1
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Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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2
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Matsuo K, Okumura R, Hayashi H, Aratani N, Jinnai S, Ie Y, Saeki A, Yamada H. Phosphaacene as a structural analogue of thienoacenes for organic semiconductors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13576-13579. [PMID: 36408733 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An air-stable λ3-phosphinine-containing polycyclic aromatic compound without steric protection was synthesized and its charge transport properties were evaluated, which revealed moderate hole mobility. This research is the first experimental demonstration of the organic electronic applications of low-coordinate phosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Matsuo
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institution of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Rina Okumura
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institution of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institution of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institution of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Seihou Jinnai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institution of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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3
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Ito S. Muon Spin Rotation/Resonance (μSR) for Studying Radical Reactivity of Unsaturated Organophosphorus Compounds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200843. [PMID: 35702738 PMCID: PMC9796767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The positive muon (μ+ ) can be regarded as a light isotope of proton and has been an important tool to study radical reactions of organic compounds. Recently, muons have been applied to produce short-lived paramagnetic species from the heavier unsaturated organic molecules including the p-block elements. This article overviews recent muon spin rotation/resonance (μSR) studies on the phosphorus analogs of alkenes, anthracenes, and cyclobutane-1,3-diyls together with the fundamentals of μSR. The acyclic phosphaalkene of P=C and phosphasilenes of P=Si can accept muonium (Mu=[μ+ e- ]) at the heavier double bonds, and the corresponding radicals have been characterized. The phosphorus atom in 9-phosphaanthracene, whose P=C double bond is stabilized by the peri-substituted CF3 groups, predominantly captures muonium to provide the corresponding paramagnetic fused heterocyclic system. The peri-trifluoromethyl groups are functional to promote the unprecedented light isotope effect of muon providing the planar three-cyclic molecular structure to consume the increased zero-point energy. The formally open-shell singlet 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl unit can accept muonium at the (ylidic) phosphorus or the skeletal radicalic carbon, and the corresponding paramagnetic phosphorus heterocycles can be characterized by μSR. The findings on these muoniation processes to the unsaturated phosphorus-containing compounds will contribute not only to development of novel paramagnetic functional species but also to progress on muon science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied ChemistrySchool of Materials and Chemical TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152-8552Japan
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4
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Ito S, Akama H, Ueta Y, McKenzie I, Kojima KM. Muonium Addition to the Radicalic Carbon in 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hikaru Akama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Kenji M. Kojima
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
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5
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Ueta Y, Ito S. Scalable Orbital Tuning of the 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl Unit of Singlet Biradicaloid. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14384-14390. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ueta
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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6
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Shinozaki T, Rosas-Sánchez A, Hashizume D, Ito S. Incomplete Electrocyclization of a Sterically Hindered 1,4-Diphosphabutadiene. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1761-1766. [PMID: 31943877 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Butadiene is the simplest neutral acyclic closed-shell π-conjugated system and is typically sufficiently stable enough to avoid electrocyclization to cyclobutene. In contrast, most congeners of butadiene containing heavier elements are easily converted into the corresponding 4-membered cyclobutene system. Herein, we demonstrate that the gauche 1,4-diphosphabutadiene (P=C-C=P) skeleton in a sterically encumbered 2,3-bis(phosphanylidene)-1,4-disilinane can be remarkably perturbed due to "incomplete electrocyclization" where P=C-C=P partially form the corresponding 1,2-dihydrodiphosphete (3,4-diphosphacyclobutene) by [2+2] electrocyclization. 31 P NMR data obtained in solution indicated that the coexistence of a closed ring substantially reduces the open-ring characteristics of the P=C-C=P moiety. However, the 31 P CP-MAS spectrum of 2,3-bis(phosphanylidene)-1,4-disilinane showed that the P=C-C=P structure is predominant in the solid-state. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that decreasing the temperature promoted the generation of small amounts of incomplete 1,2-dihydrodiphosphete system in the crystalline state. Furthermore, the 1,2-dihydrodiphosphete units disappeared upon warming the single crystal, and this unique solid-state electrocyclization reaction was reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Shinozaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Alfredo Rosas-Sánchez
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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7
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Zhang X, Chen X, Zhai H, Liu S, Hu C, Liu LL, Wang S, Li Z. Facile addition of E–H bonds to a dicarbondiphosphide. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6384-6390. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer at P atoms in an N-heterocyclic carbene stabilized 6π-electron aromatic dicarbondiphosphide 1 has been observed upon interaction with a variety of small molecule substrates that feature a polar E–H bond (E = C, N, and O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jinan University
- 510632 Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jinan University
- 510632 Guangzhou
- China
| | - Haojiang Zhai
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
| | - Shihua Liu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Shuhai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Linyi University
- 276000 Linyi
- China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- 510275 Guangzhou
- China
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8
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Ito S. Investigation of Organic Molecules Using Elementary Subatomic Particle: Muon Spin Spectroscopy for Reaction Analysis of the Open-Shell Singlet Heterocycle. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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9
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Yoshidomi S, Abe M. 1,2-Diazacyclopentane-3,5-diyl Diradicals: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3920-3933. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manabu Abe
- JST-CREST, K’s Gobancho 6F, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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10
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Fujiyoshi JY, Tonami T, Yamane M, Okada K, Kishi R, Muhammad S, Al-Sehemi AG, Nozawa R, Shinokubo H, Nakano M. Theoretical Study on Open-Shell Singlet Character and Second Hyperpolarizabilities in Cofacial π-Stacked Dimers Composed of Weak Open-Shell Antiaromatic Porphyrins. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2863-2871. [PMID: 30080316 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
From the analysis based on the broken-symmetry density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we in this study propose a strategy to enhance the open-shell characters and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of π-stacked dimers composed of antiaromatic molecules with weak open-shell characters. For this purpose, we here constructed cofacial π-stacked dimer models composed of aromatic and antiaromatic NiII porphyrins in order to examine the π-π stacking distance (R) dependence of the diradical characters (y) and static second hyperpolarizabilities (γ). The antiaromatic porphyrin dimers are found to have intermediate y around R∼3.3 Å, the result of which originates in the unique intermolecular interactions between the antiaromatic monomers. Static γ along the stacking direction of such antiaromatic porphyrin dimers with intermediate diradical characters are shown to be enhanced significantly as compared to those of the isolated monomers and the aromatic porphyrin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Fujiyoshi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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11
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Ito S, Ueta Y, Koshino K, Kojima KM, McKenzie I, Mikami K. Observation of a Metastable P-Heterocyclic Radical by Muonium Addition to a 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8608-8613. [PMID: 29790272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl contains a unique unsaturated cyclic unit, and the presence of radical-type centers have been expected as a source of functionality. This study demonstrates that the P-heterocyclic singlet biradical captures muonium (Mu=[μ+ e- ]), the light isotope of a hydrogen radical, to generate an observable P-heterocyclic paramagnetic species. Investigation of a powder sample of 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1-t-butyl-3-benzyl-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl using muon (avoided) level-crossing resonance (μLCR) spectroscopy revealed that muonium adds to the cyclic P2 C2 unit. The muon hyperfine coupling constant (Aμ ) indicated that the phosphorus atom bearing the t-butyl group trapped muonium to provide a metastable P-heterocyclic radical involving the ylidic MuP(<)=C moiety. The observed regioselective muonium addition correlates the canonical formula of 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kota Koshino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kenji M Kojima
- Muon Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK-IMSS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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12
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Ito S, Ueta Y, Koshino K, Kojima KM, McKenzie I, Mikami K. Observation of a Metastable P‐Heterocyclic Radical by Muonium Addition to a 1,3‐Diphosphacyclobutane‐2,4‐diyl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kota Koshino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kenji M. Kojima
- Muon Science Laboratory High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK-IMSS) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-H113 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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13
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Abe K, Kitamura M, Fujita H, Kunishima M. Development of highly electron-deficient and less sterically-hindered phosphine ligands possessing 1,3,5-triazinyl groups. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Ito S. Topics of 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl derivatives: Structural aspects and functionality of isolable heavier congeners of cyclobutane-1,3-diyl and the related molecules. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Ito S. Study of the Air-Tolerant 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl through the Direct Arylation. CHEM REC 2017; 18:445-458. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Material and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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16
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Szűcs R, Bouit P, Nyulászi L, Hissler M. Phosphorus‐Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2618-2630. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rózsa Szűcs
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRSUniversité de Rennes 1 Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryBudapest University of Technology and Economics Szt. Gellert ter 4 H-1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Pierre‐Antoine Bouit
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRSUniversité de Rennes 1 Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - László Nyulászi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryBudapest University of Technology and Economics Szt. Gellert ter 4 H-1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Muriel Hissler
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRSUniversité de Rennes 1 Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
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17
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Hashizume D. Experimental Observation of the Nature of Weak Chemical Bonds in Labile Compounds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605175. [PMID: 28198581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate single-crystal X-ray diffraction data afford a total electron density distribution for crystalline materials by employing an aspherical atomic model with comparable accuracy to that of theoretical calculations. Chemical bonds and intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state are characterized based on the electron density distribution of valence electrons, as well as structural parameters. Herein, the bonding nature of weak chemical bonds in labile compounds, such as hypervalent bonds and delocalized π-bonds, is explored on the basis of electronic structures derived from experimental electron density distribution analyses. In addition, the visualization of a radicalic orbital distribution on an sp2 -hydridized carbon atom is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization Support Unit, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1-Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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18
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Ito S, Kato N, Mikami K. 2,3‐Dihydro‐1
H
‐naphtho[1,8‐
cd
]borinine as a Potent Precursor for Open‐Shell Singlet B‐Heterocycles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1‐H113 Ookayama, Meguro 152‐8552 Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoto Kato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1‐H113 Ookayama, Meguro 152‐8552 Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1‐H113 Ookayama, Meguro 152‐8552 Tokyo Japan
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19
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Mutlu Balcı C, Beşli S. The synthesis and thermal properties of fluorodioxy-substituted N,N-spiro bridged cyclotriphosphazenes. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Shameem MA, Orthaber A. Organophosphorus Compounds in Organic Electronics. Chemistry 2016; 22:10718-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anwar Shameem
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories; Uppsala University; Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories; Uppsala University; Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
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Ueta Y, Mikami K, Ito S. Access to Air-Stable 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls by an Arylation Reaction with Arynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7525-9. [PMID: 27135439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tuning of the physicochemical properties of the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl unit is attractive in view of materials applications. The use of arynes is shown to be effective for installing relatively electron rich aryl substituents into the open-shell singlet P-heterocyclic system. Treatment of the sterically encumbered 1,3-diphosphacyclobuten-4-yl anion with ortho-silylated aryl triflates in the presence of fluoride under appropriate conditions afforded the corresponding 1-aryl 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls. The air-stable open-shell singlet P-heterocycles exhibit considerable electron-donating character, and the aromatic substituent influences the open-shell character, which is thought to be related to the property of p-type semiconductivity. The P-arylated 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl systems can be further utilized as detectors of hydrogen fluoride (HF), which causes a remarkable change in their photoabsorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ueta
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
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Ueta Y, Mikami K, Ito S. Access to Air-Stable 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls by an Arylation Reaction with Arynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ueta
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Abteilung Materialdesign, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Ueta Y, Mikami K, Ito S. Chemical Detection of Hydrogen Fluoride by the Phosphorus Congener of Cyclobutane-1,3-diyl. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8778-85. [PMID: 26313533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroaryl-substituted air-tolerant 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls in the open-shell singlet state were synthesized by a sterically promoted regioselective S(N)Ar process. Here we demonstrate that these diyls are effective for capturing hydrogen fluoride (HF) generated by intermediary base-coordinated HF and amine-stabilized HF reagents. The hydrofluorination reaction predominantly occurred on the λ(3)σ(3)-phosphorus atoms to afford the energetically disfavored 1λ(5),3λ(5)-diphosphete. The positively charged t-butyl-substituted phosphorus atom trapped the fluoride anion, and the subsequent protonation was controlled by the steric effect. X-ray crystallographic analysis and an Atoms in Molecule study of the air-stable 1λ(5),3λ(5)-diphosphete bearing P-H and P-F bonds revealed that the delocalized ylidic linkages in the four-membered ring were almost identical, in contrast to the nonsymmetrically substituted 2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl. Hydrofluorination efficiently induced a remarkable exchange of visible photoabsorption. The charge-transfer-type transition from highest occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital was highly tuned, which is advantageous for the facile identification of HF. In contrast to hitherto known trapping reagents for HF based on cleavage of the H-F bond, several hydrofluorinated P-heterocycles were reconverted into the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl by treatment with sodium hydride. However, in the hydrofluorination of the benzoyl-substituted 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl, fluorination and protonation occurred at the t-butyl-substituted phosphorus atom and the skeletal carbon atom, respectively, and the energetically preferable 1λ(5),3λ(3)-dihydrodiphosphete was isolated as a purple-blue crystalline compound. These findings are promising not only for the practical detection of HF but also for the development of fluorine technology based on the chemistry of phosphorus heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Ito S, Ueta Y, Torihata Y, Mikami K. The Air-Stable P-Heterocyclic Biradical for OFET Devices. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.980412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yushi Torihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Mikami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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Hinz A, Schulz A, Villinger A, Wolter JM. Cyclo-Pnicta-triazanes: Biradicaloids or Zwitterions? J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3975-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut
für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut
für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut
für Katalyse e.V., Universität Rostock, Abteilung Materialdesign, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut
für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan-Martin Wolter
- Institut
für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Huo S, Mroz R, Carroll J. Negishi coupling in the synthesis of advanced electronic, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic materials. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Negishi coupling is an efficient and versatile tool for selective C–C bond formation in the synthesis of organic electronic, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouquan Huo
- Department of Chemistry
- East Carolina University
- Greenville
- USA
| | - Robert Mroz
- Department of Chemistry
- East Carolina University
- Greenville
- USA
| | - Jeffrey Carroll
- Department of Chemistry
- East Carolina University
- Greenville
- USA
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Matsui H, Fukuda K, Takamuku S, Sekiguchi A, Nakano M. Theoretical Study on the Relationship between Diradical Character and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Four-Membered-Ring Diradicals Involving Heavy Main-Group Elements. Chemistry 2014; 21:2157-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hinz A, Schulz A, Villinger A. Ein gemischtes Arsen-Phosphor-zentriertes Biradikaloid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Hinz A, Schulz A, Villinger A. A Mixed Arsenic-Phosphorus Centered Biradicaloid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:668-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Hinz A, Schulz A, Seidel WW, Villinger A. A New Class of Azadipnictiridines Generated by an Unusual Rearrangement Reaction. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11682-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501905v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Abteilung Materialdesign, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram W. Seidel
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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