1
|
Shen D, Cao D, Zhang R, Bai P, Liu Z. Lewis acid catalyzed Markovnikov hydrobromination and hydrochlorination of alkynes using TMSX (X = Br, Cl). Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4062-4066. [PMID: 38716834 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Markovnikov hydrobromination and hydrochlorination of alkynes were achieved using TMSX (X = Br, Cl) instead of corrosive HX (X = Br, Cl) as the bromination and chlorination reagents. Mn(OAc)2·4H2O was used as the hydrobromination catalyst for electron-neutral/rich alkynes. For the hydrobromination of electron-deficient alkynes and hydrochlorination of alkynes, Zn(OAc)2·2H2O was employed as the catalyst. Mechanistic studies suggested that the in situ formed TMS-substituted alkyne might be a reactive intermediate and the proton of the terminal alkyne should be a hydrogen source for the hydrohalogenation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalong Shen
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Dehai Cao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Ruizeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Peiyuan Bai
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang FD, Wang C, Wang M, Yan H, Jiang J, Li P. Visible-light-induced halocyclization of 2-alkynylthioanisoles with simple alkyl halides towards 3-halobenzo[ b]thiophenes without an external photocatalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8170-8175. [PMID: 37782212 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for the preparation of 3-halobenzo[b]thiophenes via a photo-driven halocyclization/demethylation of 2-alkynylthioanisoles with simple alkyl halides was developed. The reaction can proceed smoothly at room temperature under visible-light irradiation without any external photocatalyst, and the protocol has a range of advantages, including simplicity and mildness of the reaction conditions, good functional-group tolerance, and excellent yields of the products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Dou Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Chunmiao Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Min Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China.
| | - Han Yan
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Jiang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Pinhua Li
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen L, Li Y, Bai X, Dong D, Pan M, Huang L, Huang R, Long X, Li Y. Ru(OAc) 3-Catalyzed Regioselective Difunctionalization of Alkynes: Access to ( E)-2-Bromo-1-alkenyl Sulfonates. Org Lett 2023; 25:7025-7029. [PMID: 37708078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A new approach is proposed for the divergent and regioselective synthesis of (E)-2-bromo-1-phenylvinyl trifluoromethanesulfonates through alkyne difunctionalization by employing a compatible system of abundantly available alkynes, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) catalyzed by ruthenium(III) acetate [Ru(OAc)3]. It is a novel method for the preparation of vinyl triflate and it offers a fundamental basis for the development of advanced functional compounds, including drugs and organic functional materials. Unlike previously reported methods, the proposed protocol can tolerate a broad range of functional groups. Alkynes derived from bioactive molecules, such as l(-)-borneol, demonstrate the potential value of this new reaction in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiaoyan Bai
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Dian Dong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Meiwei Pan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Runqin Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiaotong Long
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhong K, Liu S, He X, Ni H, Lai W, Gong W, Shan C, Zhao Z, Lan Y, Bai R. Oxidative cyclopalladation triggers the hydroalkylation of alkynes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
|
5
|
Boehm P, Kehl N, Morandi B. Rhodium-Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Transfer Hydroiodination of Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214071. [PMID: 36336665 PMCID: PMC10107805 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rhodium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroiodination of aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes is reported. Depending on the choice of ligand and substrate, either (E)- or (Z)-configured alkenyl iodides are obtained in high to exclusive isomeric purity. The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance, employing easily accessible or commercially available aliphatic iodides as HI surrogates through a shuttle process. The synthesized vinyl iodides were applied in several C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions with full retention of the stereoselectivity. The developed method could be used to significantly shorten the total synthesis of a marine cis-fatty acid. Additionally, initial deuterium-labeling experiments and stoichiometric reactions shed some light on the potential reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Kehl
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bai Y, Lin Z, Ye Z, Dong D, Wang J, Chen L, Xie F, Li Y, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes Mediated by Trimethylsilyl Triflate. Org Lett 2022; 24:7988-7992. [PMID: 36268988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a ruthenium-catalyzed regioselective hydrohalogenation reaction of alkynes under mild conditions. Commercially simple halogen sources such as KI, ZnBr2, and ZnCl2 were employed to achieve this transformation. Alkynes derived from bioactive molecules such as l-(-)-borneol, l-menthol, and estrone were also suitable for the transformation, demonstrating the potential synthetic value of this new reaction in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Bai
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Zhenying Ye
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Dian Dong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xie
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baumann JE, Lalic G. Differential Dihydrofunctionalization: A Dual Catalytic Three-Component Coupling of Alkynes, Alkenyl Bromides, and Pinacolborane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206462. [PMID: 35849776 PMCID: PMC9452470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new method for differential dihydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes enables the synthesis of allylic boronate esters through reductive three-component coupling of terminal alkynes, alkenyl bromides, and pinacolborane. The transformation is promoted by cooperative action of a copper/palladium catalyst system and results in hydrofunctionalization of both π-bonds of an alkyne. The synthesis of allylic boronate esters can be accomplished in the presence of a wide range of functional groups, including, esters, nitriles, alkyl halides, sulfonyl esters, acetals, protected terminal alkynes, aryl halides, and silyl ethers. Mechanistic experiments reveal the importance of subtle ligand effects on the performance of the palladium co-catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gojko Lalic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Norwine EE, Kiernicki JJ, Zeller M, Szymczak NK. Distinct Reactivity Modes of a Copper Hydride Enabled by an Intramolecular Lewis Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15038-15046. [PMID: 35960993 PMCID: PMC10291504 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN) ligand featuring an appended boron Lewis acid. Metalation with Cu(I) affords a series of tetrahedral complexes including a boron-capped cuprous hydride. We demonstrate distinct reactivity modes as a function of chemical oxidation: hydride transfer to CO2 in the copper(I) state and oxidant-induced H2 evolution as well as alkyne reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Norwine
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - John J. Kiernicki
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geniller L, Taillefer M, Jaroschik F, Prieto A. Photo‐Induced Halogen‐Atom Transfer: Generation of Halide Radicals for Selective Hydrohalogenation Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201495. [PMID: 35612405 PMCID: PMC9401045 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first photo‐mediated process enabling the generation of halide radicals by Halogen‐Atom Transfer (XAT) is described. Contrary to radical transformations involving XAT reactivity, which exploit stable carbon radicals, this unique approach uses 1,2‐dihaloethanes for the generation of unstable carbon radicals by XAT. These transient radicals then undergo β‐scission with release of ethylene and formation of more stable halide radicals which have been used in selective hydrohalogenations of a large number of unsaturated hydrocarbons, including Michael acceptors, unactivated alkenes and alkynes. This hydrohalogenation is tolerant of a broad range of functionalities and is believed to proceed through a radical‐chain manifold that propagates by the use of silane derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Taillefer
- ICGM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 34000 Montpellier France
| | | | - Alexis Prieto
- ICGM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 34000 Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baumann JE, Lalic G. Differential Dihydrofunctionalization: A Dual Catalytic Three‐Component Coupling of Alkynes, Alkenyl Bromides, and Pinacolborane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gojko Lalic
- Unversity of Washington Chemistry Bagley Hall 98105 Seattle UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumaki W, Kinoshita H, Miura K. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of bromoalkenes by homolytic hydrobromination of alkynes with hydrogen bromide. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Asahara H, Mukaijo Y, Muragishi K, Iwai K, Ito A, Nishiwaki N. Metal‐Free and
syn
‐Selective Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes through a Pseudo‐Intramolecular Process. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruyasu Asahara
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
- Research Center for Material Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Yamadaoka 1–6 Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yusuke Mukaijo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Kengo Muragishi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Kento Iwai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
- Research Center for Material Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Akitaka Ito
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
- Research Center for Material Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Nishiwaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
- Research Center for Material Science and Engineering Kochi University of Technology Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
O'Connor TJ, Mai BK, Nafie J, Liu P, Toste FD. Generation of Axially Chiral Fluoroallenes through a Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective β-Fluoride Elimination. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13759-13768. [PMID: 34465099 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the copper-catalyzed silylation of propargylic difluorides to generate axially chiral, tetrasubstituted monofluoroallenes in both good yields (27 examples >80%) and enantioselectivities (82-98% ee). Compared to previously reported synthetic routes to axially chiral allenes (ACAs) from prochiral substrates, a mechanistically distinct reaction has been developed: the enantiodiscrimination between enantiotopic fluorides to set an axial stereocenter. DFT calculations and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) suggest that β-fluoride elimination from an alkenyl copper intermediate likely proceeds through a syn-β-fluoride elimination pathway rather than an anti-elimination pathway. The effects of the C1-symmetric Josiphos-derived ligand on reactivity and enantioselectivity were investigated. Not only does this report showcase that alkenyl copper species (like their alkyl counterparts) can undergo β-fluoride elimination, but this elimination can be achieved in an enantioselective fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jordan Nafie
- BioTools, Inc., 17546 Bee Line Highway, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hostmann T, Neveselý T, Gilmour R. Illuminating anti-hydrozirconation: controlled geometric isomerization of an organometallic species. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10643-10648. [PMID: 34447557 PMCID: PMC8356810 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02454j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A general strategy to enable the formal anti-hydrozirconation of arylacetylenes is reported that merges cis-hydrometallation using the Schwartz Reagent (Cp2ZrHCl) with a subsequent light-mediated geometric isomerization at λ = 400 nm. Mechanistic delineation of the contra-thermodynamic isomerization step indicates that a minor reaction product functions as an efficient in situ generated photocatalyst. Coupling of the E-vinyl zirconium species with an alkyne unit generates a conjugated diene: this has been leveraged as a selective energy transfer catalyst to enable E → Z isomerization of an organometallic species. Through an Umpolung metal-halogen exchange process (Cl, Br, I), synthetically useful vinyl halides can be generated (up to Z : E = 90 : 10). This enabling platform provides a strategy to access nucleophilic and electrophilic alkene fragments in both geometric forms from simple arylacetylenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Hostmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Tomáš Neveselý
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marchese AD, Adrianov T, Lautens M. Recent Strategies for Carbon-Halogen Bond Formation Using Nickel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16750-16762. [PMID: 33647169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nickel catalysis has demonstrated the capability of performing a broad range of synthetically challenging transformations over the last decade. Though recent literature has focused on the formation of C-C and C-N bonds, a variety of breakthroughs in the field of C-X bond generation have also been reported. A diverse range of strategies using nickel have been developed, in an effort to expand the scope and synthetic utility of these halogenation methods. This Minireview will cover six emerging strategies in this field including: oxidatively induced C-X reductive elimination, triflate-to-halogen exchange reactions, directed C-H halogenation, non-directed electrophilic C-H halogenation of arenes, enantioselective α-fluorination of carbonyl containing compounds, and 1,2-difunctionalization-halogenation reactions. The final section has been split into two parts: nickel-catalyzed hydrohalogenation and nickel-catalyzed carbohalogenation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin D Marchese
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timur Adrianov
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hazra A, Kephart JA, Velian A, Lalic G. Hydroalkylation of Alkynes: Functionalization of the Alkenyl Copper Intermediate through Single Electron Transfer Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7903-7908. [PMID: 34004114 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for the stereoselective coupling of terminal alkynes and α-bromo carbonyls to generate functionalized E-alkenes. The coupling is accomplished by merging the closed-shell hydrocupration of alkynes with the open-shell single electron transfer (SET) chemistry of the resulting alkenyl copper intermediate. We demonstrate that the reaction is compatible with various functional groups and can be performed in the presence of aryl bromides, alkyl chlorides, alkyl bromides, esters, nitriles, amides, and a wide range of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. Mechanistic studies provide evidence for SET oxidation of the alkenyl copper intermediate by an α-bromo ester as the key step that enables the cross coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan A Kephart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gojko Lalic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marchese AD, Adrianov T, Lautens M. Recent Strategies for Carbon−Halogen Bond Formation Using Nickel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Marchese
- Department of Chemistry Davenport Chemical Laboratories University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Timur Adrianov
- Department of Chemistry Davenport Chemical Laboratories University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry Davenport Chemical Laboratories University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu L, Zhu S, Huo L, Chen F, Yu W, Chu L. Radical 1,2-addition of bromoarenes to alkynes via dual photoredox and nickel catalysis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00365h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A 1,2-addition of aryl bromides to alkynes enabled by the photocatalytic generation of bromine radicals via photoredox and nickel catalysis is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Liping Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang ZL, Zhang FL, Xu JL, Shan CC, Zhao M, Xu YH. Copper-Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2020; 22:7735-7742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Lin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cui-Cui Shan
- Department of Chemistry and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Teichert JF, Brechmann LT. Catch It If You Can: Copper-Catalyzed (Transfer) Hydrogenation Reactions and Coupling Reactions by Intercepting Reactive Intermediates Thereof. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The key reactive intermediate of copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne semihydrogenations is a vinylcopper(I) complex. This intermediate can be exploited as a starting point for a variety of trapping reactions. In this manner, an alkyne semihydrogenation can be turned into a dihydrogen-mediated coupling reaction. Therefore, the development of copper-catalyzed (transfer) hydrogenation reactions is closely intertwined with the corresponding reductive trapping reactions. This short review highlights and conceptualizes the results in this area so far, with H2-mediated carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond-forming reactions emerging under both a transfer hydrogenation setting as well as with the direct use of H2. In all cases, highly selective catalysts are required that give rise to atom-economic multicomponent coupling reactions with rapidly rising molecular complexity. The coupling reactions are put into perspective by presenting the corresponding (transfer) hydrogenation processes first.1 Introduction: H2-Mediated C–C Bond-Forming Reactions2 Accessing Copper(I) Hydride Complexes as Key Reagents for Coupling Reactions; Requirements for Successful Trapping Reactions 3 Homogeneous Copper-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenations4 Trapping of Reactive Intermediates of Alkyne Transfer Semihydrogenation Reactions: First Steps Towards Hydrogenative Alkyne Functionalizations 5 Copper(I)-Catalyzed Alkyne Semihydrogenations6 Copper(I)-Catalyzed H2-Mediated Alkyne Functionalizations; Trapping of Reactive Intermediates from Catalytic Hydrogenations6.1 A Detour: Copper(I)-Catalyzed Allylic Reductions, Catalytic Generation of Hydride Nucleophiles from H2
6.2 Trapping with Allylic Electrophiles: A Copper(I)-Catalyzed Hydroallylation Reaction of Alkynes 6.3 Trapping with Aryl Iodides7 Conclusion
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu N, Huang Y, Xu X, Qing F. Copper‐Catalyzed Hydrodifluoroallylation of Terminal Alkynes to Access (
E
)‐1,1‐Difluoro‐1,4‐Dienes. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuo‐Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University 2999 North Renmin Lu Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Yangen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University 2999 North Renmin Lu Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu‐Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng‐Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyDonghua University 2999 North Renmin Lu Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of ScienceChinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matavos-Aramyan S, Soukhakian S, Jazebizadeh MH. Mononuclear Cu Complexes Based on Nitrogen Heterocyclic Carbene: A Comprehensive Review. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:39. [PMID: 32367181 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, organometallic, coordination, and catalytic chemistry of the three-dimensional metals such as copper (Cu) has been greatly affected by the emergence of nitrogen heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The NHCs, and in particular the mononuclear CuI-based ones, have been proven vastly useful in several applications such as in biosynthesis, catalysis, photochemistry, etc. This review tries to thoroughly describe a series of mononuclear CuI NHC complexes and their subcategories such as heteroleptics, and bidentate and tridentate heteroatom complexes, and give some detailed insights on their development, emergence, and applications. A brief outlook is also disclosed to enable other researchers to further develop a platform for future advances and studies in the field of CuI-based NHCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Matavos-Aramyan
- Research and Development Department, Division of Chemistry, Raazi Environmental Protection Foundation, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sadaf Soukhakian
- Research and Development Department, Division of Chemistry, Raazi Environmental Protection Foundation, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Jazebizadeh
- Research and Development Department, Division of Chemistry, Raazi Environmental Protection Foundation, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen J, Li J, Plutschack MB, Berger F, Ritter T. Regio- and Stereoselective Thianthrenation of Olefins To Access Versatile Alkenyl Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5616-5620. [PMID: 31782968 PMCID: PMC7154751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a regioselective alkenyl electrophile synthesis from unactivated olefins that is based on a direct and regioselective C-H thianthrenation reaction. The selectivity is proposed to arise from an unusual inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. The alkenyl sulfonium salts can serve as electrophiles in palladium- and ruthenium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to make alkenyl C-C, C-Cl, C-Br, and C-SCF3 bonds with stereoretention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Jiakun Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Matthew B. Plutschack
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tran BL, Neisen BD, Speelman AL, Gunasekara T, Wiedner ES, Bullock RM. Mechanistic Studies on the Insertion of Carbonyl Substrates into Cu‐H: Different Rate‐Limiting Steps as a Function of Electrophilicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8645-8653. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ba L. Tran
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Benjamin D. Neisen
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Amy L. Speelman
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Thilina Gunasekara
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Eric S. Wiedner
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tran BL, Neisen BD, Speelman AL, Gunasekara T, Wiedner ES, Bullock RM. Mechanistic Studies on the Insertion of Carbonyl Substrates into Cu‐H: Different Rate‐Limiting Steps as a Function of Electrophilicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ba L. Tran
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Benjamin D. Neisen
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Amy L. Speelman
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Thilina Gunasekara
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Eric S. Wiedner
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yu P, Bismuto A, Morandi B. Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrochlorination and Hydrobromination of Alkynes by Shuttle Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2904-2910. [PMID: 31769578 PMCID: PMC7028031 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Described herein are two different methods for the synthesis of vinyl halides by a shuttle catalysis based iridium-catalyzed transfer hydrohalogenation of unactivated alkynes. The use of 4-chlorobutan-2-one or tert-butyl halide as donors of hydrogen halides allows this transformation in the absence of corrosive reagents, such as hydrogen halides or acid chlorides, thus largely improving the functional-group tolerance and safety profile of these reactions compared to the state-of-the-art. This method has granted access to alkenyl halide compounds containing acid-sensitive groups, such as tertiary alcohols, silyl ethers, and acetals. The synthetic value of those methodologies has been demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis where low catalyst loading was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wihelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wihelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen J, Li J, Plutschack MB, Berger F, Ritter T. Regio‐ and Stereoselective Thianthrenation of Olefins To Access Versatile Alkenyl Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jiakun Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Matthew B. Plutschack
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yu P, Bismuto A, Morandi B. Iridium‐katalysierte Hydrochlorierung und Hydrobromierung von Alkinen durch Shuttlekatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wihelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wihelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu S, Liu J, Wang Q, Wang J, Huang F, Wang W, Sun C, Chen D. The origin of regioselectivity in Cu-catalyzed hydrocarbonylative coupling of alkynes with alkyl halides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Steric interactions mediate a switch between a ketone and allylic alcohol in Cu-catalyzed hydrocarbonylative coupling of alkynes with alkyl halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Jianbiao Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Chuanzhi Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Dezhan Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Institute of Molecular and Nano Science
- Shandong Normal University
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu S, Zeng X, Xu B. Practical fluorothiolation and difluorothiolation of alkenes using pyridine-HF and N-thiosuccinimides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorothiolation and difluorothiolation of alkenes using pyridine-HF and N-thiosuccinimides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Faverio C, Boselli MF, Medici F, Benaglia M. Ammonia borane as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7789-7813. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia borane is gaining increasing attention as a sustainable and atom-economical winning reagent for the reduction of several substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Faverio
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Medici
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hofstra JL, Poremba KE, Shimozono AM, Reisman SE. Nickel-Catalyzed Conversion of Enol Triflates into Alkenyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14901-14905. [PMID: 31410936 PMCID: PMC7179072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A Ni-catalyzed halogenation of enol triflates was developed and it enables the synthesis of a broad range of alkenyl iodides, bromides, and chlorides under mild reaction conditions. The reaction utilizes inexpensive, bench-stable Ni(OAc)2 ⋅4 H2 O as a precatalyst and proceeds at room temperature in the presence of sub-stoichiometric Zn and either 1,5-cyclooctadiene or 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Hofstra
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Kelsey E. Poremba
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Alex M. Shimozono
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Sarah E. Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hofstra JL, Poremba KE, Shimozono AM, Reisman SE. Nickel‐Catalyzed Conversion of Enol Triflates into Alkenyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Hofstra
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Kelsey E. Poremba
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Alex M. Shimozono
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Sarah E. Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hu L, Zhang Y, Chen GQ, Lin BJ, Zhang QW, Yin Q, Zhang X. CuH-Catalyzed Atropoenantioselective Reduction of Bringmann’s Lactones via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. Org Lett 2019; 21:5575-5580. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Le’an Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Bi-Jin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qin Yin
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Armstrong MK, Lalic G. Differential Dihydrofunctionalization of Terminal Alkynes: Synthesis of Benzylic Alkyl Boronates through Reductive Three-Component Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6173-6179. [PMID: 30942593 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The differential dihydrofunctionalization of terminal alkynes is accomplished through the reductive three-component coupling of terminal alkynes, aryl halides, and pinacolborane. The transformation results in hydrofunctionalization of both π-bonds of an alkyne in a single reaction promoted by cooperative action of a copper/palladium catalyst system. The differential dihydrofunctionalization reaction has excellent substrate scope and can be accomplished in the presence of esters, nitriles, alkyl halides, epoxides, acetals, alkenes, aryl halides, and silyl ethers. Mechanistic experiments indicate that the reaction proceeds through copper-catalyzed hydroboration followed by a second hydrocupration. The resulting heterobimetallic complex is the key intermediate that participates in the subsequent palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, which furnishes benzylic alkyl boronate products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Gojko Lalic
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Danopoulos AA, Simler T, Braunstein P. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3730-3961. [PMID: 30843688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands across the Periodic Table had an impact on various aspects of the coordination, organometallic, and catalytic chemistry of the 3d metals, including Cu, Ni, and Co, both from the fundamental viewpoint but also in applications, including catalysis, photophysics, bioorganometallic chemistry, materials, etc. In this review, the emergence, development, and state of the art in these three areas are described in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Danopoulos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , Athens GR 15771 , Greece.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| | - Thomas Simler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 , Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination , Strasbourg 67081 Cedex , France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen J, Guo J, Lu Z. Recent Advances in Hydrometallation of Alkenes and Alkynes via the First Row Transition Metal Catalysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Jordan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Percie K. Thompson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Coretta Scott King Young Women’s Leadership Academy, 1190 Northwest Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joseph P. Sadighi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stereoselective Alkyne Hydrohalogenation by Trapping of Transfer Hydrogenation Intermediates. Org Lett 2018; 20:4926-4929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
43
|
Zheng Y, Zi W. Transition-metal catalyzed enantioselective hydrofunctionalization of alkynes. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
44
|
Han L, Xu B, Liu T. Mechanisms of the synthesis of trialkylsubstituted alkenylboronates from unactivated internal alkynes catalyzed by copper: A theoretical study. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
45
|
Peng JB, Wu FP, Wu XF. First-Row Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbonylative Transformations of Carbon Electrophiles. Chem Rev 2018; 119:2090-2127. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bao Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People’s Republic of China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, Rostock 18059, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cheng LJ, Islam SM, Mankad NP. Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols via Cu-Catalyzed Hydrocarbonylative Coupling of Alkynes with Alkyl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1159-1164. [PMID: 29278494 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Shahidul M. Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neal P. Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tan YX, Tang XQ, Liu P, Kong DS, Chen YL, Tian P, Lin GQ. CuH-Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Reductive Coupling of Allenes to Enones. Org Lett 2017; 20:248-251. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xuan Tan
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Tang
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - De-Shen Kong
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institute
of Innovative Chinese Medicine (ICM), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya-Li Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institute
of Innovative Chinese Medicine (ICM), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Laboratory
of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institute
of Innovative Chinese Medicine (ICM), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zeng X, Lu Z, Liu S, Hammond GB, Xu B. Metal-free, Regio-, and Stereo-Controlled Hydrochlorination and Hydrobromination of Ynones and Ynamides. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13179-13187. [PMID: 29166765 PMCID: PMC5735994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We developed an atom-economical
and metal-free method for the regio-
and stereo-selective hydrohalogenation of ynones and ynamides using
easy to handle DMPU/HX (X = Br or Cl) reagents. The reaction operates
under mild conditions and a range of functional groups is well tolerated.
We propose that the hydrohalogenation of ynones gives the anti-addition products via a concerted multimolecular AdE3 mechanism and that the hydrohalogenation of ynamides produces
the syn-addition products via a cationic keteniminium
intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zeng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gerald B Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gui YY, Hu N, Chen XW, Liao LL, Ju T, Ye JH, Zhang Z, Li J, Yu DG. Highly Regio- and Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Reductive Hydroxymethylation of Styrenes and 1,3-Dienes with CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17011-17014. [PMID: 29125759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly regio- and enantioselective copper-catalyzed reductive hydroxymethylation of styrenes and 1,3-dienes with 1 atm of CO2. Diverse important chiral homobenzylic alcohols were readily prepared from styrenes. Moreover, a variety of 1,3-dienes also were converted to chiral homoallylic alcohols with high yields and excellent regio-, enantio-, and Z/E-selectivities. The utility of this transformation was demonstrated by a broad range of styrenes and 1,3-dienes, facile product modification, and synthesis of bioactive compounds (R)-(-)-curcumene and (S)-(+)-ibuprofen. Mechanistic studies demonstrated the carboxylation of phenylethylcopper complexes with CO2 as one key step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yuan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Naifu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ju
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University , Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li Z, Ebule R, Kostyo J, Hammond GB, Xu B. HBr-DMPU: The First Aprotic Organic Solution of Hydrogen Bromide. Chemistry 2017; 23:12739-12743. [PMID: 28762258 PMCID: PMC5682921 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HBr and DMPU (1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone) form a room-temperature-stable complex that provides a mild, effective, and selective hydrobrominating reagent toward alkynes, alkenes, and allenes. HBr-DMPU could also replace other halogenating reagents in the halo-Prins reaction, ether cleavage, and deoxy-bromination reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States
| | - Rene Ebule
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States
| | - Jessica Kostyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States
| | - Gerald B Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai, 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|