1
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Zhong J, Sun Z, Zhang L, Whitehead GFS, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Folding a Molecular Strand into a Trefoil Knot of Single Handedness with Co(II)/Co(III) Chaperones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21762-21768. [PMID: 39060953 PMCID: PMC11311214 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a right-handed (Δ-stereochemistry of strand crossings) trefoil knot from a single molecular strand containing three pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxamide units adjacent to point-chiral centers and six pyridine moieties. The oligomeric ligand strand folds into an overhand (open-trefoil) knot through the assistance of coordinatively dynamic Co(II) "chaperones" that drive the formation of a three-metal-ion circular helicate. The entangled structure is kinetically locked by oxidation to Co(III) and covalently captured by ring-closing olefin metathesis to generate a trefoil knot of single topological handedness. The stereochemistry of the strand crossings in the metal-coordinated overhand knot is governed by the stereochemistry of the point-chiral carbon centers in the ligand strand. The overhand and trefoil knots were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Removal of the metal ions from the knot, followed by hydrogenation of the alkene, yielded the wholly organic trefoil knot. The metal-free knot and parent ligand were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The CD spectra indicate that the topological stereochemistry of the knot has a greater effect on the asymmetry of the chromophore environment than do the point-chiral centers of the strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Zhanhu Sun
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - David A. Leigh
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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2
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Zhou Q, Dong X, Chi G, Cao XY, Zhang N, Wu S, Ma Y, Zhang ZH, Zhang L. Cinquefoil Knot Possessing Dynamic and Tunable Metal Coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39099103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
While the majority of knots are made from the metal-template approach, the use of entangled, constrained knotted loops to modulate the coordination of the metal ions remains inadequately elucidated. Here, we report on the coordination chemistry of a 140-atom-long cinquefoil knotted strand comprising five tridentate and five bidentate chelating vacancies. The knotted loop is prepared through the self-assembly of asymmetric "3 + 2" dentate ligands with copper(II) ions that favor five-coordination geometry. The formation of the copper(II) pentameric helicate is confirmed by X-ray crystallography, while the corresponding copper(II) knot is characterized by XPS and LR-/HR ESI-MS. Upon removal of the original template, the knotted ligand facilitates zinc(II) ions, which typically form four- or six-coordination geometries, resulting in the formation of an otherwise inaccessible zinc(II) metallic knot with coordinatively unsaturated metal centers. The coordination numbers and geometries of the zinc(II) cations are undoubtedly determined by X-ray crystallography. Despite the kinetically labile nature and high reversibility of the zinc(II) complex preventing the detection of 5-to-6 coordination equilibrium in solution, the effects on metal-ion coordination induced by knotting hold promise for fine-tuning the coordination of metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xue Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ningjin Zhang
- Instrumental Analytical Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, P. R. China
| | - Shitao Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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3
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Lim S, Cho Y, Kang JH, Hwang M, Park Y, Kwak SK, Jung SH, Jung JH. Metallosupramolecular Multiblock Copolymers of Lanthanide Complexes by Seeded Living Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18484-18497. [PMID: 38888168 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular block copolymers, derived via seeded living polymerization, are increasingly recognized for their rich structural and functional diversity, marking them as cutting-edge materials. The use of metal complexes in supramolecular block copolymerization not only offers a broad range of block copolymers through the structural similarity in the coordination geometry of the central metal ion but also controls spectroscopic properties, such as emission wavelength, emission strength, and fluorescence lifetime. However, the exploration of metallosupramolecular multiblock copolymerization based on metal complexes remains quite limited. In this work, we present a pioneering synthesis of metallosupramolecular multiblock copolymers utilizing Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes as building blocks. This is achieved through the strategic manipulation of nonequilibrium self-assemblies via a living supramolecular polymerization approach. Our comprehensive exploration of both thermodynamically and kinetically regulated metallosupramolecular polymerizations, centered around Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes with bisterpyridine-modified ligands containing R-alanine units and a long alkyl group, has highlighted intriguing behaviors. The monomeric [R-L1Eu(NO3)3] complex generates a spherical structure as the kinetic product. In contrast, the monomeric [R-L1Eu2(NO3)6] complex generates fiber aggregates as a thermodynamic product through intermolecular interactions such as π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction, and H-bonds. Utilizing the Eu3+ complex, we successfully conducted seed-induced living polymerization of the monomeric building unit under kinetically regulated conditions. This yielded a metallosupramolecular polymer of precisely controlled length with minimal polydispersity. Moreover, by copolymerizing the kinetically confined Tb3+ complex state ("A" species) with a seed derived from the Eu3+ complex ("B" species), we were able to fabricate metallosupramolecular tri- and pentablock copolymers with A-B-A, and B-A-B-A-B types, respectively, through a seed-end chain-growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seola Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Park
- Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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4
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Caffrey DF, Gorai T, Rawson B, Martínez‐Calvo M, Kitchen JA, Murray NS, Kotova O, Comby S, Peacock RD, Stachelek P, Pal R, Gunnlaugsson T. Ligand Chirality Transfer from Solution State to the Crystalline Self-Assemblies in Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Active Lanthanide Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307448. [PMID: 38447160 PMCID: PMC11095229 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a family of chiral and enantiomerically pure pyridyl-diamide (pda) ligands that upon complexation with europium [Eu(CF3SO3)3] result in chiral complexes with metal centered luminescence is reported; the sets of enantiomers giving rise to both circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signatures. The solid-state structures of these chiral metallosupramolecular systems are determined using X-ray diffraction showing that the ligand chirality is transferred from solution to the solid state. This optically favorable helical packing arrangement is confirmed by recording the CPL spectra from the crystalline assembly by using steady state and enantioselective differential chiral contrast (EDCC) CPL Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (CPL-LSCM) where the two enantiomers can be clearly distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Caffrey
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Tumpa Gorai
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- Present address:
Department of Polymers and Functional MaterialsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India
| | - Bláithín Rawson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Calvo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de QuímicaCampus VidaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela15782Spain
| | - Jonathan A. Kitchen
- Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Mathematical SciencesMassey UniversityAuckland0632New Zealand
| | - Niamh S. Murray
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Oxana Kotova
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Steve Comby
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | | | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
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5
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Zhang M, Nixon R, Schaufelberger F, Pirvu L, De Bo G, Leigh DA. Mechanical scission of a knotted polymer. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01510-3. [PMID: 38649468 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular knots and entanglements form randomly and spontaneously in both biological and synthetic polymer chains. It is known that macroscopic materials, such as ropes, are substantially weakened by the presence of knots, but until now it has been unclear whether similar behaviour occurs on a molecular level. Here we show that the presence of a well-defined overhand knot in a polymer chain substantially increases the rate of scission of the polymer under tension (≥2.6× faster) in solution, because deformation of the polymer backbone induced by the tightening knot activates otherwise unreactive covalent bonds. The fragments formed upon severing of the knotted chain differ from those that arise from cleavage of a similar, but unknotted, polymer. Our solution studies provide experimental evidence that knotting can contribute to higher mechanical scission rates of polymers. It also demonstrates that entanglement design can be used to generate mechanophores that are among the most reactive described to date, providing opportunities to increase the reactivity of otherwise inert functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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6
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Wilmore JT, Beer PD. Exploiting the Mechanical Bond Effect for Enhanced Molecular Recognition and Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309098. [PMID: 38174657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of charged species in biological and industrial processes has resulted in ever-increasing interest in their selective recognition, detection, and environmental remediation. Building on the established coordination chemistry principles of the chelate and macrocyclic effects, and host preorganization, supramolecular chemists seek to construct specific 3D binding cavities reminiscent of biotic systems to enhance host-guest binding affinity and selectivity. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) present a wholly unique platform for synthetic host design, wherein topologies afforded by the mechanical bond enable the decoration of 3D cavities for non-covalent interactions with a range of target guest geometries. Notably, MIM host systems exhibit mechanical bond effect augmented affinities and selectivities for a variety of charged guest species, compared to non-interlocked acyclic and macrocycle host analogs. Furthermore, the modular nature of MIM synthesis facilitates incorporation of optical and electrochemical reporter groups, enabling fabrication of highly sensitive and specific molecular sensors. This review discusses the development of recognition and sensing MIMs, from the first reports in the late 20th century through to the present day, delineating how their topologically preorganized and dynamic host cavities enhance charged guest recognition and sensing, demonstrating the mechanical bond effect as a potent tool in future chemosensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Wilmore
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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7
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Ashbridge Z, Fielden SDP, Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Zhang L. Knotting matters: orderly molecular entanglements. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7779-7809. [PMID: 35979715 PMCID: PMC9486172 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entangling strands in a well-ordered manner can produce useful effects, from shoelaces and fishing nets to brown paper packages tied up with strings. At the nanoscale, non-crystalline polymer chains of sufficient length and flexibility randomly form tangled mixtures containing open knots of different sizes, shapes and complexity. However, discrete molecular knots of precise topology can also be obtained by controlling the number, sequence and stereochemistry of strand crossings: orderly molecular entanglements. During the last decade, substantial progress in the nascent field of molecular nanotopology has been made, with general synthetic strategies and new knotting motifs introduced, along with insights into the properties and functions of ordered tangle sequences. Conformational restrictions imparted by knotting can induce allostery, strong and selective anion binding, catalytic activity, lead to effective chiral expression across length scales, binding modes in conformations efficacious for drug delivery, and facilitate mechanical function at the molecular level. As complex molecular topologies become increasingly synthetically accessible they have the potential to play a significant role in molecular and materials design strategies. We highlight particular examples of molecular knots to illustrate why these are a few of our favourite things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Ashbridge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, China
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8
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Ashbridge Z, Knapp OM, Kreidt E, Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F. Social Self-Sorting Synthesis of Molecular Knots. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17232-17240. [PMID: 36067448 PMCID: PMC9501921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report the synthesis of molecular prime and composite
knots
by social self-sorting of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide (pdc) ligands
of differing topicity and stereochemistry. Upon mixing achiral monotopic
and ditopic pdc-ligand strands in a 1:1:1 ratio with Lu(III), a well-defined
heteromeric complex featuring one of each ligand strand and the metal
ion is selectively formed. Introducing point-chiral centers into the
ligands leads to single-sense helical stereochemistry of the resulting
coordination complex. Covalent capture of the entangled structure
by ring-closing olefin metathesis then gives a socially self-sorted
trefoil knot of single topological handedness. In a related manner,
a heteromeric molecular granny knot (a six-crossing composite knot
featuring two trefoil tangles of the same handedness) was assembled
from social self-sorting of ditopic and tetratopic multi-pdc strands.
A molecular square knot (a six-crossing composite knot of two trefoil
tangles of opposite handedness) was assembled by social self-sorting
of a ditopic pdc strand with four (S)-centers and
a tetratopic strand with two (S)- and six (R)-centers. Each of the entangled structures was characterized
by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry,
and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The precise control of composition
and topological chirality through social self-sorting enables the
rapid assembly of well-defined sequences of entanglements for molecular
knots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Ashbridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Olivia M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Elisabeth Kreidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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9
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Xu GT, Chang XY, Low KH, Wu LL, Wan Q, Shu HX, To WP, Huang JS, Che CM. Self-Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots Featuring Pentadecanuclear Homoleptic Au I -, Au I /Ag I -, or Au I /Cu I -Alkynyl Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200748. [PMID: 35183066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free and metal-containing molecular trefoil knots are fascinating ensembles that are usually covalently assembled, the latter requiring the rational design of di- or multidentate/multipodal ligands as connectors. In this work, we describe the self-assembly of pentadecanuclear AuI trefoil knots [Au15 (C≡CR)15 ] from monoalkynes HC≡CR (R=9,9-X2 -fluorenyl with X=nBu, n-hexyl) and [AuI (THT)Cl]. Hetero-bimetallic counterparts [Au9 M6 (C≡CR)15 ] (M=Cu/Ag) were self-assembled by reactions of [Au15 (C≡CR)15 ] with [Cu(MeCN)4 ]+ /AgNO3 and HC≡CR. The type of pentadecanuclear trefoil knots described herein is characterized by X-ray crystallography, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. [Au9 Cu6 (C≡CR)15 ] is relatively stable in hexane; its excited state properties were investigated. DFT calculations revealed that non-covalent metal-metal and metal-ligand interactions, together with longer alkyl chain-strengthened inter-ligand dispersion interactions, govern the stability of the trefoil knot structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Xing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Xu GT, Chang XY, Low KH, Wu LL, Wan Q, Shu HX, To WP, Huang JS, Che CM. Self‐Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots Featuring Pentadecanuclear Homoleptic AuI‐, AuI/AgI‐, or AuI/CuI‐Alkynyl Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Qingyun Wan
- The University of Hong Kong Chemistry HONG KONG
| | | | - Wai-Pong To
- The University of Hong Kong Chemistry HONG KONG
| | | | - Chi-Ming Che
- The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road - Hong Kong HONG KONG
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11
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Wang QLS, Lin YJ, Jin GX. Same knot, longer rope: altering ligand geometry provides control over nuclearity in self-assembled trefoil knots. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9772-9775. [PMID: 34486610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the accumulation of a number of noncovalent intramolecular interactions, octanuclear and hexanuclear trefoil knots are self-assembled based on half-sandwich rhodium fragments. The selective synthesis of either the octanuclear or hexanuclear knot can be controlled by altering different dipyridyl arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Li-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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13
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Carpenter JP, McTernan CT, Greenfield JL, Lavendomme R, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Controlling the shape and chirality of an eight-crossing molecular knot. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Leigh DA, Danon JJ, Fielden SDP, Lemonnier JF, Whitehead GFS, Woltering SL. A molecular endless (7 4) knot. Nat Chem 2021; 13:117-122. [PMID: 33318672 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies for the synthesis of molecular knots focus on twisting, folding and/or threading molecular building blocks. Here we report that Zn(II) or Fe(II) ions can be used to weave ligand strands to form a woven 3 × 3 molecular grid. We found that the process requires tetrafluoroborate anions to template the assembly of the interwoven grid by binding within the square cavities formed between the metal-coordinated criss-crossed ligands. The strand ends of the grid can subsequently be joined through within-grid alkene metathesis reactions to form a topologically trivial macrocycle (unknot), a doubly interlocked [2]catenane (Solomon link) and a knot with seven crossings in a 258-atom-long closed loop. This 74 knot topology corresponds to that of an endless knot, which is a basic motif of Celtic interlace, the smallest Chinese knot and one of the eight auspicious symbols of Buddhism and Hinduism. The weaving of molecular strands within a discrete layer by anion-template metal-ion coordination opens the way for the synthesis of other molecular knot topologies and to woven polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jonathan J Danon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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15
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Non‐Covalent Interaction‐Directed Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Non‐Trivial Supramolecular Topologies. CHEM REC 2021; 21:574-593. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Yim KH, Yeung CT, Wong HY, Law GL. Structural variation of self-assembled lanthanide supramolecular complexes induced by reaction conditions. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The structural variation of self-assembled lanthanide supramolecular complexes which can be induced by different factors such as concentration, anion and solvent, cationic radii, stoichiometric ratio and light.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Him Yim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
- Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Tung Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
- Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
- Hong Kong
| | - Ga-Lai Law
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hung Hom
- Hong Kong
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17
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Abstract
The properties of knots are exploited in a range of applications, from shoelaces to the knots used for climbing, fishing and sailing1. Although knots are found in DNA and proteins2, and form randomly in other long polymer chains3,4, methods for tying5 different sorts of knots in a synthetic nanoscale strand are lacking. Molecular knots of high symmetry have previously been synthesized by using non-covalent interactions to assemble and entangle molecular chains6-15, but in such instances the template and/or strand structure intrinsically determines topology, which means that only one type of knot is usually possible. Here we show that interspersing coordination sites for different metal ions within an artificial molecular strand enables it to be tied into multiple knots. Three topoisomers-an unknot (01) macrocycle, a trefoil (31) knot6-15, and a three-twist (52) knot-were each selectively prepared from the same molecular strand by using transition-metal and lanthanide ions to guide chain folding in a manner reminiscent of the action of protein chaperones16. We find that the metal-ion-induced folding can proceed with stereoinduction: in the case of one knot, a lanthanide(III)-coordinated crossing pattern formed only with a copper(I)-coordinated crossing of particular handedness. In an unanticipated finding, metal-ion coordination was also found to translocate an entanglement from one region of a knotted molecular structure to another, resulting in an increase in writhe (topological strain) in the new knotted conformation. The knot topology affects the chemical properties of the strand: whereas the tighter 52 knot can bind two different metal ions simultaneously, the looser 31 isomer can bind only either one copper(I) ion or one lutetium(III) ion. The ability to tie nanoscale chains into different knots offers opportunities to explore the modification of the structure and properties of synthetic oligomers, polymers and supramolecules.
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18
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Zhang YW, Bai S, Wang YY, Han YF. A Strategy for the Construction of Triply Interlocked Organometallic Cages by Rational Design of Poly-NHC Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13614-13621. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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19
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Evans NH. Lanthanide-Containing Rotaxanes, Catenanes, and Knots. Chempluschem 2020; 85:783-792. [PMID: 32319722 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The valuable luminescence, magnetic, and catalytic properties of lanthanide cations are beginning to be exploited in conjunction with structurally exotic mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as rotaxanes, catenanes and knots. This Minireview provides an account of this rapidly developing research area commencing with the use of lanthanides in extended MIM-containing frameworks. Then, attention turns to discrete lanthanide-containing pseudorotaxanes, followed by fully interlocked rotaxanes, catenanes and knots - where lanthanides have not only been incorporated into MIM architectures but have also been used to template formation of the interlocked structure. Particular focus is paid to examples where the lanthanide MIMs have been put to useful applications, in what is still a relatively youthful avenue of research in both lanthanide coordination chemistry and the chemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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20
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Shan W, Gao X, Lin Y, Jin G. Template‐Free Self‐Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots and Double Trefoil Knots Featuring Cp*Rh Building Blocks. Chemistry 2020; 26:5093-5099. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Long Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnhui University of Technology Maanshan 243002 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yue‐Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Guo‐Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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21
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Dang LL, Gao X, Lin YJ, Jin GX. s-Block metal ions induce structural transformations between figure-eight and double trefoil knots. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of s-block metal ions induces reversible structural transformation of molecular knots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Dang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Xiang Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
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22
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Zhong J, Zhang L, August DP, Whitehead GFS, Leigh DA. Self-Sorting Assembly of Molecular Trefoil Knots of Single Handedness. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14249-14256. [PMID: 31389229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on the stereoselective synthesis of trefoil knots of single topological handedness in up to 90% yield (over two steps) through the formation of trimeric circular helicates from ligand strands containing either imine or, unexpectedly, amide chelating units and metal ion templates of the appropriate coordination character (zinc(II) for imines; cobalt(III) for amides). The coordination stereochemistry of the octahedral metal complexes is determined by asymmetric carbon centers in the strands, ultimately translating into trefoil knots that are a single enantiomer, both physically and in terms of their fundamental topology. Both the imine-zinc and amide-cobalt systems display self-sorting behavior, with racemic ligands forming knots that individually contain only building blocks of the same chirality. The knots and the corresponding trimeric circular helicate intermediates (Zn(II)3 complex for the imine ligands; Co(III)3 complex for the amide ligands) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The latter confirms the trefoil knots as 84-membered macrocycles, with each of the metal ions sited at a crossing point for three regions of the strand. The stereochemistry of the octahedral coordination centers imparts alternating crossings of the same handedness within each circular helicate. The expression of chirality of the knotted molecules was probed by circular dichroism: The topological handedness of the demetalated knots was found to have a greater effect on the CD response than the Euclidean chirality of an individual chiral center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhong
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 200062 Shanghai , China.,School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - David P August
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - George F S Whitehead
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 200062 Shanghai , China.,School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
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23
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Barry DE, Kitchen JA, Mercs L, Peacock RD, Albrecht M, Gunnlaugsson T. Chiral luminescent lanthanide complexes possessing strong (samarium, Sm III) circularly polarised luminescence (CPL), and their self-assembly into Langmuir-Blodgett films. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11317-11325. [PMID: 31271402 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lanthanide directed self-assembly of chiral amphiphilic 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid based ligands 1 and 2 with various Ln(CF3SO3)3 (Ln = TbIII, SmIII, LuIII, DyIII) salts was studied in CH3CN and evaluated with the expected 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 Ln : Ligand species forming in solution. Ligand chirality was retained and transferred, as depicted by circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) measurements (for TbIII and SmIII), to the lanthanide centre upon complexation with high dissymmetry factor values for the SmIII complexes obtained (glum = -0.44 and 0.29 and 0.45 and -0.23 for the 4G5/2→6H5/2 and the 4G5/2→6H7/2 transitions of Sm·13 and Sm·23, respectively). The ability of the complexes to form stable Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface was also established while Langmuir-Blodgett films of Tb·L3 and Sm·L3 exhibited lanthanide luminescent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Barry
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan A Kitchen
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laszlo Mercs
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Robert D Peacock
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G 12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin Albrecht
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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24
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Feng H, Gao W, Lin Y, Jin G. Selective Synthesis of Discrete Mono‐, Interlocked‐, and Borromean Ring Ensembles Based on a
π
‐Electron‐Deficient Ligand. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2712-2718. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Xi Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yue‐Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Guo‐Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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25
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Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F. Stereoselective Synthesis of Molecular Square and Granny Knots. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6054-6059. [PMID: 30892025 PMCID: PMC6492950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
report on the stereoselective synthesis of both molecular granny
and square knots through the use of lanthanide-complexed overhand
knots of specific handedness as three-crossing “entanglement
synthons”. The composite knots are assembled by combining two
entanglement synthons (of the same chirality for a granny knot; of
opposite handedness for a square knot) in three synthetic steps: first,
a CuAAC reaction joins together one end of each overhand knot. Ring-closing
olefin metathesis (RCM) then affords the closed-loop knot, locking
the topology. This allows the lanthanide ions necessary for stabilizing
the entangled conformation of the synthons to subsequently be removed.
The composite knots were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and the chirality of the
knot stereoisomers compared by circular dichroism. The synthetic strategy
of combining building blocks of defined stereochemistry (here overhand
knots of Λ- or Δ-handed entanglement) is reminiscent of
the chiron approach of using minimalist chiral synthons in the stereoselective
synthesis of molecules with multiple asymmetric centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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26
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Zhang L, Stephens AJ, Lemonnier JF, Pirvu L, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Robinson CJ, Leigh DA. Coordination Chemistry of a Molecular Pentafoil Knot. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3952-3958. [PMID: 30742430 PMCID: PMC6438588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The binding of Zn(II) cations to
a pentafoil (51) knotted
ligand allows the synthesis of otherwise inaccessible metalated molecular
pentafoil knots via transmetalation, affording the corresponding “first-sphere”
coordination Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) pentanuclear knots in good
yields (≥85%). Each of the knot complexes was characterized
by mass spectrometry, the diamagnetic (zinc) knot complex was characterized
by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the zinc,
cobalt, and nickel pentafoil knots afforded single crystals whose
structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Lehn-type circular
helicates generally only form with tris-bipy ligand strands and Fe(II)
(and, in some cases, Ni(II) and Zn(II)) salts, so such architectures
become accessible for other metal cations only through the use of
knotted ligands. The different metalated knots all exhibit “second-sphere”
coordination of a single chloride ion within the central cavity of
the knot through CH···Cl– hydrogen
bonding and electrostatic interactions. The chloride binding affinities
were determined in MeCN by isothermal titration calorimetry, and the
strength of binding was shown to vary over 3 orders of magnitude for
the different metal-ion–knotted-ligand second-sphere coordination
complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China.,School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher J Robinson
- SYNBIOCHEM, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN , United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China.,School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
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27
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Yee CC, Ng AWH, Au-Yeung HY. Control over the macrocyclisation pathway and product topology in a copper-templated catenane synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6169-6172. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to control building block intertwining and the efficient assembly of a linear [4]catenane are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chung Yee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | | | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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28
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Kotova O, Comby S, Pandurangan K, Stomeo F, O'Brien JE, Feeney M, Peacock RD, McCoy CP, Gunnlaugsson T. The effect of the linker size in C 2-symmetrical chiral ligands on the self-assembly formation of luminescent triple-stranded di-metallic Eu(iii) helicates in solution. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12308-12317. [PMID: 30113616 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02753f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral lanthanide-based supramolecular structures have gained significant importance in view of their application in imaging, sensing and other functional purposes. We have designed chiral C2-symmetrical ligands (L) based on the use of two 2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic-amide moieties (pda), that differ from one another by the nature of the diamine spacer groups (from 1,3-phenylenedimethanamine (1(S,S), 2(R,R)) and benzene-1,3-diamine (3(S,S), 4(R,R)) to much bulkier 4,4'-(cyclohexane-1,1-diyl)bis(2,6-dimethylaniline) (5(S,S), 6(R,R))) between these two pda units. The self-assembly between L and Eu(iii) ions were investigated in CH3CN solution at low concentration whereby the changes in the absorbance, fluorescence and Eu(iii)-centred emission spectra allowed us to model the binding equilibria occurring in the solution to the presence of [Eu:L2], [Eu2:L2], [Eu2:L3] assemblies and reveal their high binding constant values. The self-assembly in solution were also studied at higher concentration by following the changes in the 1H NMR spectra of the ligands upon Eu(iii) addition, as well as by using MALDI-MS of the isolated solid state complexes. The chiroptical properties of the ligands were used in order to study the structural changes upon self-assembly between the ligands and Eu(iii) ions using circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) spectroscopies. The photophysical properties of [Eu2:L3] complexes were evaluated in solution and showed a decrease of luminescence quantum yield when going from the ligand with smaller (1(S,S)) to bulkier (5(S,S)) linker from ∼5.8% to ∼2.6%. While mass-spectrometry revealed the possible formation of trinucler assemblies such as [Eu3:L3] and [Eu3:L2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Kotova
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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29
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Zhang L, Stephens AJ, Nussbaumer AL, Lemonnier JF, Jurček P, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Stereoselective synthesis of a composite knot with nine crossings. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1083-1088. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Tetlow DJ, Zhang L. Securing a Supramolecular Architecture by Tying a Stopper Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10484-10488. [PMID: 29708636 PMCID: PMC6099318 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on a rotaxane-like architecture secured by the in situ tying of an overhand knot in the tris(2,6-pyridyldicarboxamide) region of the axle through complexation with a lanthanide ion (Lu3+ ). The increase in steric bulk caused by the knotting locks a crown ether onto the thread. Removal of the lutetium ion unties the knot, and when the axle binding site for the ring is deactivated, the macrocycle spontaneously dethreads. When the binding interaction is switched on again, the crown ether rethreads over the 10 nm length of the untangled strand. The overhand knot can be retied, relocking the threaded structure, by once again adding lutetium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | | | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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31
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Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Tetlow DJ, Zhang L. Securing a Supramolecular Architecture by Tying a Stopper Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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32
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Marenda M, Orlandini E, Micheletti C. Discovering privileged topologies of molecular knots with self-assembling models. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3051. [PMID: 30076306 PMCID: PMC6076300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the several available strategies to build complex supramolecular constructs, only a handful of different molecular knots have been synthesised so far. Here, in response to the quest for further designable topologies, we use Monte Carlo sampling and molecular dynamics simulations, informed by general principles of supramolecular assembly, as a discovery tool for thermodynamically and kinetically accessible knot types made of helical templates. By combining this approach with the exhaustive enumeration of molecular braiding patterns applicable to more general template geometries, we find that only few selected shapes have the closed, symmetric and quasi-planar character typical of synthetic knots. The corresponding collection of admissible topologies is extremely restricted. It covers all known molecular knots but it especially includes a limited set of novel complex ones that have not yet been obtained experimentally, such as 10124 and 15n41185, making them privileged targets for future self-assembling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Marenda
- SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, I-34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enzo Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", sezione INFN, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristian Micheletti
- SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, via Bonomea 265, I-34136, Trieste, Italy.
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33
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Jamieson EMG, Modicom F, Goldup SM. Chirality in rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5266-5311. [PMID: 29796501 PMCID: PMC6049620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although chiral mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have been synthesised and studied, enantiopure examples are relatively under-represented in the pantheon of reported catenanes and rotaxanes and the underlying chirality of the system is often even overlooked. This is changing with the advent of new applications of MIMs in catalysis, sensing and materials and the appearance of new methods to access unusual stereogenic units unique to the mechanical bond. Here we discuss the different stereogenic units that have been investigated in catenanes and rotaxanes, examples of their application, methods for assigning absolute stereochemistry and provide a perspective on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. G. Jamieson
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - F. Modicom
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - S. M. Goldup
- Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
University Road, Highfield
, Southampton
, SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
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34
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Sun LY, Sinha N, Yan T, Wang YS, Tan TTY, Yu L, Han YF, Hahn FE. Template Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Hexakisimidazolium Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5161-5165. [PMID: 29394472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A procedure for the synthesis of three-dimensional hexakisimidazolium cage compounds has been developed. The reaction of the trigonal trisimidazolium salts H3 L(PF6 )3 , decorated with three N-olefinic pendants, and silver oxide yielded trinuclear trisilver(I) hexacarbene molecular cylinders of the type [Ag3 L2 ]3+ with the olefinic pendants from the two different tricarbene ligands arranged in three pairs. Subsequent UV irradiation gave three cyclobutane links between the two tris-NHC ligands in three [2+2] cycloaddition reactions, thereby generating a three-dimensional hexakis-NHC ligand. Removal of the metal ions resulted in the formation of three-dimensional hexakisimidazolium cages with a large internal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Shou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Tristan T Y Tan
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - F Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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35
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Sun LY, Sinha N, Yan T, Wang YS, Tan TTY, Yu L, Han YF, Hahn FE. Templatsynthese dreidimensionaler Hexakisimidazolium-Käfige. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 V.R. China
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Tao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 V.R. China
| | - Yi-Shou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 V.R. China
| | - Tristan T. Y. Tan
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 V.R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 V.R. China
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
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36
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Zhang L, August DP, Zhong J, Whitehead GFS, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Molecular Trefoil Knot from a Trimeric Circular Helicate. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [PMID: 29537836 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the two-step synthesis of a molecular trefoil knot in 90% overall yield through the self-assembly of a 12-component trimeric circular zinc helicate followed by ring closing metathesis of six pendant alkene chains. Both the trimeric circular helicate intermediate and the resulting trefoil knot were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - David P August
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Jiankang Zhong
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | | | | | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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37
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Lewis JEM, Beer PD, Loeb SJ, Goldup SM. Metal ions in the synthesis of interlocked molecules and materials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:2577-2591. [PMID: 28447678 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of metal ions to template the synthesis of catenanes by Sauvage and co-workers was a pivotal moment in the development of the field of interlocked molecules. In this Review Article we shall examine the different roles metal-ligand interactions play in modern syntheses of interlocked molecules and materials, with a particular focus on seminal contributions and the advantages and disadvantages of employing metal ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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38
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Prakasam T, Bilbeisi RA, Lusi M, Olsen JC, Platas-Iglesias C, Trabolsi A. Post-synthetic modifications of cadmium-based knots and links. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7398-401. [PMID: 27194510 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02423h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three topologically non-trivial cadmium(ii)-based complexes-Cd-[2]C, Cd-TK and Cd-SL-were simultaneously self-assembled in a dynamic library, individually isolated and fully characterized using solid-state, gas-phase and solution-phase techniques. Post-synthetic modifications, including reduction and transmetalation, were subsequently achieved. Imine bond reduction followed by demetallation led to the isolation of the corresponding organic molecules [2]C, TK and SL. Transmetalation of Cd-TK and Cd-SL with the zinc(ii) cation resulted in isolation of the corresponding zinc(ii)-containing complexes Zn-TK and Zn-SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumurugan Prakasam
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building (C1), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rana A Bilbeisi
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building (C1), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Matteo Lusi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland
| | - John-Carl Olsen
- School of Sciences, Indiana University Kokomo, Kokomo, IN 46904, USA
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building (C1), Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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39
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Han X, Liu G, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of rotaxanes and catenanes using an imine clipping reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10331-10351. [PMID: 27714207 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly provide a valuable chance to understand the complicated topological structures on a molecular level. Two types of classical mechanically interlocked molecules, rotaxanes and catenanes, possess non-covalent mechanical bonds and have attracted more attention not only in supramolecular chemistry but also in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology and bioscience. In the past decades, the template-directed clipping reaction based on imine chemistry has become one of the most efficient methods for the construction of functionalized rotaxanes and catenanes. In this review, we outlined the main progress of rotaxanes and catenanes using the template-directed clipping approach of imine chemistry. The review contains the novel topological structures of rotaxanes and catenanes, functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Guotao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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40
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Quaglio D, Zappia G, De Paolis E, Balducci S, Botta B, Ghirga F. Olefin metathesis reaction as a locking tool for macrocycle and mechanomolecule construction. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00728d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present review deals with an updated visit to the olefin metathesis reaction as a powerful tool for the construction of sophisticated macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Quaglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Zappia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari
- Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - Elisa De Paolis
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza
| | - Silvia Balducci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 00161 Rome
- Italy
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41
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Abstract
The first synthetic molecular trefoil knot was prepared in the late 1980s. However, it is only in the last few years that more complex small-molecule knot topologies have been realized through chemical synthesis. The steric restrictions imposed on molecular strands by knotting can impart significant physical and chemical properties, including chirality, strong and selective ion binding, and catalytic activity. As the number and complexity of accessible molecular knot topologies increases, it will become increasingly useful for chemists to adopt the knot terminology employed by other disciplines. Here we give an overview of synthetic strategies towards molecular knots and outline the principles of knot, braid, and tangle theory appropriate to chemistry and molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. P. Fielden
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
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43
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Kitchen JA. Lanthanide-based self-assemblies of 2,6-pyridyldicarboxamide ligands: Recent advances and applications as next-generation luminescent and magnetic materials. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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44
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Danon JJ, Krüger A, Leigh DA, Lemonnier JF, Stephens AJ, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Woltering SL. Braiding a molecular knot with eight crossings. Science 2017; 355:159-162. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aal1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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45
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Wang QQ, Luo N, Wang XD, Ao YF, Chen YF, Liu JM, Su CY, Wang DX, Wang MX. Molecular Barrel by a Hooping Strategy: Synthesis, Structure, and Selective CO2 Adsorption Facilitated by Lone Pair−π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:635-638. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Luo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun-Min Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous and Chemical Biology (Ministry
of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100184, China
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46
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Gil-Ramírez G, Hoekman S, Kitching MO, Leigh DA, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Zhang G. Tying a Molecular Overhand Knot of Single Handedness and Asymmetric Catalysis with the Corresponding Pseudo-D 3-Symmetric Trefoil Knot. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13159-13162. [PMID: 27667319 PMCID: PMC5152939 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the stereoselective synthesis of a left-handed trefoil knot from a tris(2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide) oligomer with six chiral centers using a lanthanide(III) ion template. The oligomer folds around the lanthanide ion to form an overhand knot complex of single handedness. Subsequent joining of the overhand knot end groups by ring-closing olefin metathesis affords a single enantiomer of the trefoil knot in 90% yield. The knot topology and handedness were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The pseudo-D3-symmetric knot was employed as an asymmetric catalyst in Mukaiyama aldol reactions, generating enantioselectivities of up to 83:17 er, which are significantly higher than those obtained with a comparable unknotted ligand complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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47
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Yamada Y, Kato T, Tanaka K. Assembly of Multi-Phthalocyanines on a Porphyrin Template by Fourfold Rotaxane Formation. Chemistry 2016; 22:12371-80. [PMID: 27417388 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A stacked assembly composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines was prepared through fourfold rotaxane formation. Two phthalocyanine molecules, bearing four 24-crown-8 units, were assembled onto a porphyrin template incorporating four sidechains with two dialkylammonium ions each through pseudorotaxane formation between crown ether units and ammonium ions. The Staudinger phosphite reaction, as the stoppering reaction, resulted in the formation of the stacked heterotrimer composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines connected through a fourfold rotaxane structure. UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the heterotrimer indicated that there is a significant electronic interaction between the two phthalocyanine units due to the close stacking. The electrochemical oxidation process of the stacked heterotrimer was studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of a dinuclear Cu(II) complex, in which two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were assembled on a metal-free porphyrin template, revealed that two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were located within the stacking distance, which resulted in an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two S=1/2 spins in the ground state of the Cu(2+) ions in the heterotrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.
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48
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Marcos V, Stephens AJ, Jaramillo-Garcia J, Nussbaumer AL, Woltering SL, Valero A, Lemonnier JF, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Allosteric initiation and regulation of catalysis with a molecular knot. Science 2016; 352:1555-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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49
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Byrne JP, Blasco S, Aletti AB, Hessman G, Gunnlaugsson T. Formation of Self-Templated 2,6-Bis(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine [2]Catenanes by Triazolyl Hydrogen Bonding: Selective Anion Hosts for Phosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Byrne
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Anna B. Aletti
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Gary Hessman
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
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50
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Byrne JP, Blasco S, Aletti AB, Hessman G, Gunnlaugsson T. Formation of Self-Templated 2,6-Bis(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine [2]Catenanes by Triazolyl Hydrogen Bonding: Selective Anion Hosts for Phosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8938-43. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Byrne
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie; Universität Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Anna B. Aletti
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Gary Hessman
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI); Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
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