1
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Kasthuri Dias S, Bhandari S, Devage SA, Avery JA, Kumar R, Ramanathan R, Krishnan S. Discovery of Electrochemical Indicators upon Sarcoplasmic Meat Discoloration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:30728-30732. [PMID: 39476413 PMCID: PMC11565638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/14/2024]
Abstract
Meat discoloration is one of the challenges facing the food industry, which affects both quality and shelf life. In this report, we present our groundbreaking discovery of electrochemically probing specific redox peaks associated with meat discoloration and successfully monitor its delay when controlled biochemically with added antioxidants. We have validated the redox features by spectrophotometry measurements of the relative levels of oxymyoglobin, which gives meat its cherry red color, and metmyoglobin, which causes the meat to turn brown in relation to discoloration. The insights from this research open up new avenues for the development of innovative electroanalytical tools for studying meat color and quality. These new tools could potentially minimize nutritious beef waste, lessen the environmental burden associated with waste disposal, and reduce CO2 emissions linked to discoloration issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silan Bhandari
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sachinthani A. Devage
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Avery
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Rishav Kumar
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Ranjith Ramanathan
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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2
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Premaratne G, Niroula J, Moulton JT, Krishnan S. Nanobioelectrocatalysis Using Human Liver Microsomes and Cytochrome P450 Bactosomes: Pyrenyl-Nanocarbon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2197-2204. [PMID: 38431903 PMCID: PMC11022171 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Human liver microsomes containing various drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, along with their NADPH-reductase bound to phospholipid membranes, were absorbed onto 1-pyrene butylamine pi-pi stacked with amine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified graphite electrodes. The interfaced microsomal biofilm demonstrated direct electrochemical communication with the underlying electrode surface and enhanced oxygen reduction electrocatalytic activity typical of heme enzymes such as P450s over the unmodified electrodes and nonenzymatic currents. Similar enhancements in currents were observed when the bioelectrodes were constructed with recombinant P450 2C9 (single isoform) expressed bactosomes. The designed liver microsomal and 2C9 bactosomal bioelectrodes successfully facilitated the electrocatalytic conversion of diclofenac, a drug candidate, into 4'-hydroxydiclofenac. The enzymatic electrocatalytic metabolite yield was several-fold greater on the modified electrodes than on the unmodified bulk graphite electrodes adsorbed with a microsomal or bactosomal film. The nonenzymatic metabolite production was less than the enzymatically catalyzed metabolite yield in the designed microsomal and bactosomal biofilm electrodes. To test the throughput potential of the designed biofilms, eight-electrode array configurations were tested with the microsomal and bactosomal biofilms toward electrochemical 4'-hydroxydiclofenac metabolite production from diclofenac. The stability of the designed microsomal bioelectrode was assessed using nonfaradaic impedance spectroscopy over 40 h, which indicated good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan Premaratne
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jinesh Niroula
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - James T. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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3
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Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Filippova TA, Tumilovich AM, Strushkevich NV, Gilep AA, Khudoklinova YY, Shumyantseva VV. Bielectrode Strategy for Determination of CYP2E1 Catalytic Activity: Electrodes with Bactosomes and Voltammetric Determination of 6-Hydroxychlorzoxazone. Biomedicines 2024; 12:152. [PMID: 38255257 PMCID: PMC10812958 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a bielectrode system for evaluation of the electrocatalytic activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) towards chlorzoxazone. One electrode of the system was employed to immobilize Bactosomes with human CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), and cytochrome b5 (cyt b5). The second electrode was used to quantify CYP2E1-produced 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone by its direct electrochemical oxidation, registered using square-wave voltammetry. Using this system, we determined the steady-state kinetic parameters of chlorzoxazone hydroxylation by CYP2E1 of Bactosomes immobilized on the electrode: the maximal reaction rate (Vmax) was 1.64 ± 0.08 min-1, and the Michaelis constant (KM) was 78 ± 9 μM. We studied the electrochemical characteristics of immobilized Bactosomes and have revealed that electron transfer from the electrode occurs both to the flavin prosthetic groups of CPR and the heme iron ions of CYP2E1 and cyt b5. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that CPR has the capacity to activate CYP2E1 electrocatalytic activity towards chlorzoxazone, likely through intermolecular electron transfer from the electrochemically reduced form of CPR to the CYP2E1 heme iron ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Rami A. Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana A. Filippova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya M. Tumilovich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Building 2, V.F. Kuprevich Street, 220084 Minsk, Belarus; (A.M.T.); (N.V.S.)
| | - Natallia V. Strushkevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Building 2, V.F. Kuprevich Street, 220084 Minsk, Belarus; (A.M.T.); (N.V.S.)
| | - Andrei A. Gilep
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NASB, 5 Building 2, V.F. Kuprevich Street, 220084 Minsk, Belarus; (A.M.T.); (N.V.S.)
| | - Yulia Yu. Khudoklinova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria V. Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (R.A.M.); (T.A.F.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
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4
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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5
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Sun X, Sun J, Ye Y, Ji J, Sheng L, Yang D, Sun X. Metabolic pathway-based self-assembled Au@MXene liver microsome electrochemical biosensor for rapid screening of aflatoxin B1. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 151:108378. [PMID: 36774719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) catalyze the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolites, which play an important role in carcinogenesis. In this study, we report a simple electrochemical liver-microsome-based biosensor using a composite of gold nanoparticles adsorbed on MXene (Au@MXene) for rapid screening of AFB1. Rat liver microsomes (RLMs) were directly adsorbed on the Au@MXene nanocomposite. The high conductivity, large specific surface area, and good biocompatibility of the Au@MXene nanocomposite enabled the direct electron transfer between the RLMs and the electrode and maintained the biological activity of the enzyme in the RLMs to a large extent. The metabolic behavior of the RLM biosensor that was developed for the electrocatalyst of AFB1 to its hydroxylation metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was confirmed. Based on the change in the electrical signal generated by this metabolic behavior, we established the relationship between AFB1 content and amperometric (I-t) current signal. When the AFB1 concentration ranged from 0.01 μM to 50 μM, the AFB1 concentration was linearly related to the electrical signal with a limit of detection of 2.8 nM. The results of the recovery experiments for corn samples showed that the recovery and accuracy of the sensor were consistent with the UPLC-MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lina Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Diaodiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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6
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Silveira CM, Rodrigues PR, Ghach W, Pereira SA, Esteves F, Kranendonk M, Etienne M, Almeida MG. Electrochemical Activity of Cytochrome P450 1A2: The Relevance of O
2
Control and the Natural Electron Donor. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Célia M. Silveira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier ITQB NOVA Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Patrícia R. Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff CF14 4XN UK
| | - Wissam Ghach
- Chimie et Physique Moléculaires, LCPME CNRS and Université de Lorraine 54000 Nancy France
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre NOVA Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130 1169-056 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Francisco Esteves
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics) CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130 1169-056 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics) CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130 1169-056 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Mathieu Etienne
- Chimie et Physique Moléculaires, LCPME CNRS and Université de Lorraine 54000 Nancy France
| | - M. Gabriela Almeida
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829-516 Monte de Caparica Portugal
- Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM) Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz Monte de Caparica 2829-511 Caparica Portugal
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7
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Walker A, Walgama C, Nerimetla R, Habib Alavi S, Echeverria E, Harimkar SP, McIlroy DN, Krishnan S. Roughened graphite biointerfaced with P450 liver microsomes: Surface and electrochemical characterizations. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110790. [PMID: 32028130 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Low-cost, voltage-driven biocatalytic designs for rapid drug metabolism assay, chemical toxicity screening, and pollutant biosensing represent considerable significance for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental applications. In this study, we have designed biointerfaces of human liver microsomes with various roughened, high-purity graphite disk electrodes to study electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties. Successful spectral and microscopic characterizations, direct bioelectronic communication, direct electron-transfer rates from the electrode to liver microsomal enzymes, microsomal heme-enzyme specific oxygen reduction currents, and voltage-driven diclofenac hydroxylation (chosen as the probe reaction) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Charuksha Walgama
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Rajasekhara Nerimetla
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - S Habib Alavi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Elena Echeverria
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Sandip P Harimkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - David N McIlroy
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, United States.
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8
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Li Z, Jiang Y, Guengerich FP, Ma L, Li S, Zhang W. Engineering cytochrome P450 enzyme systems for biomedical and biotechnological applications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:833-849. [PMID: 31811088 PMCID: PMC6970918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are broadly distributed among living organisms and play crucial roles in natural product biosynthesis, degradation of xenobiotics, steroid biosynthesis, and drug metabolism. P450s are considered as the most versatile biocatalysts in nature because of the vast variety of substrate structures and the types of reactions they catalyze. In particular, P450s can catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxidations of nonactivated C-H bonds in complex organic molecules under mild conditions, making P450s useful biocatalysts in the production of commodity pharmaceuticals, fine or bulk chemicals, bioremediation agents, flavors, and fragrances. Major efforts have been made in engineering improved P450 systems that overcome the inherent limitations of the native enzymes. In this review, we focus on recent progress of different strategies, including protein engineering, redox-partner engineering, substrate engineering, electron source engineering, and P450-mediated metabolic engineering, in efforts to more efficiently produce pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. We also discuss future opportunities for engineering and applications of the P450 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
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9
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10
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Walgama C, Pathiranage A, Akinwale M, Montealegre R, Niroula J, Echeverria E, McIlroy DN, Harriman TA, Lucca DA, Krishnan S. Buckypaper–Bilirubin Oxidase Biointerface for Electrocatalytic Applications: Buckypaper Thickness. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2229-2236. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charuksha Walgama
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Anuruddha Pathiranage
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Mayowa Akinwale
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Roberto Montealegre
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jinesh Niroula
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Elena Echeverria
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - David N. McIlroy
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Tres A. Harriman
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Don A. Lucca
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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11
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Nerimetla R, Premaratne G, Liu H, Krishnan S. Improved electrocatalytic metabolite production and drug biosensing by human liver microsomes immobilized on amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Nerimetla R, Walgama C, Singh V, Hartson SD, Krishnan S. Mechanistic Insights into Voltage-Driven Biocatalysis of a Cytochrome P450 Bactosomal Film on a Self-Assembled Monolayer. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekhara Nerimetla
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Charuksha Walgama
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Vini Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Steven D. Hartson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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13
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Walgama C, Means N, Materer NF, Krishnan S. Edge-to-edge interaction between carbon nanotube-pyrene complexes and electrodes for biosensing and electrocatalytic applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:4025-8. [PMID: 25579182 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that the edge-to-edge interaction between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and edge plane electrodes plays an important role in exposing a large proportion of the basal planes of the CNTs to allow enhanced π-π stacking of a pyrenyl compound and subsequent high density protein immobilization yielding large electrocatalytic currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuksha Walgama
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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14
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Baj-Rossi C, Müller C, von Mandach U, De Micheli G, Carrara S. Faradic Peaks Enhanced by Carbon Nanotubes in Microsomal Cytochrome P450 Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Walgama C, Nerimetla R, Materer NF, Schildkraut D, Elman JF, Krishnan S. A Simple Construction of Electrochemical Liver Microsomal Bioreactor for Rapid Drug Metabolism and Inhibition Assays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4712-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5044362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charuksha Walgama
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Rajasekhara Nerimetla
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Materer
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Deniz Schildkraut
- Filmetrics Application Lab—Rochester, 250 Packett’s Landing, Fairport, New York 14450, United States
| | - James F. Elman
- Filmetrics Application Lab—Rochester, 250 Packett’s Landing, Fairport, New York 14450, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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16
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Prasad KS, Walgama C, Krishnan S. Enhanced electroactivity and substrate affinity of microperoxidase-11 attached to pyrene-linkers π–π stacked on carbon nanostructure electrodes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14361b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An exceptionally large electroactively connected microperoxidase-11 (MP-11) with strong affinity for organic peroxide and offering a high electrocatalytic reduction current density of 7.5 mA cm−2 is achieved for the first time.
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17
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Rusling JF, Wasalathanthri DP, Schenkman JB. Thin multicomponent films for functional enzyme devices and bioreactor particles. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:8145-8156. [PMID: 25209428 PMCID: PMC4183705 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex functional films containing enzymes and other biomolecules are easily fabricated in nm-scale thicknesses by using layer-by-layer (LbL) methodologies first popularized by Lvov and Decher. In this review, we highlight the high level functional capabilities possible with LbL films of biomolecules based on our own research experiences. We first describe the basics of enzyme film fabrication by LbL alternate electrostatic adsorption, then discuss how to make functional enzyme-polyion films of remarkably high stability. Focusing on cytochrome P450s, we discuss films developed to electrochemically activate the natural catalytic cycle of these key metabolic enzymes. We then describe multifunctional, multicomponent DNA/enzyme/polyion films on arrays and particle surfaces for high throughput metabolic toxicity screening using electrochemiluminescence and LC-MS/MS. Using multicomponent LbL films, complex functionality for bioanalytical and biochemical purposes can be achieved that is difficult or impossible using conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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18
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Zhang Y, Magdaong N, Frank HA, Rusling JF. Protein film voltammetry and co-factor electron transfer dynamics in spinach photosystem II core complex. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 120:153-167. [PMID: 23625504 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct protein film voltammetry (PFV) was used to investigate the redox properties of the photosystem II (PSII) core complex from spinach. The complex was isolated using an improved protocol not used previously for PFV. The PSII core complex had high oxygen-evolving capacity and was incorporated into thin lipid and polyion films. Three well-defined reversible pairs of reduction and oxidation voltammetry peaks were observed at 4 °C in the dark. Results were similar in both types of films, indicating that the environment of the PSII-bound cofactors was not influenced by film type. Based on comparison with various control samples including Mn-depleted PSII, peaks were assigned to chlorophyll a (Chl a) (Em = -0.47 V, all vs. NHE, at pH 6), quinones (-0.12 V), and the manganese (Mn) cluster (Em = 0.18 V). PFV of purified iron heme protein cytochrome b-559 (Cyt b-559), a component of PSII, gave a partly reversible peak pair at 0.004 V that did not have a potential similar to any peaks observed from the intact PSII core complex. The closest peak in PSII to 0.004 V is the 0.18 V peak that was found to be associated with a two-electron process, and thus is inconsistent with iron heme protein voltammetry. The -0.47 V peak had a peak potential and peak potential-pH dependence similar to that found for purified Chl a incorporated into DMPC films. The midpoint potentials reported here may differ to various extents from previously reported redox titration data due to the influence of electrode double-layer effects. Heterogeneous electron transfer (hET) rate constants were estimated by theoretical fitting and digital simulations for the -0.47 and 0.18 V peaks. Data for the Chl a peaks were best fit to a one-electron model, while the peak assigned to the Mn cluster was best fit by a two-electron/one-proton model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
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19
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Krishnan S, Walgama C. Electrocatalytic Features of a Heme Protein Attached to Polymer-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11420-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402421z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Charuksha Walgama
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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20
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Samanta S, Das PK, Chatterjee S, Sengupta K, Mondal B, Dey A. O2 Reduction Reaction by Biologically Relevant Anionic Ligand Bound Iron Porphyrin Complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12963-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Samanta
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Pradip Kumar Das
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Kushal Sengupta
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India 700032
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21
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Xu Q, Yan F, Lei J, Leng C, Ju H. Disposable Electrochemical Immunosensor by Using Carbon Sphere/Gold Nanoparticle Composites as Labels for Signal Amplification. Chemistry 2012; 18:4994-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiunan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 25‐8359‐3593
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing 210009 (P.R. China)
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 25‐8359‐3593
| | - Chuan Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 25‐8359‐3593
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 25‐8359‐3593
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22
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Huang M, Xu X, Yang H, Liu S. Electrochemically-driven and dynamic enhancement of drug metabolism via cytochrome P450 microsomes on colloidal gold/graphene nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Krishnan S, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Bioelectronic delivery of electrons to cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8371-80. [PMID: 21591685 DOI: 10.1021/jp201235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (cyt P450s) are the major oxidative enzymes in human oxidative metabolism of drugs and xenobiotic chemicals. In nature, the iron heme cyt P450s utilize oxygen and electrons delivered from NADPH by a reductase enzyme to oxidize substrates stereo- and regioselectively. Significant research has been directed toward achieving these events electrochemically. This Feature Article discusses the direct electrochemistry of cyt P450s in thin films and the utilization of such films for electrochemically driven biocatalysis. Maintaining and confirming structural integrity and catalytic activity of cyt P450s in films is an essential feature of these efforts. We highlight here our efforts to elucidate the influence of iron heme spin state and secondary structure of human cyt P450s on voltammetric and biocatalytic properties, using methodologies to quantitatively describe the dynamics of these processes in thin films. We also describe the first cyt P450/reductase films that accurately mimic the natural biocatalytic pathway and show how they can be used with voltammetry to elucidate key mechanistic features. Such bioelectronic cyt P450 systems have high value for future drug development, toxicity screening, fundamental investigations, and chemical synthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Krishnan S, Wasalathanthri D, Zhao L, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Efficient bioelectronic actuation of the natural catalytic pathway of human metabolic cytochrome P450s. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1459-65. [PMID: 21214177 PMCID: PMC3033457 DOI: 10.1021/ja108637s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome (cyt) P450s comprise the enzyme superfamily responsible for human oxidative metabolism of a majority of drugs and xenobiotics. Electronic delivery of electrons to cyt P450s could be used to drive the natural catalytic cycle for fundamental investigations, stereo- and regioselective synthesis, and biosensors. We describe herein 30 nm nanometer-thick films on electrodes featuring excess human cyt P450s and cyt P450 reductase (CPR) microsomes that efficiently mimic the natural catalytic pathway for the first time. Redox potentials, electron-transfer rates, CO-binding, and substrate conversion rates confirmed that electrons are delivered from the electrode to CPR, which transfers them to cyt P450. The film system enabled electrochemical probing of the interaction between cyt P450 and CPR for the first time. Agreement of film voltammetry data with theoretical simulations supports a pathway featuring a key equilibrium redox reaction in the natural catalytic pathway between reduced CPR and cyt P450 occurring within a CPR-cyt P450 complex uniquely poised for substrate conversion.
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25
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Tagliazucchi M, Calvo EJ. Charge Transport in Redox Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: The Dramatic Effects of Outmost Layer and Solution Ionic Strength. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2957-68. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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