMID: 30155158 PMCID: PMC6020120 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixtures of perfluorocarbon and water containing functionalized polymer surfactants and fluorous-tagged small molecules yield multifunctional emulsions with defined functionality on the inside and outside of the droplets.
Strategies for the facile fabrication of nanoscale materials and devices represent an increasingly important challenge for chemists. Here, we report a simple, one-pot procedure for the formation of perfluorocarbon emulsions with defined functionalization. The fluorous core allows for small molecules containing a fluorous tail to be stabilized inside the emulsions. The emulsions can be formed using a variety of hydrophilic polymers resulting in an array of sizes (90 nm to >1 micron) and surface charges (–95 mV to 65 mV) of fluid particles. The surface of the emulsions can be further functionalized, covalently or non-covalently, through in situ or post-emulsion modification. The total preparation time is 30 minutes or less from commercially available reagents without specialized equipment. We envision these emulsions to be applicable to both biological and materials systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Ave , Cambridge , MA 02143 , USA .
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Ave , Cambridge , MA 02143 , USA .
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49
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Fox MS, Gaudet JM, Foster PJ. Fluorine-19 MRI Contrast Agents for Cell Tracking and Lung Imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2016; 8:53-67. [PMID: 27042089 PMCID: PMC4807887 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F)-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging stand to revolutionize imaging-based research and clinical trials in several fields of medical intervention. First, their use in characterizing in vivo cell behavior may help bring cellular therapy closer to clinical acceptance. Second, their use in lung imaging provides novel noninvasive interrogation of the ventilated airspaces without the need for complicated, hard-to-distribute hardware. This article reviews the current state of 19F-based cell tracking and lung imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and describes the link between the methods across these fields and how they may mutually benefit from solutions to mutual problems encountered when imaging 19F-containing compounds, as well as hardware and software advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Fox
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gaudet
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.; Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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50
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Chen H, Song M, Tang J, Hu G, Xu S, Guo Z, Li N, Cui J, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang L. Ultrahigh (19)F Loaded Cu1.75S Nanoprobes for Simultaneous (19)F Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1355-62. [PMID: 26741791 PMCID: PMC5218586 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
(19)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful noninvasive, sensitive, and accurate molecular imaging technique for early diagnosis of diseases. The major challenge of (19)F MRI is signal attenuation caused by the reduced solubility of probes with increased number of fluorine atoms and the restriction of molecular mobility. Herein, we present a versatile one-pot strategy for the fabrication of a multifunctional nanoprobe with high (19)F loading (∼2.0 × 10(8 19)F atoms per Cu1.75S nanoparticle). Due to the high (19)F loading and good molecular mobility that results from the small particle size (20.8 ± 2.0 nm) and ultrathin polymer coating, this nanoprobe demonstrates ultrahigh (19)F MRI signal. In vivo tests show that this multifunctional nanoprobe is suitable for (19)F MRI and photothermal therapy. This versatile fabrication strategy has also been readily extended to other single-particle nanoprobes for ablation and sensitive multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manli Song
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaofei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhide Guo
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiabin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
| | - Leyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding Authors: , ,
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