1
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Essayan DE, Schubach MJ, Smoot JM, Puri T, Pronin SV. Directed Hydrogen Atom Transfer for Selective Reactions of Polyenols. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18224-18229. [PMID: 38917421 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Directed hydrogen atom transfer to alkenes is described. The process is catalyzed by iron complexes and allows for the site-selective hydrofunctionalization of polyenols. Experimental data suggest that coordination of the hydroxy group to the iron hydride intermediate plays an important role in preferential engagement of the allylic alcohol motif and provides a new basis for selectivity in radical hydrofunctionalization events. As a proof of concept, β- and γ-amino alcohols are prepared from the corresponding polyenols in a selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Essayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Matthew J Schubach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jeanelle M Smoot
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Taranee Puri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sergey V Pronin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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2
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Zhao H, Ravn AK, Haibach MC, Engle KM, Johansson Seechurn CCC. Diversification of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes: Taking the Plunge into the Non-PGM Catalyst Pool. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9708-9733. [PMID: 38988647 PMCID: PMC11232362 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent global events have led to the cost of platinum group metals (PGMs) reaching unprecedented heights. Many chemical companies are therefore starting to seriously consider and evaluate if and where they can substitute PGMs for non-PGMs in their catalytic processes. This review covers recent highly relevant applications of non-PGM catalysts in the modern pharmaceutical industry. By highlighting these selected successful examples of non-PGM-catalyzed processes from the literature, we hope to emphasize the enormous potential of non-PGM catalysis and inspire further development within this field to enable this technology to progress toward manufacturing processes. We also present some historical contexts and review the perceived advantages and challenges of implementing non-PGM catalysts in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Sinocompound
Catalysts, Building C,
Bonded Area Technology Innovation Zone, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215634, China
| | - Anne K. Ravn
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael C. Haibach
- Process
Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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3
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Buzsaki SR, Mason SM, Kattamuri PV, Serviano JMI, Rodriguez DN, Wilson CV, Hood DM, Ellefsen JD, Lu YC, Kan J, West JG, Miller SJ, Holland PL. Fe/Thiol Cooperative Hydrogen Atom Transfer Olefin Hydrogenation: Mechanistic Insights That Inform Enantioselective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17296-17310. [PMID: 38875703 PMCID: PMC11209773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric hydrogenation of activated olefins using transition metal catalysis is a powerful tool for the synthesis of complex molecules, but traditional metal catalysts have difficulty with enantioselective reduction of electron-neutral, electron-rich, and minimally functionalized olefins. Hydrogenation based on radical, metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (mHAT) mechanisms offers an outstanding opportunity to overcome these difficulties, enabling the mild reduction of these challenging olefins with selectivity that is complementary to traditional hydrogenations with H2. Further, mHAT presents an opportunity for asymmetric induction through cooperative hydrogen atom transfer (cHAT) using chiral thiols. Here, we report insights from a mechanistic study of an iron-catalyzed achiral cHAT reaction and leverage these insights to deliver stereocontrol from chiral thiols. Kinetic analysis and variation of silane structure point to the transfer of hydride from silane to iron as the likely rate-limiting step. The data indicate that the selectivity-determining step is quenching of the alkyl radical by thiol, which becomes a more potent H atom donor when coordinated to iron(II). The resulting iron(III)-thiolate complex is in equilibrium with other iron species, including FeII(acac)2, which is shown to be the predominant off-cycle species. The enantiodetermining nature of the thiol trapping step enables enantioselective net hydrogenation of olefins through cHAT using a commercially available glucose-derived thiol catalyst with up to 80:20 enantiomeric ratio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of asymmetric hydrogenation via iron-catalyzed mHAT. These findings advance our understanding of cooperative radical catalysis and act as a proof of principle for the development of enantioselective iron-catalyzed mHAT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Buzsaki
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Savannah M. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Juan M. I. Serviano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dinora N. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Conner V. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Drew M. Hood
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Ellefsen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jolie Kan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Julian G. West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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4
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Zhang YY, Zhang Y, Xue XS, Qing FL. Reversal of the Regioselectivity of Iron-Promoted Hydrogenation and Hydrohalogenation of gem-Difluoroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406324. [PMID: 38637292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The reaction regioselectivity of gem-difluoroalkenes is dependent on the intrinsic polarity. Thus, the reversal of the regioselectivity of the addition reaction of gem-difluoroalkenes remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we described an unprecedented reversal of regioselectivity of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to gem-difluoroalkenes triggered by Fe-H species for the formation of difluoroalkyl radicals. Hydrogenation of the in situ generated radicals gave difluoromethylated products. Mechanism experiments and theoretical studies revealed that the kinetic effect of the irreversible HAT process resulted in the reversal of the regioselectivity of this scenario, leading to the formation of a less stable α-difluoroalkyl radical regioisomer. On basis of this new reaction of gem-difluoroalkene, the iron-promoted hydrohalogenation of gem-difluoroalkenes for the efficient synthesis of aliphatic chlorodifluoromethyl-, bromodifluoromethyl- and iododifluoromethyl-containing compounds was developed. Particularly, this novel hydrohalogenation of gem-difluoroalkenes provided an effect and large-scale access to various iododifluoromethylated compounds of high value for synthetic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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5
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Mondal H, Chattaraj PK. Frustrated Lewis pair-mediated hydro-dehalogenation: crucial role of non-covalent interactions. J Mol Model 2024; 30:198. [PMID: 38842625 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Organic halides stand as invaluable reagents with diverse applications in synthetic chemistry and various industrial processes. Despite their utility, concerns arise due to their inherent toxicity. Addressing these apprehensions, hydro-dehalogenation has emerged as a promising strategy involving the replacement of halogen atoms with hydrogen atoms to transform toxic organic halides into hydrocarbons. This study delves into the computational exploration of hydro-dehalogenation reactions of benzyl halide, mediated by frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), using density functional theory (DFT). The reactions entail the formation of FLP1 or FLP2 in the presence of TMP or lutidine with B(C6F5)3, respectively. This is followed by heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen and subsequent reaction with benzyl halides. Non-covalent interaction analysis underscores the significance of π-π stacking and CH-π interactions in stabilizing transition states. Additionally, the activation strain model (ASM) dissects activation energies, revealing the substantial impact of strain energy on reaction barriers. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) offers insights into the contributions of electrostatic, orbital, and dispersion energies to the overall attractive interaction energy. The investigation extends to hydro-dehalogenation reactions of ethyl halides, uncovering distinct mechanisms and activation barriers. This comprehensive analysis illuminates the intricacies of hydro-dehalogenation reactions, providing valuable insights into their mechanisms and paving the way for future studies in this field. METHODS Geometry optimizations were carried out at the M06-2X/def2-SVP level of theory, which was performed using the Gaussian 16 program. Solvent-corrected single-point energies were also calculated using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) at the PCM(chloroform)-M06-2X/def2-TZVP//M06-2X/def2-SVP level of theory. The Gibbs free energy correction was determined from computations performed at the M06-2X/def2-SVP level of theory. Principal interacting orbital (PIO) analysis was conducted using the NBO 6.0 software. The nature of bonding in the respective transition state (TS) structures was analyzed using atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analyses. Additionally, the presence of non-covalent interactions (NCI) was exemplified using Multiwfn software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India.
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6
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Li Z, Zeng G, He Y, Zhou S, Chen J, Chen Z, Chen J, Lv N. Markovnikov Hydrochlorination of Unactivated Alkenes with FeCl 3 via a HAT/XAT Sequence. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38780034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydrochlorination of alkenes is a practical strategy for accessing organic chlorides. Herein, we report the hydrochlorination of unactivated alkenes via a hydrogen atom transfer/halogen atom transfer process using earth-abundant and biocompatible FeCl3 as a chlorine source under extraordinarily mild reaction conditions. The protocol is easy to operate with notable features such as excellent chemoselectivity, remarkable efficiency, a broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance. Importantly, the synthetic utility is highlighted by scaled-up reactions, late-stage derivatizations of products, and the modification of sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefeng Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yequan He
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Si Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Juehong Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Key Lab of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiuxi Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ningning Lv
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Key Lab of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325035, China
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7
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Le DN, Johnson HC, Lam YH, Sun C, Cheng L, Belyk KM. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of Belzutifan Enabled by Rh-Catalyzed Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2024; 26:4059-4064. [PMID: 38709100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a nine-step synthesis of belzutifan enabled by a novel Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation to install the contiguous fluorinated stereocenters with high enantioselectivity. Moreover, the final ketone reduction in the synthesis proceeds with high diastereoselectivity, leading to the expedient assembly of the stereotriad. In contrast to the original 16-step synthesis, this route avoids a lengthy bromination-oxidation sequence and introduces the sulfone functionality via nucleophilic aromatic substitution, obviating the need for transition metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Le
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather C Johnson
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chunrui Sun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lili Cheng
- Chemistry Service Unit, WuXi AppTec (Tianjin), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kevin M Belyk
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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8
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Cai Q, McWhinnie IM, Dow NW, Chan AY, MacMillan DWC. Engaging Alkenes in Metallaphotoredox: A Triple Catalytic, Radical Sorting Approach to Olefin-Alcohol Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12300-12309. [PMID: 38657210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox cross-coupling is a well-established strategy for generating clinically privileged aliphatic scaffolds via single-electron reactivity. Correspondingly, expanding metallaphotoredox to encompass new C(sp3)-coupling partners could provide entry to a novel, medicinally relevant chemical space. In particular, alkenes are abundant, bench-stable, and capable of versatile C(sp3)-radical reactivity via metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT), although metallaphotoredox methodologies invoking this strategy remain underdeveloped. Importantly, merging MHAT activation with metallaphotoredox could enable the cross-coupling of olefins with feedstock partners such as alcohols, which undergo facile open-shell activation via photocatalysis. Herein, we report the first C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling of MHAT-activated alkenes with alcohols by performing deoxygenative hydroalkylation via triple cocatalysis. Through synergistic Ir photoredox, Mn MHAT, and Ni radical sorting pathways, this branch-selective protocol pairs diverse olefins and methanol or primary alcohols with remarkable functional group tolerance to enable the rapid construction of complex aliphatic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Cai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Iona M McWhinnie
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nathan W Dow
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Amy Y Chan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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9
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Chen F, Zhang Q, Li Y, Yu ZX, Chu L. Selective Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenyl Fluorides Enabled by Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atoms and Group Transfer: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Study. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38621358 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to the unique effect of fluorine atoms, the efficient construction of high-value alkyl fluorides has attracted significant interest in modern drug development. However, enantioselective catalytic strategies for the efficient assembly of highly functionalized chiral C(sp3)-F scaffolds from simple starting materials have been underutilized. Herein, we demonstrate a nickel-catalyzed radical transfer strategy for the efficient, modular, asymmetric hydrogenation and hydroalkylation of alkenyl fluorides with primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides under mild conditions. The transformation provides facile access to various structurally complex secondary and tertiary α-fluoro amide products from readily available starting materials with excellent substrate compatibility and distinct selectivity. Furthermore, the utility of this method is demonstrated by late-stage modifications and product derivatizations. Detailed mechanistic studies and DFT calculations have been conducted, showing that the rate-determining step for asymmetric hydrogenation reaction is NiH-HAT toward alkenyl fluorides and the stereo-determining step is alcohol coordination to Ni-enolates followed by a barrierless protonation. The mechanism for the asymmetric hydroalkylation reaction is also delivered in this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qianwei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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10
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Qin J, Barday M, Jana S, Sanosa N, Funes-Ardoiz I, Teskey CJ. Photoinduced Cobalt Catalysis for the Reductive Coupling of Pyridines and Dienes Enabled by Paired Single-Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310639. [PMID: 37676106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective hydroarylation of dienes has potential to provide swift access to useful building blocks. However, most existing methods rely on dienes stabilised by an aromatic group and transmetallation or nucleophilic attack steps require electron-rich aryl coupling partners. As such, there are few examples which tolerate wide-spread heteroarenes such as pyridine. Whilst allylic C-H functionalisation could be considered an alternative approach, the positional selectivity of unsymmetrical substrates is hard to control. Here, we report a general approach for selective hydropyridylation of dienes under mild conditions using metal catalysed hydrogen-atom transfer. Photoinduced, reductive conditions enable simultaneous formation of a cobalt-hydride catalyst and the persistent radical of easily-synthesised pyridyl phosphonium salts. This facilitates selective coupling of dienes in a traceless manner at the C4-position of a wide-range of pyridine substrates. The mildness of the method is underscored by its functional-group tolerance and demonstrated by applications in late-stage functionalisation. Based on a combination of experimental and computational studies, we propose a mechanistic pathway which proceeds through non-reversible hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from a cobalt hydride species which is uniquely selective for dienes in the presence of other olefins due to a much higher relative barrier associated with olefin HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Qin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Barday
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Samikshan Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nil Sanosa
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Yu H, Zhang J, Ma D, Li X, Xu T. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of (-)-Caulamidine D and (-)-Isocaulamidine D and Their Absolute Configuration Reassignment. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22335-22340. [PMID: 37792337 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The first enantioselective total syntheses of (-)-caulamidine D (5) and (-)-isocaulamidine D (6) were accomplished. Their absolute configurations were unambiguously elucidated through X-ray crystallography. The isolated natural samples of both 5 and 6 are determined to be the TFA salts instead of the neutral forms. It took 16 steps (longest linear sequence) to divergently access both 5 and 6 following a unified strategy. The key reactions include (1) development and application of an asymmetric Meerwein-Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement to construct the challenging C10, C23 consecutive stereocenters and (2) application of a cascade 6-exo-dig/6-exo-tet amine/nitrile cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Yu
- Molecular Synthesis Center and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, MOE, and School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- Molecular Synthesis Center and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, MOE, and School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Dongxu Ma
- Molecular Synthesis Center and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, MOE, and School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Molecular Synthesis Center and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, MOE, and School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Molecular Synthesis Center and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, MOE, and School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Marine Natural Products, Laoshan Lab, Qingdao 266237, China
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12
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Jana S, Mayerhofer VJ, Teskey CJ. Photo- and Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysed Hydrogen Atom Transfer for the Hydrofunctionalisation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304882. [PMID: 37184388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogen atom transfer from metal-hydrides to alkenes allows feedstock olefins to be used as alkyl radical precursors. The chemoselectivity of this process makes it an attractive synthetic tool and as such it has been regularly used in synthesis of complex molecules. However, onwards reactivity is limited by compatibility with the conditions which form the key metal-hydride species. Now, through the merger with photocatalysis or electrochemistry, milder methods are emerging which can unlock entirely new reactivity and offer perspectives on expanding these methods in unprecedented directions. This review outlines the most recent developments in electro- and photochemical cobalt catalysed methods and offers suggestions on the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samikshan Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor J Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Wang B, Lu Y, Cha L, Chen TY, Palacios PM, Li L, Guo Y, Chang WC, Chen C. Repurposing Iron- and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases to Catalyze Olefin Hydration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311099. [PMID: 37639670 PMCID: PMC10592062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear nonheme iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (Fe/2OG)-dependent oxygenases and halogenases are known to catalyze a diverse set of oxidative reactions, including hydroxylation, halogenation, epoxidation, and desaturation in primary metabolism and natural product maturation. However, their use in abiotic transformations has mainly been limited to C-H oxidation. Herein, we show that various enzymes of this family, when reconstituted with Fe(II) or Fe(III), can catalyze Mukaiyama hydration-a redox neutral transformation. Distinct from the native reactions of the Fe/2OG enzymes, wherein oxygen atom transfer (OAT) catalyzed by an iron-oxo species is involved, this nonnative transformation proceeds through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) pathway in a 2OG-independent manner. Additionally, in contrast to conventional inorganic catalysts, wherein a dinuclear iron species is responsible for HAT, the Fe/2OG enzymes exploit a mononuclear iron center to support this reaction. Collectively, our work demonstrates that Fe/2OG enzymes have utility in catalysis beyond the current scope of catalytic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lide Cha
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Philip M Palacios
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wei-Chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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14
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Takekawa Y, Nakagawa M, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. A Quadruple Catalysis Enabling Intermolecular Branch-Selective Hydroacylation of Styrenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301484. [PMID: 37260048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A quadruple N-heterocyclic carbene/cobalt/photoredox/Brønsted base catalysis to realize branch-selective hydroacylation of styrenes with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes is demonstrated. This protocol allows access to branched ketones from readily available materials in an atom-economical manner. The quadruple catalysis can transfer a formyl hydrogen of aldehydes as a hydrogen radical equivalent onto the terminal carbon of an alkene by controlled electron and proton transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Takekawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanari Nakagawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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15
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Sun D, Chen R, Tang D, Xia Q, Zhao Y, Liu CH, Ding H. Total Synthesis of (-)-Retigeranic Acid A: A Reductive Skeletal Rearrangement Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37224289 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-retigeranic acid A was described, which relies on a crucial reductive skeletal rearrangement cascade for the controllable assembly of diverse angular triquinane subunits. Taken together with an intramolecular Michael/aldol cyclization, an ODI-[5 + 2] cycloaddition/pinacol rearrangement cascade, a Wolff ring contraction and a stereoselective HAT reduction, our synthetic approach has enabled the access to (-)-retigeranic acid A in a concise and practical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongmin Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qidong Xia
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chun-Hui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Huo L, Li X, Zhao Y, Li L, Chu L. Site- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Alkenyl Chlorides by Dual Functionalization of Internal Alkynes via Photoredox/Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9876-9885. [PMID: 37072001 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a redox-neutral and atom-economical protocol to synthesize valuable alkenyl chlorides from unactivated internal alkynes and abundant organochlorides via photoredox and nickel catalysis. This protocol enables the site- and stereoselective addition of organochlorides to alkynes via chlorine photoelimination-initiated sequential hydrochlorination/remote C-H functionalization. The protocol is compatible with a wide range of medicinally relevant heteroaryl, aryl, acid, and alkyl chlorides for efficiently producing γ-functionalized alkenyl chlorides, exhibiting excellent regioselectivities and stereoselectivities. Late-stage modifications and synthetic manipulations of the products and preliminary mechanistic studies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yaheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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17
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Tran HN, West JG. RECENT ADVANCES IN BASE METAL-CATALYZED COOPERATIVE TRANSFER HYDROGENATION AND HYDRODEUTERATION OF ALKENES. Tetrahedron Lett 2023; 118:154404. [PMID: 38505129 PMCID: PMC10947216 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic alkene hydrogenation is a powerful method that has been widely used in the syntheses of valuable products ranging from commodity chemicals to pharmaceuticals. Hydrogenation has also been a key strategy for selectively introducing heavy hydrogen isotopes to small molecules, a key strategy for metabolism studies and even the synthesis of "heavy drugs," where the hydrogen isotope is a key element of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Traditional hydrogenations with pressurized H2 gas are atom economic but often require complex reaction setups or expensive metal catalysts. Further, use of diatomic hydrogen necessarily limits the ability to incorporate different hydrogen isotopes at each alkene position, with H2, D2, and T2 each resulting in compete labeling of the alkene. In response to these challenges, a recent and growing movement has sought to develop transfer hydrogenation methods using non-H2 hydrogen sources and earth abundant element catalysts to simplify reaction operation. Excitingly, recent developments have delivered transfer hydrogenations that proceed using cooperative hydrogen donor reagents, permitting the controllable incorporation of different hydrogen isotopes at each position of the alkene via reagent control. In this Digest, we disclose recent advances in Earth-abundant metal-catalyzed cooperative transfer hydrogenation of alkenes with various combinations of two distinct transfer hydrogen reagents as non-H2 hydrogen sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai N. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX, USA 77005
| | - Julian G. West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St MS 602, Houston, TX, USA 77005
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18
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Suzuki A, Kamei Y, Yamashita M, Seino Y, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshino T, Kojima M, Matsunaga S. Photocatalytic Deuterium Atom Transfer Deuteration of Electron-Deficient Alkenes with High Functional Group Tolerance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214433. [PMID: 36394187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to its mild reaction conditions and unique chemoselectivity, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) hydrogenation represents an indispensable method for the synthesis of complex molecules. Its analog using deuterium, deuterium atom transfer (DAT) deuteration, is expected to enable access to complex deuterium-labeled compounds. However, DAT deuteration has been scarcely studied for synthetic purposes, and a method that possesses the favorable characteristics of HAT hydrogenations has remained elusive. Herein, we report a protocol for the photocatalytic DAT deuteration of electron-deficient alkenes. In contrast to the previous DAT deuteration, this method tolerates a variety of synthetically useful functional groups including haloarenes. The late-stage deuteration also allows access to deuterated amino acids as well as donepezil-d2 . Thus, this work demonstrates the potential of DAT chemistry to become the alternative method of choice for preparing deuterium-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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19
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Bergamaschi E, Mayerhofer VJ, Teskey CJ. Light-Driven Cobalt Hydride Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Styrenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bergamaschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor J. Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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20
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Gao X, Gong K, Wang M, Xu B, Han J. Preparation of [ 18F]Alkenyl Fluorides Using No-Carrier-Added [ 18F]AgF via Silver-Mediated Direct Radiofluorination of Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6438-6442. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Gao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road 2094, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kehao Gong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road 2094, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong’An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, North Renmin Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Junbin Han
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Xietu Road 2094, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Schatz DJ, Kuenstner EJ, George DT, Pronin SV. Synthesis of rearranged indole diterpenes of the paxilline type. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:946-968. [PMID: 34931646 PMCID: PMC10122275 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2021Rearranged indole diterpenes of the paxilline type comprise a large group of fungal metabolites that possess diverse structural features and potentially useful biological effects. The unique indoloterpenoid motif, which is common to all congeners, was first confirmed by crystallographic studies of paxilline. This family of natural products has fascinated organic chemists for the past four decades and has inspired numerous syntheses and synthetic approaches. The present review highlights efforts that have laid the foundation and introduced new directions to this field of natural product synthesis. The introduction includes a summary of biosynthetic considerations and biological activities, the main body of the manuscript provides a detailed discussion of selected syntheses, and the review concludes with a brief outlook on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Eric J Kuenstner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - David T George
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Sergey V Pronin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA.
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22
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Nakagawa M, Matsuki Y, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. A Triple Photoredox/Cobalt/Brønsted Acid Catalysis Enabling Markovnikov Hydroalkoxylation of Unactivated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7953-7959. [PMID: 35476545 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate Markovnikov hydroalkoxylation of unactivated alkenes using alcohols through a triple catalysis consisting of photoredox, cobalt, and Brønsted acid catalysts under visible light irradiation. The triple catalysis realizes three key elementary steps in a single catalytic cycle: (1) Co(III) hydride generation by photochemical reduction of Co(II) followed by protonation, (2) metal hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) of alkenes by Co(III) hydride, and (3) oxidation of the alkyl Co(III) complex to alkyl Co(IV). The precise control of protons and electrons by the three catalysts allows the elimination of strong acids and external reductants/oxidants that are required in the conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Nakagawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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23
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Ding L, Deng YH, Sun TY, Jiang Y, Xia XF. Merging Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Halogen Atom Transfer for Iodide-Catalyzed Radical Reductive Cyclization of 1,6-Enynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:3113-3117. [PMID: 35475629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is the development of a metal-free iodide-catalyzed radical reductive cyclization of 1,6-enynes. A strategy involving in situ iodination/radical cyclization/silyl radical-mediated halogen atom transfer/hydrogen atom transfer for the synthesis of functionalized pyrrolidines has been proposed. Using this halogen-atom abstraction protocol, 1,6-enynes with various vinyl halides including inert fluorides, chlorides, and reactive bromides could be transformed into substituted pyrroles via a multistep radical isomerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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24
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Bajya KR, Sermadurai S. Dual Photoredox and Cobalt Catalysis Enabled Transformations. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvakumar Sermadurai
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore Chemistry Khandwa road Simrol 453552 Indore INDIA
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25
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Biswas S, Dewese KR, Raya B, RajanBabu TV. Catalytic Enantioselective Hydrovinylation of Trialkylsilyloxy and Acetoxy-1,3-Dienes: Cationic Co(I) Complexes for the Synthesis of Chiral Enolate Surrogates and Their Applications for Synthesis of Ketones and Cross-Coupling Reagents in High Enantiomeric Purity. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5094-5111. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Souvagya Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kendra R. Dewese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Balaram Raya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - T. V. RajanBabu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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26
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Yamaguchi Y, Seino Y, Suzuki A, Kamei Y, Yoshino T, Kojima M, Matsunaga S. Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer Hydroarylation of Alkenes toward δ-Lactams Using Cobalt-Photoredox Dual Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:2441-2445. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akihiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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27
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Wang T, Xu M, Jupp AR, Chen SM, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Frustrated Lewis pair catalyzed hydrodehalogenation of benzyl-halides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1175-1178. [PMID: 34981087 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
10 mol% B(2,6-C6F2H3)3 in the presence of excess tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) and H2 (or D2) is shown to catalyze the hydrogenative dehalogenation of benzyl-halides to give corresponding toluene derivatives. These reactions proceed via an initial FLP activation of H2 yielding the ammonium hydridoborate [TMPH][HB(2,6-C6F2H3)3]. This species acts in analogy to a FLP to cooperatively activate C-X bond (X = Cl, Br, I) of benzyl-halides delivering hydride and generating the corresponding ammonium halide salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada. .,College of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Andrew R Jupp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
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28
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Sun P, Zhang Z, Wang X, Li L, Li Y, Li Z. Cobalt‐catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes Using
NFSI
as Nitrogen Source. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng‐Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Linshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhengming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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29
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Qin Y, Zhou B, Tian D, An J, Zhou Y, Yan R, Song H, Liu XY. Co-catalyzed C(sp3)−C(sp2) bond cleavage via hydrogen atom transfer. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new Co-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond cleavage method to access ketones from alkenes is reported. This unprecedented transformation features mild reaction conditions and good...
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30
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Dumoleijn KNR, Villa A, Marelli M, Prati L, Moonen K, Stevens CV. Heterogeneous Catalyzed Chemoselective Reductive Amination of Halogenated Aromatic Aldehydes. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim N. R. Dumoleijn
- SynBioC Research Group Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Eastman Chemical Company Pantserschipstraat 207 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- National Research Council CNR-SCITEC Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Laura Prati
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company Pantserschipstraat 207 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
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31
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Zhu Y, He Y, Tian W, Wang M, Zhou Z, Song X, Ding H, Xiao Q. Dual Cobalt and Photoredox Catalysis Enabled Redox‐Neutral Annulation of 2‐Propynolphenols. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Province Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong‐Qin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Nanchang University Nanchang 330006 People's Republic of China
| | - Wan‐Fa Tian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Province Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Province Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao‐Zhao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Nanchang Normal University Nanchang People's Republic of China
| | - Xian‐Rong Song
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Province Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Xin Ding
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Province Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Jiangxi Province Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
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32
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Zhang B, He J, Li Y, Song T, Fang Y, Li C. Cobalt-Catalyzed Markovnikov-Selective Radical Hydroacylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Acylphosphonates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4955-4961. [PMID: 33783191 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acylphosphonates having the 5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxophosphinanyl skeleton are developed as efficient intermolecular radical acylation reagents, which enable the cobalt-catalyzed Markovnikov hydroacylation of unactivated alkenes at room temperature under mild conditions. The protocol exhibits broad substrate scope and wide functional group compatibility, providing branched ketones in satisfactory yields. A mechanism involving the Co-H mediated hydrogen atom transfer and subsequent trapping of alkyl radicals by acylphosphonates is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayan He
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yewen Fang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, No. 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chaozhong Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, No. 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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33
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Abstract
AbstractHydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is one of the fundamental transformations of organic chemistry, allowing the interconversion of open- and closed-shell species through the concerted movement of a proton and an electron. Although the value of this transformation is well appreciated in isolation, with it being used for homolytic C–H activation via abstractive HAT and radical reduction via donative HAT, cooperative HAT (cHAT) reactions, in which two hydrogen atoms are removed or donated to vicinal reaction centers in succession through radical intermediates, are comparatively unknown outside of the mechanism of desaturase enzymes. This tandem reaction scheme has important ramifications in the thermochemistry of each HAT, with the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the C–H bond adjacent to the radical center being significantly lowered relative to that of the parent alkane, allowing each HAT to be performed by different species. Herein, we discuss the thermodynamic basis of this bond strength differential in cHAT and demonstrate its use as a design principle in organic chemistry for both dehydrogenative (application 1) and hydrogenative (application 2) reactions. We hope that this overview will highlight the exciting reactivity that is possible with cHAT and inspire further developments with this mechanistic approach.1 Introduction and Theory2 Application: Dehydrogenative Transformations3 Application: Alkene Hydrogenation4 Future Applications of cHAT
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34
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Candito DA, Ye Y, Quiroz RV, Reutershan MH, Witter D, Gadamsetty SB, Li H, Saurí J, Schneider SE, Lam YH, Palte RL. Development of a Flexible and Robust Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuro[3,4- b]furan Nucleoside Analogues. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5142-5151. [PMID: 33755465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the context of a PRMT5 inhibitor program, we describe our efforts to develop a flexible and robust strategy to access tetrahydrofuro[3,4-b]furan nucleoside analogues. Ultimately, it was found that a Wolfe type carboetherification from an alkenol derived from d-glucofuranose diacetonide was capable of furnishing the B-ring and installing the desired heteroaryl group in a single step. Using this approach, key intermediate 1.3-A was delivered on a gram scale in a 62% yield and 9.1:1 dr in favor of the desired S-isomer. After deprotection of 1.3-A, a late-stage glycosylation was performed under Mitsunobu conditions to install the pyrrolopyrimidine base. This provided serviceable yields of nucleoside analogues in the range of 31-48% yield. Compound 1.1-C was profiled in biochemical and cellular assays and was demonstrated to be a potent and cellularly active PRMT5 inhibitor, with a PRMT5-MEP50 biochemical IC50 of 0.8 nM, a MCF-7 target engagement EC50 of 3 nM, and a Z138 cell proliferation EC50 of 15 nM. This work sets the stage for the development of new inhibitors of PRMT5 and novel nucleoside chemical matter for alternate drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Candito
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan V Quiroz
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael H Reutershan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Witter
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Surendra B Gadamsetty
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hongming Li
- External Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Josep Saurí
- Analytical Enabling Technologies, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sebastian E Schneider
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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35
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Simlandy AK, Sardini SR, Brown MK. Construction of congested Csp 3-Csp 3 bonds by a formal Ni-catalyzed alkylboration. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5517-5521. [PMID: 34168789 PMCID: PMC8179681 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the combination of a Ni-catalyzed alkene alkenylboration followed by hydrogenation, the synthesis of congested Csp3–Csp3-bonds can be achieved. Conditions have been identified that allow for the use of both alkenyl-bromides and -triflates. In addition, the hydrogenation creates another opportunity for stereocontrol, thus allowing access to multiple stereoisomers of the product. Finally, the method is demonstrated in the streamlined synthesis of a biologically relevant molecule. Through the combination of a Ni-catalyzed alkene alkenylboration followed by hydrogenation, the synthesis of congested Csp3–Csp3-bonds can be achieved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Simlandy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47401 USA
| | - Stephen R Sardini
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47401 USA
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47401 USA
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36
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Chen P, Wang C, Yang R, Xu H, Wu J, Jiang H, Chen K, Ma Z. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Dankasterones A and B and Periconiastone A Through Radical Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5512-5518. [PMID: 33206427 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the assembly of the cis-decalin framework through radical cyclization initiated by metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT), further applied it in the asymmetric synthesis of dankasterones A and B and periconiastone A. Position-selective C-H oxygenation allowed for installation of the necessary functionality. A radical rearrangement was adopted to create 13(14→8)abeo-8-ergostane skeleton. Interconversion of dankasterone B and periconiastone A was realized through biomimetic intramolecular aldol and retro-aldol reactions. The MHAT-based approach, serves as a new dissection means, is complementary to the conventional ways to establish cis-decalin framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengquan Chen
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Hongjin Xu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou, 510641, China
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37
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Kamei Y, Seino Y, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshino T, Maeda S, Kojima M, Matsunaga S. Silane- and peroxide-free hydrogen atom transfer hydrogenation using ascorbic acid and cobalt-photoredox dual catalysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:966. [PMID: 33574227 PMCID: PMC7878493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) hydrogenation has recently emerged as an indispensable method for the chemoselective reduction of unactivated alkenes. However, the hitherto reported systems basically require stoichiometric amounts of silanes and peroxides, which prevents wider applications, especially with respect to sustainability and safety concerns. Herein, we report a silane- and peroxide-free HAT hydrogenation using a combined cobalt/photoredox catalysis and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a sole stoichiometric reactant. A cobalt salophen complex is identified as the optimal cocatalyst for this environmentally benign HAT hydrogenation in aqueous media, which exhibits high functional-group tolerance. In addition to its applicability in the late-stage hydrogenation of amino-acid derivatives and drug molecules, this method offers unique advantage in direct transformation of unprotected sugar derivatives and allows the HAT hydrogenation of unprotected C-glycoside in higher yield compared to previously reported HAT hydrogenation protocols. The proposed mechanism is supported by experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kamei
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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38
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Zhou X, Zhang G, Huang R, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Allyl-Allyl Reductive Coupling of Allylamines or Allylic Alcohols with H 2 as Sole Reductant. Org Lett 2021; 23:365-369. [PMID: 33400881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic carbon-carbon bond formation building on reductive coupling is a powerful method for the preparation of organic compounds. The identification of environmentally benign reductants is key for establishing an efficient reductive coupling reaction. Herein an efficient strategy enabling H2 as the sole reductant for the palladium-catalyzed allyl-allyl reductive coupling reaction is described. A wide range of allylamines and allylic alcohols as well as allylic ethers proceed smoothly to deliver the C-C coupling products under 1 atm of H2. Kinetic studies suggested that the dinuclear palladium species was involved in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibing Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Renbin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.,Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, Hefei 230026, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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39
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Chen P, Wang C, Yang R, Xu H, Wu J, Jiang H, Chen K, Ma Z. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Dankasterones A and B and Periconiastone A Through Radical Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengquan Chen
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road-381 Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road-381 Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road-381 Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Hongjin Xu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road-381 Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road-381 Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road-381 Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Wushan Road-381 Guangzhou 510641 China
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40
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Ohuchi S, Koyama H, Shigehisa H. Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclic Guanidines via Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Radical-Polar Crossover. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Ohuchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Koyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shigehisa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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41
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Liu P, Hao N, Yang D, Wan L, Wang T, Zhang T, Zhou R, Cong X, Kong J. Iron-catalyzed para-selective C–H silylation of benzamide derivatives with chlorosilanes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00243k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper developed the para-selective silylation of benzamide derivatives with chlorosilanes using FeCl2 catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R. China
| | - Na Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Pharmacy
- Southwest Medical University
- Luzhou 646000
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Cong
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- P. R. China
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42
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Wu J, Ma Z. Metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) reactions in natural product synthesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of olefins has been an important transformation in synthetic chemistry. This review will focus on the natural product synthesis employing the MHAT reaction as the key strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road-381, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
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43
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Wang Y, Cui C, Yang X. Recent Advances in Hydrochlorination of Alkenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Kattamuri PV, West JG. Hydrogenation of Alkenes via Cooperative Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19316-19326. [PMID: 33119986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical hydrogenation via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to alkenes is an increasingly important transformation for the formation of thermodynamic alkane isomers. Current single-catalyst methods require stoichiometric oxidant in addition to hydride (H-) source to function. Here we report a new approach to radical hydrogenation: cooperative hydrogen atom transfer (cHAT), where each hydrogen atom donated to the alkene arrives from a different catalyst. Further, these hydrogen atom (H•) equivalents are generated from complementary hydrogen atom precursors, with each alkane requiring one hydride (H-) and one proton (H+) equivalent and no added oxidants. Preliminary mechanistic study supports this reaction manifold and shows the intersection of metal-catalyzed HAT and thiol radical trapping HAT catalytic cycles to be essential for effective catalysis. Together, this unique catalyst system allows us to reduce a variety of unactivated alkene substrates to their respective alkanes in high yields and diastereoselectivities and introduces a new approach to radical hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabha V Kattamuri
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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45
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Butcher TW, Yang JL, Hartwig JF. Copper-Catalyzed Defluorinative Borylation and Silylation of gem-Difluoroallyl Groups. Org Lett 2020; 22:6805-6809. [PMID: 32841569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stereodefined (Z)-fluoroalkenes are bioisosteres of amides and synthetic precursors to value-added fluorinated compounds, but their stereoselective synthesis remains challenging. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed formal SN2' defluorinative borylation of 3-substituted 3,3-difluoropropenes to form 3-fluoroallylboronic esters in high yields with excellent Z/E ratios. The primary 3-fluoroallylboronic esters undergo several synthetic sequences involving SE2' substitutions, SN2' substitutions, and sigmatropic rearrangements to provide tertiary allylic fluorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan L Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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46
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Abstract
We have found that terminal N-vinylindoles bearing cycloalkanone substituents are excellent hydrogen atom acceptors, generating α-aminyl radicals with a variety of catalysts (Co(II)/H2 or Co(III)Cl precatalysts with silane reductants). These radicals can be converted to internal vinylindoles but eventually add to the oxygen of the cycloalkanone substituents. These cyclizations eventually furnish a densely functionalized dihydrofuran (a net cycloisomerization). The internal vinylindoles are slowly converted to the dihydrofurans, but the final cycloisomerization/isomerization ratio is affected by the size of the cycloalkanone ring (seven- and eight-membered rings give the highest ratio). These results demonstrate how HAT can isomerize substrates in nonintuitive ways, here leading to the first HAT-promoted formation of a C-O bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York New York, 10027, United States
| | - Jonathan L Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York New York, 10027, United States
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York New York, 10027, United States
| | - Jack R Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York New York, 10027, United States
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47
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Wang Y, Cao X, Zhao L, Pi C, Ji J, Cui X, Wu Y. Generalized Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation/Hydrodeuteration. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- International College Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Leyao Zhao
- International College Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Pi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfei Ji
- International College Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 People's Republic of China
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48
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Ebisawa K, Izumi K, Ooka Y, Kato H, Kanazawa S, Komatsu S, Nishi E, Shigehisa H. Catalyst- and Silane-Controlled Enantioselective Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes by Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Radical-Polar Crossover. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13481-13490. [PMID: 32648757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydrofurans, which are found in the structures of many biologically active natural products, via a transition-metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (TM-HAT) and radical-polar crossover (RPC) mechanism is described herein. Hydroalkoxylation of nonconjugated alkenes proceeded efficiently with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 94% ee) using a suitable chiral cobalt catalyst, N-fluoro-2,4,6-collidinium tetrafluoroborate, and diethylsilane. Surprisingly, the absolute configuration of the product was highly dependent on the steric hindrance of the silane. Slow addition of the silane, the dioxygen effect on the solvent, thermal dependence, and DFT calculation results supported the unprecedented scenario of two competing selective mechanisms. For the less-hindered diethylsilane, a high concentration of diffused carbon-centered radicals invoked diastereoenrichment of an alkylcobalt(III) intermediate by a radical chain reaction, which eventually determined the absolute configuration of the product. On the other hand, a more hindered silane resulted in less opportunity for a radical chain reaction, instead facilitating enantioselective kinetic resolution during the late-stage nucleophilic displacement of the alkylcobalt(IV) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Ebisawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Kana Izumi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Yuka Ooka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Sayori Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Sayura Komatsu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Eriko Nishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shigehisa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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49
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Zwettler N, Dupé A, Klokić S, Milinković A, Rodić D, Walg S, Neshchadin D, Belaj F, Mösch‐Zanetti NC. Hydroalkylation of Aryl Alkenes with Organohalides Catalyzed by Molybdenum Oxido Based Lewis Pairs. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 362:3170-3182. [PMID: 32982624 PMCID: PMC7497237 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three molybdenum(VI) dioxido complexes [MoO2(L)2] bearing Schiff base ligands were reacted with B(C6F5)3 to afford the corresponding adducts [MoO{OB(C6F5)3}(L)2], which were fully characterized. They exhibit Frustrated Lewis-Pairs reactivity when reacting with silanes. Especially, the [MoO{OB(C6F5)3}(L)2] complex with L=2,4-dimethyl-6-((phenylimino)methyl)phenol proved to be active as catalyst for the hydroalkylation of aryl alkenes with organohalides and for the Atom-Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) of organohalides to aliphatic alkenes. A series of gem-dichloride and gem-dibromide compounds with potential for further derivatization were synthesized from simple alkenes and organohalides, like chloroform or bromoform, using low catalyst loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Zwettler
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Antoine Dupé
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Sumea Klokić
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Angela Milinković
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Dado Rodić
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Simon Walg
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
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50
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Nagai T, Mimata N, Terada Y, Sebe C, Shigehisa H. Catalytic Dealkylative Synthesis of Cyclic Carbamates and Ureas via Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Radical-Polar Crossover. Org Lett 2020; 22:5522-5527. [PMID: 32633527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Guided by the transition-metal hydrogen atom transfer and radical-polar crossover concepts, we developed a functional-group-tolerant and scalable method for the synthesis of cyclic carbamates and ureas, which are found in the structures of bioactive compounds. This method provides not only a common five-membered ring but also six-to-eight-membered ring products. The reaction proceeds through the intramolecular displacement of an alkylcobalt(IV) intermediate and dealkylation by 2,4,6-collidine; the activation energies of these steps were calculated by DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Nao Mimata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Terada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Chikayoshi Sebe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shigehisa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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