1
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Luo J, May JA. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids via a Tandem Conjugate Addition/Enolate Alkylation Annulation with Ambiphilic Organoboronates. Org Lett 2023; 25:708-713. [PMID: 36693245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid research depends on synthesizing derivatives for structure-activity relationship studies. (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol were synthesized via a tandem enantioselective conjugate addition/enolate alkylation annulation with a novel ambiphilic trifluoroborate in seven steps. A new class of alkenyl and aryl ambiphilic trifluoroborates were synthesized and showed great compatibility with various functional groups, high yields, and excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivity. A novel benzo-fused cannabinoid analogue and tandem quaternary stereocenter-containing reaction products were synthesized with good to excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Fleming Building, Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jeremy A May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Fleming Building, Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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2
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Manda JN, Butler BB, Aponick A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Southern Hemisphere of Spirastrellolide A and Analogues. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13694-13709. [PMID: 33111529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of truncated spirastrellolide A analogues comprised of the southern hemisphere against protein phosphatase 2A are described. A convergent synthesis was designed featuring two gold-catalyzed cyclization reactions, specifically, a dehydrative cyclization of monoallylic diols for the synthesis of the tetrahydropyran (A-ring) and a regioselective spiroketalization for the efficient generation of the [6,6]-spiroketal (B, C-ring system). The synthesis of the southern hemisphere of spirastrellolide A was achieved involving the longest linear sequence of 19 steps. A total of eight spirastrellolide A analogues were synthesized, and preliminary PP2A enzyme assay inhibition studies were performed for the first time on analogues of the southern hemisphere. Several analogues showed inhibition, which is a positive indication and perhaps suggests that the unsaturated spiroketal fragment might be crucial to induce PP2A inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Nagendra Manda
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Barry B Butler
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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3
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Wu ZC, Boger DL. The quest for supernatural products: the impact of total synthesis in complex natural products medicinal chemistry. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1511-1531. [PMID: 33169762 PMCID: PMC7678878 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2020This review presents select recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of complex natural products that are prepared by total synthesis. The underlying studies highlight enabling divergent synthetic strategies and methods that permit the systematic medicinal chemistry studies of key analogues bearing deep-seated structural changes not readily accessible by semisynthetic or biosynthetic means. Select and recent examples are detailed where the key structural changes are designed to improve defined properties or to overcome an intrinsic limitation of the natural product itself. In the examples presented, the synthetic efforts provided supernatural products, a term first introduced by our colleague Ryan Shenvi (Synlett, 2016, 27, 1145-1164), with properties superseding the parent natural product. The design principles and approaches for creating the supernatural products are highlighted with an emphasis on the properties addressed that include those that improve activity or potency, increase selectivity, enhance durability, broaden the spectrum of activity, improve chemical or metabolic stability, overcome limiting physical properties, add mechanisms of action, enhance PK properties, overcome drug resistance, and/or improve in vivo efficacy. Some such improvements may be regarded by some as iterative enhancements whereas others, we believe, truly live up to their characterization as supernatural products. Most such efforts are also accompanied by advances in synthetic organic chemistry, inspiring the development of new synthetic methodology and providing supernatural products with improved synthetic accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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4
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Chen C, Bosko C, McGeough CP, McLean R, Zaino AM, Kyle Hadden M, Peczuh MW. Exploring the physicochemical and antiproliferative properties of biaryl-linked [13]-macrodilactones. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115671. [PMID: 33069068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A macrocyclic motif fosters productive protein-small molecule interactions. There are numerous examples of both natural product and designed, synthetic macrocycles that modulate the immune system, slow microbial infection, or kill eukaryotic cells. Reported here are the synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and antiproliferative activity of a group of [13]-macrodilactones decorated with a pendant biaryl moiety. Biaryl analogs were prepared by Suzuki reactions conducted on a common intermediate that contained a bromophenyl unit alpha to one of the carbonyls of the [13]-macrodilactone. Principal component analysis placed the new compounds in physicochemical context relative to a variety of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Modest inhibition of proliferation was observed in ASZ cells, a murine basal cell carcinoma line. This work underscores the value of an approach toward the identification of bioactive compounds that places the evaluation of physicochemical parameters early in the search process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road U3060, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Cristin Bosko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road U3060, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Catherine P McGeough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road U3060, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Ryan McLean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road U3060, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Angela M Zaino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 69 N. Eagleville Road U3092, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 69 N. Eagleville Road U3092, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Mark W Peczuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road U3060, Storrs, CT, United States
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5
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Bhuniya A, Guha I, Ganguly N, Saha A, Dasgupta S, Nandi P, Das A, Ghosh S, Ghosh T, Haque E, Banerjee S, Bose A, Baral R. NLGP Attenuates Murine Melanoma and Carcinoma Metastasis by Modulating Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:201. [PMID: 32211313 PMCID: PMC7076076 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP), a natural immunomodulator, attenuates murine carcinoma and melanoma metastasis, independent of primary tumor growth and alterations in basic cellular properties (cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, etc.). Colonization event of invasion–metastasis cascade was primarily inhibited by NLGP, with no effect on metastasis-related invasion, migration, and extravasation. High infiltration of interferon γ (IFN-γ)–secreting cytotoxic CD8+ T cells [CD44+, CD69+, GranB+, IFN-γ+, and interleukin 2+] was documented in the metastatic site of NLGP-treated mice. Systemic CD8+ T cell depletion abolished NLGP-mediated metastasis inhibition and reappeared upon adoptive transfer of NLGP-activated CD8+ T cells. Interferon γ-secreting from CD8+ T cells inhibit the expression of angiogenesis regulatory vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor β and have an impact on the prevention of colonization. Neem leaf glycoprotein modulates dendritic cells (DCs) for proper antigen presentation by its DC surface binding and upregulation of MHC-I/II, CD86, and CCR7. Neem leaf glycoprotein–treated DCs specifically imprint CXCR3 and CCR4 homing receptors on activated CD8+ T cells, which helps to infiltrate into metastatic sites to restrain colonization. Such NLGP's effect on DCs is translation dependent and transcription independent. Studies using ovalbumin, OVA257−264, and crude B16F10 antigen indicate MHC-I upregulation depends on the quantity of proteasome degradable peptide and only stimulates CD8+ T cells in the presence of antigen. Overall data suggest NLGP inhibits metastasis, in conjunction with tumor growth restriction, and thus might appear as a promising next-generation cancer immunotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Bhuniya
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Ipsita Guha
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Nilanjan Ganguly
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Akata Saha
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Shayani Dasgupta
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Partha Nandi
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Arnab Das
- RNA Biology and Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sarbari Ghosh
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Tithi Ghosh
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Enamul Haque
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Barasat, India
| | - Saptak Banerjee
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Rathindranath Baral
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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6
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Liu H, Lin S, Jacobsen KM, Poulsen TB. Chemische Synthesen und chemische Biologie von Carboxylpolyether‐Ionophoren: Aktuelle Entwicklungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of ChemistryAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Dänemark
| | - Shaoquan Lin
- Department of ChemistryAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Dänemark
| | - Kristian M. Jacobsen
- Department of ChemistryAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Dänemark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of ChemistryAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Dänemark
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7
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Liu H, Lin S, Jacobsen KM, Poulsen TB. Chemical Syntheses and Chemical Biology of Carboxyl Polyether Ionophores: Recent Highlights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13630-13642. [PMID: 30793459 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A central goal of chemical biology is to develop molecular probes that enable fundamental studies of cellular systems. In the hierarchy of bioactive molecules, the so-called ionophore class occupies an unflattering position in the lower branches, with typical labels being "non-specific" and "toxic". In fact, the mere possibility that a candidate molecule possesses "ionophore activity" typically prompts its removal from further studies; ionophores-from a chemical genetics perspective-are molecular outlaws. In stark contrast to this overall poor reputation of ionophores, synthetic chemistry owes some of its most amazing achievements to studies of ionophore natural products, in particular the carboxyl polyethers renowned for their intricate molecular structures. These compounds have for decades been academic battlegrounds where new synthetic methodology is tested and retrosynthetic tactics perfected. Herein, we review the most exciting recent advances in carboxyl polyether ionophore (CPI) synthesis and in addition discuss the burgeoning field of CPI chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Shaoquan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristian M Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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8
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Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are important sources of clinical drugs due to their structural diversity and biological prevalidation. However, the structural complexity of NPs leads to synthetic difficulties, unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and poor drug-likeness. Structural simplification by truncating unnecessary substructures is a powerful strategy for overcoming these limitations and improving the efficiency and success rate of NP-based drug development. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive review of the structural simplification of NPs with a focus on design strategies, case studies, and new technologies. In particular, a number of successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug candidates will be discussed in detail to illustrate how structural simplification is applied in lead optimization of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , 169 Changle West Road , Xi'an , 710032 , P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
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9
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Varkhedkar R, Dogra S, Tiwari D, Hussain Y, Yadav PN, Pandey G. Discovery of Novel Muscarinic Receptor Modulators by Integrating a Natural Product Framework and a Bioactive Molecule. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:384-395. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Varkhedkar
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus; Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
| | - Shalini Dogra
- Division of Pharmacology; CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus; Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
| | - Yusuf Hussain
- Division of Pharmacology; CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Prem Narayan Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology; CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI); Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Ganesh Pandey
- Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR); Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus; Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 India
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10
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Moore AF, Newman DJ, Ranganathan S, Liu F. Imaginative Order from Reasonable Chaos: Conformation-Driven Activity and Reactivity in Exploring Protein–Ligand Interactions. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sir Derek Barton’s seminal work on steroid conformational analysis opened up a new era of enquiry into how the preferred conformation of any molecule could have profound effects on its physical–chemical properties and activities. Conformation-based effects on molecular activity and reactivity continue to manifest, with one key area of investigation currently focussed on conformational entropy in driving protein–ligand interactions. Carrying on from Barton’s initial insight on natural product conformational properties, new questions now address how conformational flexibility within a bioactive natural product structural framework (reasonable chaos), can be directed to confer dynamically new protein–ligand interactions beyond the basic lock–key model (imaginative order). Here we summarise our work on exploring conformational diversity from fluorinated natural product fragments, and how this approach of conformation-coupled diversity-oriented synthesis can be used to iteratively derive ligands with enhanced specificity against highly homologous protein domains. Our results demonstrate that the conformation entropic states of highly conserved protein domains differ significantly, and this conformational diversity, beyond primary sequence analysis, can be duly captured and exploited by natural-product derived ligands with complementary conformational dynamics for enhancing recognition specificity in drug lead discovery.
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11
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Giralt E, Lo Re D. The Therapeutic Potential of Migrastatin-Core Analogs for the Treatment of Metastatic Cancer. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020198. [PMID: 28208778 PMCID: PMC6155687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a complex process in which cells detach from the primary tumor and colonize a distant organ. Metastasis is also the main process responsible for cancer-related death. Despite the enormous efforts made to unravel the metastatic process, there is no effective therapy, and patients with metastatic tumors have poor prognosis. In this regard, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic tools for the treatment of this disease. Small molecules with the capacity to reduce cell migration could be used to treat metastasis. Migrastatin-core analogs are naturally inspired macrocycles that inhibit pathological cell migration and are able to reduce metastasis in animal models. Migrastatin analogs can be synthesized from a common advanced intermediate. Herein we present a review of the synthetic approaches that can be used to prepare this key intermediate, together with a review of the biological activity of migrastatin-core analogs and current hypotheses concerning their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1-11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Daniele Lo Re
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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12
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Nagaraju K, Chegondi R, Chandrasekhar S. Expanding Diversity without Protecting Groups: (+)-Sclareolide to Indolosesquiterpene Alkaloid Mycoleptodiscin A and Analogues. Org Lett 2016; 18:2684-7. [PMID: 27181938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Short and scalable synthesis of the complex pentacyclic indolosesquiterpene natural product mycoleptodiscin A has been achieved from commercially available diterpenoid (+)-sclareolide in 19% overall yield. This approach allows one to prepare various analogues of mycoleptodiscin using McMurry cyclization as a key reaction with just three chromatographic purifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karre Nagaraju
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Rambabu Chegondi
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Srivari Chandrasekhar
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007, India
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13
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Knouse KW, Wuest WM. The enantioselective synthesis and biological evaluation of chimeric promysalin analogs facilitated by diverted total synthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:337-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Crane EA, Gademann K. Synthetisch gewonnene Naturstofffragmente in der Wirkstoffentwicklung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika A. Crane
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Karl Gademann
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Schweiz
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15
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Crane EA, Gademann K. Capturing Biological Activity in Natural Product Fragments by Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3882-902. [PMID: 26833854 PMCID: PMC4797711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have had an immense influence on science and have directly led to the introduction of many drugs. Organic chemistry, and its unique ability to tailor natural products through synthesis, provides an extraordinary approach to unlock the full potential of natural products. In this Review, an approach based on natural product derived fragments is presented that can successfully address some of the current challenges in drug discovery. These fragments often display significantly reduced molecular weights, reduced structural complexity, a reduced number of synthetic steps, while retaining or even improving key biological parameters such as potency or selectivity. Examples from various stages of the drug development process up to the clinic are presented. In addition, this process can be leveraged by recent developments such as genome mining, antibody–drug conjugates, and computational approaches. All these concepts have the potential to identify the next generation of drug candidates inspired by natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Crane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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16
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Hügel HM, Smith AT, Rizzacasa MA. Macrolactam analogues of macrolide natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11301-11316. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of macrolide natural products into aza- or lactam analogues is a strategy employed to improve their metabolic stability and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut M. Hügel
- School of Science & Biomedical and Health Innovations Enabling Capability Platform
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Andrew T. Smith
- Griffith Sciences
- Gold Coast campus
- Griffith University
- Australia
| | - Mark A. Rizzacasa
- School of Chemistry
- the Bio21 Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
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17
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Larsen BJ, Sun Z, Lachacz E, Khomutnyk Y, Soellner MB, Nagorny P. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lactimidomycin and Its Analogues. Chemistry 2015; 21:19159-67. [PMID: 26577990 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The studies culminating in the total synthesis of the glutarimide-containing eukaryote translation elongation inhibitor lactimidomycin are described. The optimized synthetic route features a Zn(II)-mediated intramolecular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction resulting in a highly stereoselective formation of the strained 12-membered macrolactone of lactimidomycin on a 423 mg scale. The presence of the E,Z-diene functionality was found to be key for effective macrocyclizations as a complete removal of these unsaturation units resulted in exclusive formation of the dimer rather than monocyclic enoate. The synthetic route features a late-stage installation of the glutarimide functionality via an asymmetric catalytic Mukaiyama aldol reaction, which allows for a quick generation of lactimidomycin homolog 55 containing two additional carbons in the glutarimide side chain. Similar to lactimidomycin, this analog was found to possess cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (GI50 =1-3 μM) using in vitro 2D and 3D assays. Although lactimidomycin was found to be the most potent compound in terms of anticancer activity, 55 as well as truncated analogues 50-52 lacking the glutarimide side-chain were found to be significantly less toxic against human mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
| | - Zhankui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
| | - Eric Lachacz
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065 (USA)
| | - Yaroslav Khomutnyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
| | - Matthew B Soellner
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065 (USA).
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA).
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18
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Lo Re D, Zhou Y, Mucha J, Jones LF, Leahy L, Santocanale C, Krol M, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Migrastatin Analogues as Inhibitors of Tumour Cell Migration: Exploring Structural Change in and on the Macrocyclic Ring. Chemistry 2015; 21:18109-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Daeppen C, Kaiser M, Neuburger M, Gademann K. Preparation of Antimalarial Endoperoxides by a Formal [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition. Org Lett 2015; 17:5420-3. [PMID: 26491785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A formal [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between a 1,3-dione, an olefin, and molecular oxygen mediated by light is reported, which delivers endoperoxides in good yield through the formation of two C-O and one C-C bond in one step. The resulting 1,2-dioxanes are stable compounds and can be further derivatized at the hemiacetal position via alkylation or acetylation. All compounds have been evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum, and the best compound displayed an IC50-value of 180 nM. A potential mechanistic rationale for the formation of these compounds is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Daeppen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Ady JW, Desir S, Thayanithy V, Vogel RI, Moreira AL, Downey RJ, Fong Y, Manova-Todorova K, Moore MAS, Lou E. Intercellular communication in malignant pleural mesothelioma: properties of tunneling nanotubes. Front Physiol 2014; 5:400. [PMID: 25400582 PMCID: PMC4215694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a particularly aggressive and locally invasive malignancy with a poor prognosis despite advances in understanding of cancer cell biology and development of new therapies. At the cellular level, cultured mesothelioma cells present a mesenchymal appearance and a strong capacity for local cellular invasion. One important but underexplored area of mesothelioma cell biology is intercellular communication. Our group has previously characterized in multiple histological subtypes of mesothelioma a unique cellular protrusion known as tunneling nanotubes (TnTs). TnTs are long, actin filament-based, narrow cytoplasmic extensions that are non-adherent when cultured in vitro and are capable of shuttling cellular cargo between connected cells. Our prior work confirmed the presence of nanotube structures in tumors resected from patients with human mesothelioma. In our current study, we quantified the number of TnTs/cell among various mesothelioma subtypes and normal mesothelial cells using confocal microscopic techniques. We also examined changes in TnT length over time in comparison to cell proliferation. We further examined potential approaches to the in vivo study of TnTs in animal models of cancer. We have developed novel approaches to study TnTs in aggressive solid tumor malignancies and define fundamental characteristics of TnTs in malignant mesothelioma. There is mounting evidence that TnTs play an important role in intercellular communication in mesothelioma and thus merit further investigation of their role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Ady
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Snider Desir
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Integrative Biology and Physiology Program, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Venugopal Thayanithy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - André L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Downey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Malcolm A S Moore
- Department of Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
| | - Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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21
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Gade NR, Iqbal J. A Common Synthetic Protocol for the Cyclic and Acyclic Core of Migrastatin, Isomigrastatin, and Dorrigocin via a Chiral β-Hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone Intermediate. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Lo Re D, Zhou Y, Nobis M, Anderson KI, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Migrastatin and its Macroketone Analogue and In Vivo FRAP Analysis of the Macroketone on E-Cadherin Dynamics. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1459-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Milroy LG, Grossmann TN, Hennig S, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4695-748. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lech-Gustav Milroy
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn Straße 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech
2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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24
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Hu Y, Li CY, Wang XM, Yang YH, Zhu HL. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole: synthesis, reactions, and applications in medicinal, agricultural, and materials chemistry. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5572-610. [PMID: 24716666 DOI: 10.1021/cr400131u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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25
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Wender PA, Donnelly AC, Loy BA, Near KE, Staveness D. Rethinking the Role of Natural Products: Function-Oriented Synthesis, Bryostatin, and Bryologs. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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26
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Wang HL, Qin N, Liu J, Jin MN, Zhang X, Jin MH, Kong D, Jiang SD, Duan HQ. Synthesis and Antimetastatic Effects ofE-Salignone Amide Derivatives. Drug Dev Res 2013; 75:76-87. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Nan Qin
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Jia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics); School of Pharmacy; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Mei-Na Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics); School of Pharmacy; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Mei-Hua Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics); School of Pharmacy; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics); School of Pharmacy; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
| | - Shen-De Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hong-Quan Duan
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics); School of Pharmacy; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin 300070 China
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Migrastatin analogues inhibit canine mammary cancer cell migration and invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76789. [PMID: 24116159 PMCID: PMC3792885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer spread to other organs is the main cause of death of oncological patients. Migration of cancer cells from a primary tumour is the crucial step in the complex process of metastasis, therefore blocking this process is currently the main treatment strategy. Metastasis inhibitors derived from natural products, such as, migrastatin, are very promising anticancer agents. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of six migrastatin analogues (MGSTA-1 to 6) on migration and invasion of canine mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines isolated from primary tumours and their metastases to the lungs. Canine mammary tumours constitute a valuable tool for studying multiple aspect of human cancer. RESULTS OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT TWO OF SIX FULLY SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES OF MIGRASTATIN: MGSTA-5 and MGSTA-6 were potent inhibitors of canine mammary cancer cells migration and invasion. These data were obtained using the wound healing test, as well as trans-well migration and invasion assays. Furthermore, the treatment of cancer cells with the most effective compound (MGSTA-6) disturbed binding between filamentous F-actin and fascin1. Confocal microscopy analyses revealed that treatment with MGSTA-6 increased the presence of unbound fascin1 and reduced co-localization of F-actin and fascin1 in canine cancer cells. Most likely, actin filaments were not cross-linked by fascin1 and did not generate the typical filopodial architecture of actin filaments in response to the activity of MGSTA-6. Thus, administration of MGSTA-6 results in decreased formation of filopodia protrusions and stress fibres in canine mammary cancer cells, causing inhibition of cancer migration and invasion. CONCLUSION Two synthetic migrastatin analogues (MGSTA-5 and MGSTA-6) were shown to be promising compounds for inhibition of cancer metastasis. They may have beneficial therapeutic effects in cancer therapy in dogs, especially in combination with other anticancer drugs. However, further in vivo studies are required to verify this hypothesis.
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28
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Gade NR, Iqbal J. Stereoselective formal synthesis of macrolidecore of migrastatin using late stage C–H oxidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Larsen BJ, Sun Z, Nagorny P. Synthesis of Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Inhibitor Lactimidomycin via Zn(II)-Mediated Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Macrocyclization. Org Lett 2013; 15:2998-3001. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhankui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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31
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More SV, Chang TT, Chiao YP, Jao SC, Lu CK, Li WS. Glycosylation enhances the anti-migratory activities of isomalyngamide A analogs. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:169-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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Micoine K, Persich P, Llaveria J, Lam MH, Maderna A, Loganzo F, Fürstner A. Total Syntheses and Biological Reassessment of Lactimidomycin, Isomigrastatin and Congener Glutarimide Antibiotics. Chemistry 2013; 19:7370-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ma M, Kwong T, Lim SK, Ju J, Lohman JR, Shen B. Post-polyketide synthase steps in iso-migrastatin biosynthesis, featuring tailoring enzymes with broad substrate specificity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2489-92. [PMID: 23394593 PMCID: PMC3582021 DOI: 10.1021/ja4002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The iso-migrastatin (iso-MGS) biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces platensis NRRL 18993 consists of 11 genes, featuring an acyltransferase (AT)-less type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and three tailoring enzymes MgsIJK. Systematic inactivation of mgsIJK in S. platensis enabled us to (i) identify two nascent products of the iso-MGS AT-less type I PKS, establishing an unprecedented novel feature for AT-less type I PKSs, and (ii) account for the formation of all known post-PKS biosynthetic intermediates generated by the three tailoring enzymes MgsIJK, which possessed significant substrate promiscuities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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34
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Schmid F, Jessen HJ, Burch P, Gademann K. Truncated militarinone fragments identified by total chemical synthesis induce neurite outgrowth. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Short analogs of militarinone D were prepared that omit the configurationally unstable triene side chain bearing stereogenic centers and cut down the number of synthetic steps by 12. These short natural product fragments induce neuritogenesis at markedly lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schmid
- University of Basel
- Department of Chemistry
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Burch
- University of Basel
- Department of Chemistry
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- University of Basel
- Department of Chemistry
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
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35
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Sevrain CM, Haelters JP, Chantôme A, Couthon-Gourvès H, Gueguinou M, Potier-Cartereau M, Vandier C, Jaffrès PA. DiGalactosyl-Glycero-Ether Lipid: synthetic approaches and evaluation as SK3 channel inhibitor. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4479-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40634b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Cannon JS, Overman LE. Is there no end to the total syntheses of strychnine? Lessons learned in strategy and tactics in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4288-311. [PMID: 22431197 PMCID: PMC3804246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
From the 19th century to the present, the complex indole alkaloid strychnine has engaged the chemical community. In this Review, we examine why strychnine has been and remains today an important target for directed synthesis efforts. A selection of the diverse syntheses of strychnine is discussed with the aim of identifying their influence on the evolution of the strategy and tactics of organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Cannon
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025 (USA)
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38
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Cannon JS, Overman LE. Kein Ende für Totalsynthesen von Strychnin in Sicht? Lektionen für Strategien und Methoden in der Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Sevrain CM, Haelters JP, Chantôme A, Couthon-Gourvès H, Girault A, Vandier C, Jaffrès PA. Glyco-Phospho-Glycero Ether Lipids (GPGEL): synthesis and evaluation as small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (SK3) inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20207g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Xu J, Caro-Diaz EJ, Lacoske MH, Hung CI, Jamora C, Theodorakis EA. Fusarisetin A: Scalable Total Synthesis and Related Studies. Chem Sci 2012; 3:3378-3386. [PMID: 23227303 PMCID: PMC3513937 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21308g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarisetin A (1) is a recently isolated natural product that displays an unprecedented chemical motif and remarkable bioactivities as a potent cancer migration inhibitor. We describe here our studies leading to an efficient and scalable total synthesis of 1. Essential to the strategy was the development of a new route for the formation of a trans-decalin moiety of this compound and the application of an oxidative radical cyclization (ORC) reaction that produces fusarisetin A (1) from equisetin (2) via a bio-inspired process. TEMPO-induced and metal/O(2)-promoted ORC reactions were evaluated. Biological screening in vitro confirms the reported potency of (+)-1. Importantly, ex vivo studies show that this compound is able to inhibit different types of cell migration. Moreover, the C(5) epimer of (+)-1 was also identified as a potent cancer migration inhibitor, while (-)-1 and 2 were found to be significantly less potent. The optimized synthesis is applicable on gram scale and provides a solid platform for analogue synthesis and methodical biological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Eduardo J.E. Caro-Diaz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Michelle H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Chao-I. Hung
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Colin Jamora
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0752, USA
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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41
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Valastyan S, Weinberg RA. Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms. Cell 2011; 147:275-92. [PMID: 22000009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2793] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastases represent the end products of a multistep cell-biological process termed the invasion-metastasis cascade, which involves dissemination of cancer cells to anatomically distant organ sites and their subsequent adaptation to foreign tissue microenvironments. Each of these events is driven by the acquisition of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations within tumor cells and the co-option of nonneoplastic stromal cells, which together endow incipient metastatic cells with traits needed to generate macroscopic metastases. Recent advances provide provocative insights into these cell-biological and molecular changes, which have implications regarding the steps of the invasion-metastasis cascade that appear amenable to therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Valastyan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
We describe herein the synthesis of a late-stage intermediate en route to cortistatin A. Key transformations included a Snieckus-like cascade sequence culminating in a 6π-electrocyclization, an alkylative dearomatization, and the stereoselective functionalization of the cortistatin A-ring. While the total synthesis we sought was not accomplished, the work sets the stage for several approaches to the preparation of novel analogs via diverted total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
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43
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Chang TT, More SV, Lu IH, Hsu JC, Chen TJ, Jen YC, Lu CK, Li WS. Isomalyngamide A, A-1 and their analogs suppress cancer cell migration in vitro. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3810-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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44
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Emergence of potent inhibitors of metastasis in lung cancer via syntheses based on migrastatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15074-8. [PMID: 21808037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015247108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrastatin is a biologically active natural product isolated from Streptomyces that has been shown to inhibit tumor cell migration. Upon completion of the first total synthesis of migrastatin, a number of structurally simplified analogs were prepared. Following extensive in vitro screening, a new generation of analogs was identified that demonstrates substantially higher levels of in vitro inhibitory activity, stability and synthetic accessibility when compared to the parent natural product. Herein, we describe two promising ether-derivative analogs, the migrastatin core ether (ME) and the carboxymethyl-ME (CME), which exhibit high efficacy in blocking tumor cell migration and metastasis in lung cancer. These compounds show an in vitro migration inhibition in the micromolar range (IC(50): ME 1.5 to 8.2 μM, CME 0.5 to 5 μM). In a human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) primary xenograft model, ME and CME compounds were found to be highly potent in inhibiting overall metastasis even at the lowest dosage used (degree of inhibition: 96.2% and 99.3%, respectively). Together these very encouraging findings suggest that these analogs have promise as potent antimetastatic agents in lung cancer.
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45
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Gallenkamp D, Fürstner A. Stereoselective Synthesis of E,Z-Configured 1,3-Dienes by Ring-Closing Metathesis. Application to the Total Synthesis of Lactimidomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9232-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gallenkamp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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46
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Valastyan S, Chang A, Benaich N, Reinhardt F, Weinberg RA. Activation of miR-31 function in already-established metastases elicits metastatic regression. Genes Dev 2011; 25:646-59. [PMID: 21406558 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Distant metastases, rather than the primary tumors from which these lesions arise, are responsible for >90% of carcinoma-associated mortality. Many patients already harbor disseminated tumor cells in their bloodstream, bone marrow, and distant organs when they initially present with cancer. Hence, truly effective anti-metastatic therapeutics must impair the proliferation and survival of already-established metastases. Here, we assess the therapeutic potential of acutely expressing the microRNA miR-31 in already-formed breast cancer metastases. Activation of miR-31 in established metastases elicits metastatic regression and prolongs survival. Remarkably, even brief induction of miR-31 in macroscopic pulmonary metastases diminishes metastatic burden. In contrast, acute miR-31 expression fails to affect primary mammary tumor growth. miR-31 triggers metastatic regression in the lungs by eliciting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; these responses occur specifically in metastases and can be explained by miR-31-mediated suppression of integrin-α5, radixin, and RhoA. Indeed, concomitant re-expression of these three proteins renders already-seeded pulmonary metastases refractory to miR-31-conferred regression. Upon miR-31 activation, Akt-dependent signaling is attenuated and the proapoptotic molecule Bim is induced; these effects occur in a metastasis-specific manner in pulmonary lesions and are abrogated by concurrent re-expression of integrin-α5, radixin, and RhoA. Collectively, these findings raise the possibility that intervention strategies centered on restoring miR-31 function may prove clinically useful for combating metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Valastyan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Rajski SR, Shen B. Multifaceted modes of action for the glutarimide-containing polyketides revealed. Chembiochem 2011; 11:1951-4. [PMID: 20806307 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Rajski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Dias LC, Finelli FG, Conegero LS, Krogh R, Andricopulo AD. Synthesis of the Macrolactone of Migrastatin and Analogues with Potent Cell-Migration Inhibitory Activity. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Micoine K, Fürstner A. Concise Total Synthesis of the Potent Translation and Cell Migration Inhibitor Lactimidomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14064-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107141p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Micoine
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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