1
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Wu X, Bickelhaupt FM, Xie J. Solvent-induced dual nucleophiles and the α-effect in the S N2 versus E2 competition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11320-11330. [PMID: 38536735 PMCID: PMC11022550 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated how microsolvation affects the various E2 and SN2 pathways, their mutual competition, and the α-effect of the model reaction system HOO-(H2O)n + CH3CH2Cl, at the CCSD(T) level. Interestingly, we identify the dual nature of the α-nucleophile HOO- which, upon solvation, is in equilibrium with HO-. This solvent-induced dual appearance gives rise to a rich network of competing reaction channels. Among both nucleophiles, SN2 is always favored over E2, and this preference increases upon increasing microsolvation. Furthermore, we found a pronounced α-effect, not only for SN2 substitution but also for E2 elimination, i.e., HOO- is more reactive than HO- in both cases. Our activation strain and quantitative molecular orbital analyses reveal the physical mechanisms behind the various computed trends. In particular, we demonstrate that two recently proposed criteria, required for solvent-free nucleophiles to display the α-effect, must also be satisfied by microsolvated HOO-(H2O)n nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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2
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Wu X, Hu Y, Zhang S, Xie J. Shapeshifting Nucleophiles HO -(NH 3) n React with Methyl Chloride. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2556-2564. [PMID: 38530765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The microsolvated anions HO-(NH3)n were found to induce new nucleophile NH2-(H2O)(NH3)n-1 via intramolecular proton transfer. Hence, the ion-molecule nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction between CH3Cl and these shapeshifting nucleophiles lead to both the HO- path and NH2- path, meaning that the respective attacking nucleophile is HO- or NH2-. The CCSD(T) level of calculation was performed to characterize the potential energy surfaces. Calculations indicate that the HO- species are lower in energy than the NH2- species, and the SN2 reaction barriers are lower for the HO- path than the NH2--path. Incremental solvation increases the barrier for both paths. Comparison between HO-(NH3)n and HOO-(NH3)n confirmed the existence of an α-effect under microsolvated conditions. Comparison between HO-(NH3)n and HO-(H2O)n indicated that the more polarized H2O stabilizes the nucleophiles more than NH3, and thus, the hydrated systems have higher SN2 reaction barriers. The aforementioned barrier changes can be explained by the differential stabilization of the nucleophile and HOMO levels upon solvation, thus affecting the HOMO-LUMO interaction between the nucleophile and substrate. For the same kind of nucleophilic attacking atom, O or N, the reaction barrier has a good linear correlation with the HOMO level of the nucleophiles. Hence, the HOMO level or the binding energy of microsolvated nucleophiles is a good indicator to evaluate the order of barrier heights. This work expands our understanding of the microsolvation effect on prototype SN2 reactions beyond the water solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Wiens JP, Miller TM, Ard SG, Viggiano AA, Shuman NS. Elementary Reactions Leading to Perfluoroalkyl Substance Degradation in an Ar +/e – Plasma. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9076-9086. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Wiens
- Boston College Institute for Scientific Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02549, United States
| | - Thomas M. Miller
- Boston College Institute for Scientific Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02549, United States
| | - Shaun G. Ard
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Air Force Research Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A. Viggiano
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Air Force Research Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Shuman
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Air Force Research Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
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4
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Sweeny BC, Heaven MC, Lachowicz A, Johnson MA, Viggiano AA, Shuman NS, Ard SG. Gas-Phase Reactivity of Ozone with Lanthanide Ions (Sm +, Nd +) and Their Higher Oxides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1401-1410. [PMID: 35545264 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of SmOn+ (n = 0-2) and NdOn+ (n = 0-2) with O3 are measured using a selected-ion flow tube. Reaction of Nd+ to yield NdO+ + O2 occurs rapidly, with a rate constant near the capture-controlled limit of ∼8 × 10-10 cm3 s-1. NdO+ reacts at ∼40% of the capture limit to yield NdO2+ with little temperature dependence from 200 to 400 K. NdO2+ likely reacts very slowly (k ∼ 10-13 cm3 s-1) to yield NdO+ + 2O2, does not react to yield NdO3+, and associates slowly (k ∼ 10-12 cm3 s-1) to yield NdO2+(O3)1-3. Reaction of Sm+ also yields SmO+ at near the capture limit at all temperatures, but a significant fraction (∼50%) of the SmO+ is produced in excited states that are long-lived compared to the millisecond time scale of the experiment. These states are evidently resistant to both radiative and collisional relaxation. The excited-state production is likely due to a spin-conservation constraint on the reaction, despite the large spin-orbit coupling typical for lanthanide-containing species. Ground-state SmO+ reacts inefficiently (k = 2 × 10-11 (T/300)-2.5 cm3 s-1) to yield SmO2+ + O2, while the excited-state SmO+* reacts at the capture limit, with branching to yield Sm+ + 2O2 (ΔHr,0K = 148.7 ± 0.4 kJ mol-1 for ground-state SmO+) approximately 60% of the time, the remainder forming SmO2+, which further reacts with O3 to yield SmO+ at about 1% of the collisional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan C Sweeny
- Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Michael C Heaven
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anton Lachowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
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5
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Yu F. Origin of the Microsolvation Effect on the Central Barriers of S N2 Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4342-4348. [PMID: 35785958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have quantitatively analyzed the microsolvation effect on the central barriers of microsolvated bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions by means of a two-step energy decomposition procedure. According to the first energy decompositions, an obvious increase in the central barrier for a microsolvated SN2 reaction against its unsolvated counterpart can be mainly ascribed to the fact that the interaction between the solute and the conjunct solvent becomes less attractive from the reactant complex to the transition state. On the basis of the second energy decompositions with symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, this less attractive interaction in the transition state is primarily due to the interplay of the changes in the electrostatic, exchange, and induction components. However, the contribution of the change for the dispersion component is relatively small. A distinct linear correlation has also been observed between the changes of the total interaction energies and those of the corresponding electrostatic components for the microsolvated SN2 reactions studied in this work. Moreover, the two-step energy decomposition procedure employed in this work is expected to be extensively applied to the gas phase reactions mediated by molecules or clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- Department of Physics, School of Freshmen, Xi'an Technological University, No. 4 Jinhua North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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6
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Viggiano AA, Ard SG, Shuman NS. Temperature and energy dependences of ion-molecule reactions: Studies inspired by Diethard Böhme. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:568-592. [PMID: 34159628 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diethard Böhme has had a long career covering many topics in ion-molecule reactivity. In this review, we describe the work done at the Air Force Research Laboratory (and its variously named preceding organizations) that was inspired by his studies. These fall into two main areas: nucleophilic displacement (SN 2) and metal cation chemistry. In SN 2 chemistry, we revisited many of the reactions Diethard pioneered and studied them in more detail. We found nonstatistical behavior, both competition and noncompetition between multiple channels. New channels were found as hydration occurred, with more solution-like behavior occurring as only a few ligands were added. Temperature-dependent studies revealed details that were not observable at room temperature. These and other highlights will be discussed. In metal cation reactions, Diethard's use of an inductively coupled ion source allowed him to systematically study the periodic table of elements with a number of simple neutrals. We have taken the most interesting of these and studied them in greater detail. In doing so, we were able to identify curve crossing rates, in a few instances information about product states, and the importance of multiple entrance channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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7
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Wu X, Zhao C, Xie J. Microsolvated Ion-Molecule SN2 Reactions with Dual Nucleophiles Induced by Solvent Molecules. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200285. [PMID: 35672884 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Singly-hydrated HOO - anion was found to induce alternative nucleophile HO - via proton transfer from water molecule as react with CH 3 Cl recently. To investigate the generality of this effect, the competition between the solvent-induced HO - -S N 2 pathway and the normal HOO - -S N 2 pathway is studied for the microsolvated HOO - (H 2 O) n=1,2,3 + CH 3 X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) reaction by quantum chemistry calculation. Incremental hydration increases the barrier heights of both pathways and enlarges the barrier difference between them, which favors the HOO - -S N 2 pathway. Interestingly, the barrier difference is insensitive to the leaving group. Calculation shows the water induced HO - -S N 2 pathway is highly suppressed as the degree of hydration increases beyond two. The differential barrier under incremental hydration can be explained by solvent molecules stabilizing the HOMO level of HO - (HOOH)(H 2 O) n-1 nucleophile more than that of HOO - (H 2 O) n nucleophile. Comparison between these HO - -nucleophiles and HOO - -nucleophiles suggests that α-effect exists. Activation strain analysis attributes the barrier differences to the stronger distortion of the TS of HO - -S N 2 pathway than the counterparts of HOO - -S N 2 pathway. This work adds our understanding of the role of individual solvent molecules to induce new nucleophiles of the fundamental organic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Chongyang Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jing Xie
- Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 8 Liangxiang East Road, Fangshan District, 102488, Beijing, CHINA
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8
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Wu X, Zhang S, Xie J. Investigating the competing E2 and S N2 mechanisms for the microsolvated HO -(H 2O) n=0-4 + CH 3CH 2X (X = Cl, Br, I) reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12993-13005. [PMID: 35582984 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the anti-E2, syn-E2, inv-SN2, and ret-SN2 reaction channels for the reaction of microsolvated HO-(H2O)n anions with CH3CH2X (X = Cl, Br, I), using the CCSD(T)/PP/t//MP2/ECP/d level method, to understand how a solvent influences the competing E2 and SN2 reactions. The calculated sequence of barrier for the four channels is ret-SN2 > syn-E2 > anti-E2 > inv-SN2. The barrier heights increase with incremental hydration as the system transfers from the gas phase to microsolvation, and to bulk solvation (using the PCM implicit solvent model). As the degree of hydration n increases, good correlations have been found between barrier heights and several thermodynamic, geometric and charge parameters, including the reaction enthalpy, proton/ethyl-cation affinity of the hydrated nucleophile, geometric looseness (%L‡) and asymmetry (%AS‡) and charge asymmetry (Δq(X-O)) of the transition structures. Under a molecular orbital scheme, the HOMOs of nucleophiles are stabilized by stepwise hydration, explaining the rise in the barriers. Considering the effect of the leaving group, the barrier heights exhibit linear correlation with the halogen electronegativity and H-acidity of substrate CH3CH2X. In terms of E2/SN2 competition, the barrier difference, , first increases then decreases as the number of explicit water molecules increases, under both microsolvation and bulk solvation conditions, but the inv-SN2 pathway is always favored over the anti-E2 pathway. Energy decomposition analysis attributes the increase of barrier difference to the greater geometric distortion in the anti-E2 transition structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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9
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Valverde D, Georg HC, Canuto S. Free-Energy Landscape of the S N2 Reaction CH 3Br + Cl - → CH 3Cl + Br - in Different Liquid Environments. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3685-3692. [PMID: 35543431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This work describes in detail the reaction path of the well-known SN2 reaction CH3Br + Cl- → CH3Cl + Br-, whose reaction rate has a huge variation with the solvent in the gas phase and in protic and aprotic liquid environments. We employed the ASEC-FEG method to optimize for minima (reactants and products) and saddle points (transition states) in the in-solution free-energy hypersurface. The method takes atomistic details of the solvent into account. A polarizable continuum model (PCM) has also been employed for comparison. The most perceptive structural changes are noted in aqueous solution by using the ASEC-FEG approach. The activation energies in all solvents, estimated by means of free-energy perturbation calculations, are in good agreement with the experimental data. The total solute-solvent hydrogen bonds play an important role in the increased barrier height observed in water and are therefore crucial to explain the huge decrease in the kinetic constant. It is also found that the hydration shell around the ions breaks itself spontaneously to accommodate the molecule, thus forming minimum energy complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Valverde
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371 Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Herbert C Georg
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, Campus Samambaia, CEP 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371 Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Zhao C, Ma X, Wu X, Thomsen DL, Bierbaum VM, Xie J. Single Solvent Molecules Induce Dual Nucleophiles in Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7134-7139. [PMID: 34296887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct dynamics simulation of singly hydrated peroxide ion reacting with CH3Cl reveals a new product channel that forms CH3OH + Cl- + HOOH, besides the traditional channel that forms CH3OOH + Cl- + H2O. This finding shows that singly hydrated peroxide ion behaves as a dual nucleophile through proton transfer between HOO-(H2O) and HO-(HOOH). Trajectory analysis attributes the occurrence of the thermodynamically and kinetically unfavored HO--induced pathway to the entrance channel dynamics, where extensive proton transfer occurs within the deep well of the prereaction complex. This study represents the first example of a single solvent molecule altering the nucleophile in a gas-phase ion-molecule nucleophilic substitution reaction, in addition to reducing the reactivity and affecting the dynamics, signifying the importance of dynamical effects of solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyou Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ditte L Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Veronica M Bierbaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Ji X, Zhao C, Xie J. Investigating the role of halogen-bonded complexes in microsolvated Y−(H2O)n + CH3I SN2 reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6349-6360. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06299e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A halogen-bonded complex pathway is computed for Y−(H2O)n + CH3I (Y = HO, F, Cl, Br, and I) ion–molecule nucleophilic substitution reactions and is compared with back-side and front-side attack pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Chongyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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12
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Bastian B, Michaelsen T, Ončák M, Meyer J, Wester R. F−(H2O)+CH3I ligand exchange reaction dynamics. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bastian
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tim Michaelsen
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Bastian B, Michaelsen T, Li L, Ončák M, Meyer J, Zhang DH, Wester R. Imaging Reaction Dynamics of F -(H 2O) and Cl -(H 2O) with CH 3I. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1929-1939. [PMID: 32050071 PMCID: PMC7197043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
dynamics of microhydrated nucleophilic substitution reactions
have been studied using crossed beam velocity map imaging experiments
and quasiclassical trajectory simulations at different collision energies
between 0.3 and 2.6 eV. For F–(H2O) reacting
with CH3I, a small fraction of hydrated product ions I–(H2O) is observed at low collision energies.
This product, as well as the dominant I–, is formed
predominantly through indirect reaction mechanisms. In contrast, a
much smaller indirect fraction is determined for the unsolvated reaction.
At the largest studied collision energies, the solvated reaction is
found to also occur via a direct rebound mechanism. The measured product
angular distributions exhibit an overall good agreement with the simulated
angular distributions. Besides nucleophilic substitution, also ligand
exchange reactions forming F–(CH3I) and,
at high collision energies, proton transfer reactions are detected.
The differential scattering images reveal that the Cl–(H2O) + CH3I reaction also proceeds predominantly
via indirect reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bastian
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tim Michaelsen
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dong H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Gu M, Liu X, Yang L, Sun S, Zhang J. Dynamics of Cl -(H 2O) + CH 3I Substitution Reaction: The Influences of Solvent and Nucleophile. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2203-2210. [PMID: 30794408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of microsolvation provides a deeper understanding of solvent effects on reaction dynamics. Here, the properties of the SN2 reaction of hydrated chloride with methyl iodide are investigated by direct dynamics simulations, and how the solute-solvent interactions and the basicity of nucleophiles can profoundly affect the atomic level dynamics is discussed in detail. The results show that the direct-rebound mechanism dominates the substitution reaction, and the roundabout mechanism, which prevails in the indirect unsolvated counterpart reaction, still accounts for a high proportion of the indirect mechanisms. The involvement of a solvent water molecule does not significantly reduce the cross section and rate constant compared to the unhydrated reaction at high collision energy. By varying solvated Cl- to F-, the dominant mechanisms are totally different and in contrast, the dynamics of water does not show much difference, and the departure of H2O tends to occur prior to the substitution reaction because of the facile breakage of the hydrogen bond at high collision energy.
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15
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Liu X, Yang L, Zhang J, Sun J. Competition of F/OH-Induced S N2 and Proton-Transfer Reactions with Increased Solvation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9446-9453. [PMID: 30444620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy profiles of F/OH-induced nucleophilic substitution (SN2) and proton-transfer (PT) channels evolving with solvation for reactions of F-(H2O) n=1-2 + CH3I were characterized using B3LYP/ECP/d method. The hydrogen-bonded F-(H2O) n---HCH2I prereaction complex at the entrance of potential energy surface (PES) has a significant role on the reaction dynamics for each channel. Among the above three channels, the F-SN2 channel is the most preferred and OH-SN2 could be competitive. In contrast, the PT channel will occur at much higher collision energy. Importantly, for each channel, the central barrier is gradually increased with the addition of water molecules. This phenomenon indicates that the reactivity will decrease with degrees of solvation and this has been confirmed by experiment and direct dynamics simulations. Moreover, compared with the previous trajectory simulations, a non-IRC behavior has been uncovered. The water delivering process from fluorine to iodine side as illustrated on PES is barely observed, and instead, the reaction tends to dehydrate before passing through the SN2 barrier and proceeds with the less hydrated pathway in order to weaken the steric effect. The work presented here shows the comprehensive potential energy surfaces and structures information on the F-SN2, PT, and OH-SN2 channels, and predict their competitive relationship, which would be helpful for better understanding the dynamics behavior of the title and analogous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
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16
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Fárník M, Lengyel J. Mass spectrometry of aerosol particle analogues in molecular beam experiments. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:630-651. [PMID: 29178389 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-size particles such as ultrafine aerosol particles, ice nanoparticles, water nanodroplets, etc, play an important, however, not yet fully understood role in the atmospheric chemistry and physics. These species are often composed of water with admixture of other atmospherically relevant molecules. To mimic and investigate such particles in laboratory experiments, mixed water clusters with atmospherically relevant molecules can be generated in molecular beams and studied by various mass spectrometric methods. The present review demonstrates that such experiments can provide unprecedented details of reaction mechanisms, and detailed insight into the photon-, electron-, and ion-induced processes relevant to the atmospheric chemistry. After a brief outline of the molecular beam preparation, cluster properties, and ionization methods, we focus on the mixed clusters with various atmospheric molecules, such as hydrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid clusters, Nx Oy and halogen-containing molecules with water. A special attention is paid to their reactivity and solvent effects of water molecules on the observed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Meyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Liu X, Xie J, Zhang J, Yang L, Hase WL. Steric Effects of Solvent Molecules on S N2 Substitution Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1885-1892. [PMID: 28394615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Influences of solvent molecules on SN2 reaction dynamics of microsolvated F-(H2O)n with CH3I, for n = 0-3, are uncovered by direct chemical dynamics simulations. The direct substitution mechanism, which is important without microsolvation, is quenched dramatically upon increasing hydration. The water molecules tend to force reactive encounters to proceed through the prereaction collision complex leading to indirect reaction. In contrast to F-(H2O), reaction with higher hydrated ions shows a strong propensity for ion desolvation in the entrance channel, diminishing steric hindrance for nucleophilic attack. Thus, nucleophilic substitution avoids the potential energy barrier with all of the solvent molecules intact and instead occurs through the less solvated barrier, which is energetically unexpected because the former barrier has a lower energy. The work presented here reveals a trade-off between reaction energetics and steric effects, with the latter found to be crucial in understanding how hydration influences microsolvated SN2 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jiaxu Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - William L Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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19
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Yang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Xie J. Effects of microsolvation on a S N2 reaction: indirect atomistic dynamics and weakened suppression of reactivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:9992-9999. [PMID: 28362011 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic studies of microsolvation in the gas phase have enriched our knowledge of solvent effects. Here, the dynamics of a prototype SN2 reaction of a hydrated fluoride ion with methyl iodide is uncovered employing direct dynamics simulations that show strikingly distinct features from those determined for an unsolvated system. An indirect scattering is found to prevail, which occurs dominantly by forming hydrated F-(H2O)-HCH2I and F-(H2O)-CH3I pre-reaction complexes at low energies, but proceeds through their water-free counterparts at higher energies. This finding is in strong contrast to a general evolution from indirect to direct dynamics with enhancing energy for the unsolvated substitution reactions, and this discrepancy is understood by the substantial steric hindrance introduced by a water molecule. As established in experiments, solvation suppresses the reactivity, whereas we find that this depression is remarkably frustrated upon raising the energy given that collision-induced dehydration essentially diminishes the water block for reactive collisions. The present study sheds light on how solute-solvent interactions affect the underlying dynamics at a deeper atomic level, thereby promoting our understanding of the fundamental solvent effects on chemical reactions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
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20
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Uggerud E. The Factors Determining Reactivity in Nucleophilic Substitution. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Carrascosa E, Meyer J, Wester R. Imaging the dynamics of ion–molecule reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:7498-7516. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of ion–molecule reactions have been studied in the last years using the crossed-beam ion imaging technique, from charge transfer and proton transfer to nucleophilic substitution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Carrascosa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Universität Innsbruck
- 6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Universität Innsbruck
- 6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Universität Innsbruck
- 6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
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22
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Zhang J, Yang L, Sheng L. Electronic Structure Theory Study of the Microsolvated F(-)(H2O) + CH3I SN2 Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3613-22. [PMID: 27126610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy profile of microhydrated fluorine ion reaction with methyl iodine has been characterized by extensive electronic structure calculations. Both hydrogen-bonded F(-)(H2O)---HCH2I and ion-dipole F(-)(H2O)---CH3I complexes are formed for the reaction entrance and the PES in vicinity of these complexes is very flat, which may have important implications for the reaction dynamics. The water molecule remains on the fluorine side until the reactive system goes to the SN2 saddle point. It can easily move to the iodine side with little barrier, but in a nonsynchronous reaction path after the dynamical bottleneck to the reaction, which supports the previous prediction for microsolvated SN2 systems. The influence of solvating water molecule on the reaction mechanism is probed by comparing with the influence of the nonsolvated analogue and other microsolvated SN2 systems. Taking the CCSD(T) single-point calculations based on MP2-optimized geometries as benchmark, the DFT functionals B97-1 and B3LYP are found to better characterize the potential energy profile for the title reaction and are recommended as the preferred methods for the direct dynamics simulations to uncover the dynamic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Li Sheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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23
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Zhang J, Yang L, Xie J, Hase WL. Microsolvated F(-)(H2O) + CH3I S(N)2 Reaction Dynamics. Insight into the Suppressed Formation of Solvated Products. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:660-665. [PMID: 26821192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microsolvation offers a bottom-up approach to investigate details of how solute-solvent interactions affect chemical reaction dynamics. The dynamics of the microsolvated S(N)2 reaction F(-)(H2O) + CH3I are uncovered in detail by using direct chemical dynamics simulations. Direct rebound and stripping and indirect atomic-level mechanisms are observed. The indirect events comprise ∼70% of the solvated reaction and occur predominantly via a hydrogen-bonded F(-)(H2O)···HCH2I prereaction complex. The reaction dynamics show propensity for the direct three-body dissociation channel F(-)(H2O) + CH3I → CH3F + I(-) + H2O after passing the reaction's dynamical bottleneck. The water molecule leaves the reactive system before traversing the postreaction region of the PES, where water transfer toward the product species occurs. This provides an insight into the very interesting finding of strongly suppressed formation of energetically favored solvated products for almost all SN2 reactions under microsolvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical and Simulation Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Simulation Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William L Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Xie J, Otto R, Wester R, Hase WL. Chemical dynamics simulations of the monohydrated OH(-)(H2O) + CH3I reaction. Atomic-level mechanisms and comparison with experiment. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:244308. [PMID: 26133429 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct dynamics simulations, with B97-1/ECP/d theory, were performed to study the role of microsolvation for the OH(-)(H2O) + CH3I reaction. The SN2 reaction dominates at all reactant collision energies, but at higher collision energies proton transfer to form CH2I(-), and to a lesser extent CH2I(-) (H2O), becomes important. The SN2 reaction occurs by direct rebound and stripping mechanisms, and 28 different indirect atomistic mechanisms, with the latter dominating. Important components of the indirect mechanisms are the roundabout and formation of SN2 and proton transfer pre-reaction complexes and intermediates, including [CH3--I--OH](-). In contrast, for the unsolvated OH(-) + CH3I SN2 reaction, there are only seven indirect atomistic mechanisms and the direct mechanisms dominate. Overall, the simulation results for the OH(-)(H2O) + CH3I SN2 reaction are in good agreement with experiment with respect to reaction rate constant, product branching ratio, etc. Differences between simulation and experiment are present for the SN2 velocity scattering angle at high collision energies and the proton transfer probability at low collision energies. Equilibrium solvation by the H2O molecule is unimportant. The SN2 reaction is dominated by events in which H2O leaves the reactive system as CH3OH is formed or before CH3OH formation. Formation of solvated products is unimportant and participation of the (H2O)CH3OH---I(-) post-reaction complex for the SN2 reaction is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Rico Otto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut fur Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25/3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - William L Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
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25
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Xie J, Kohale SC, Hase WL, Ard SG, Melko JJ, Shuman NS, Viggiano AA. Temperature Dependence of the OH– + CH3I Reaction Kinetics. Experimental and Simulation Studies and Atomic-Level Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:14019-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409347z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Swapnil C. Kohale
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - William L. Hase
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Shaun G. Ard
- Air Force Research
Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland
AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
| | - Joshua J. Melko
- Air Force Research
Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland
AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Shuman
- Air Force Research
Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland
AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
| | - Albert A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research
Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland
AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
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26
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Knurr BJ, McCoy AB, Weber JM. Vibrationally induced charge transfer in a bimolecular model complex in vacuo. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:224301. [PMID: 23781789 DOI: 10.1063/1.4808048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report vibrationally induced charge transfer from nitromethane anion to methyliodide in a molecular complex. Excitation of a CH stretching vibrational transition in either of the molecular constituents results in dissociative electron transfer to the CH3I molecule, resulting in I(-) product anions. Solvation of the pre-reactive complex with more than two Ar atoms leads to complete quenching of the reaction and can be used to estimate the barrier for this reaction. We discuss the results in the framework of electronic structure calculations and compare the intra-complex electron transfer with vibrationally mediated electron emission in bare nitromethane anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Knurr
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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27
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28
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Otto R, Brox J, Trippel S, Stei M, Best T, Wester R. Single solvent molecules can affect the dynamics of substitution reactions. Nat Chem 2012; 4:534-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Mikosch J, Weidemüller M, Wester R. On the dynamics of chemical reactions of negative ions. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2010.519504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Zhang J, Lourderaj U, Addepalli SV, de Jong WA, Hase WL. Quantum chemical calculations of the Cl- + CH3I --> CH3Cl + I- potential energy surface. J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:1976-84. [PMID: 19115824 DOI: 10.1021/jp808146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic structure theory calculations, using MP2 theory and the DFT functionals OPBE, OLYP, HCTH407, BhandH, and B97-1, were performed to characterize the structures, vibrational frequencies, and energies for stationary points on the Cl(-) + CH(3)I --> ClCH(3) + I(-) potential energy surface. The aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets, with an effective core potential (ECP) for iodine, were employed. Single-point CCSD(T) calculations were performed to obtain the complete basis set (CBS) limit for the reaction energies. DFT was found to give significantly longer halide ion/carbon atom bond lengths for the ion-dipole complexes and central barrier transition state than MP2. BhandH, with either the aug-cc-pVDZ or aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets, gives good agreement with the experimental structures for both CH(3)I and CH(3)Cl. The frequencies of CH(3)I and CH(3)Cl, obtained with the different levels of theory and basis sets, are in excellent agreement with experiment. The major difference between the MP2 and DFT frequencies is for the imaginary frequency of the central barrier. Using the aug-cc-pVTZ basis the MP2 value for this frequency ranges from 1.26 to 1.59 times larger than those for the DFT functionals. Thus, the MP2 and DFT theories have different PES shapes in the vicinity of the [Cl--CH(3)--I](-) central barrier. The CCSD(T)/CBS energies are in good agreement with experiments for the complexation energies and reaction exothermicity, with a small 1 kcal/mol difference for the latter. The CCSD(T)/CBS central barrier height is lower than values deduced by using statistical theoretical models to fit the Cl(-) + CH(3)I --> ClCH(3) + I(-) experimental rate constant, which is consistent with the expected nonstatistical dynamics for the reaction. The BhandH energies are in overall best agreement with the CCSD(T) values, with a largest difference of only 0.7 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-106, USA
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31
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Fuentealba P, David J, Guerra D. Density functional based reactivity parameters: Thermodynamic or kinetic concepts? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Davico GE. Interpretation of the Gas-Phase Solvent Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects in the SN2 Reaction Mechanism: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results in the Reaction of Microsolvated Fluoride Ions with Methyl Halides. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:13112-21. [PMID: 17134173 DOI: 10.1021/jp0627168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a comprehensive ab initio calculation and transition-state theory analysis of the solvent and secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects in the SN2 reactions of microsolvated fluoride ions with methyl halides. Water, methanol, and hydrogen fluoride were used as solvents, and the results are compared with recent experiments. Kinetic isotope effects were dissected into contributions from translations, rotations, and different vibration modes, and the validity of such analysis is also discussed. Excellent agreement was found for some reactions, whereas the agreement was poor for other reactions. We showed that the deviation between theory and experiments is related to the reaction kinetics; a faster reaction produced a kinetic isotope effect that was systematically larger (less inverse) than the calculated value. In addition, we also found that the magnitude of the deviation is proportional to the reaction efficiency. We rationalize the disagreement as a failure of the transition-state theory to model barrierless reactions, and we propose a very simple scheme to interpret these findings and predict the deviation between experimental and theoretical values in those reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E Davico
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA.
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33
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Cheon S, Song K, Hase WL. Central barrier recrossing dynamics of the Cl−+CD3Cl SN2 reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Bogdanov B, McMahon TB. Gas Phase SN2 Reactions of Halide Ions with Trifluoromethyl Halides: Front- and Back-Side Attack vs. Complex Formation. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:1350-63. [PMID: 16435795 DOI: 10.1021/jp0541011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory computations and pulsed-ionization high-pressure mass spectrometry experiments have been used to explore the potential energy surfaces for gas-phase S(N)2 reactions between halide ions and trifluoromethyl halides, X(-) + CF(3)Y --> Y(-) + CF(3)X. Structures of neutrals, ion-molecule complexes, and transition states show the possibility of two mechanisms: back- and front-side attack. From pulsed-ionization high-pressure mass spectrometry, enthalpy and entropy changes for the equilibrium clustering reactions for the formation of Cl(-)(BrCF(3)) (-16.5 +/- 0.2 kcal mol(-1) and -24.5 +/- 1 cal mol(-1) K(-1)), Cl(-)(ICF(3)) (-23.6 +/- 0.2 kcal mol(-1)), and Br(-)(BrCF(3)) (-13.9 +/- 0.2 kcal mol(-1) and -22.2 +/- 1 cal mol(-1) K(-1)) have been determined. These are in good to excellent agreement with computations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level of theory. It is shown that complex formation takes place by a front-side attack complex, while the lowest energy S(N)2 reaction proceeds through a back-side attack transition state. This latter mechanism involves a potential energy profile which closely resembles a condensed phase S(N)2 reaction energy profile. It is also shown that the Cl(-) + CF(3)Br --> Br(-) + CF(3)Cl S(N)2 reaction can be interpreted using Marcus theory, in which case the reaction is described as being initiated by electron transfer. A potential energy surface at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level of theory confirms that the F(-) + CF(3)Br --> Br(-) + CF(4) S(N)2 reaction proceeds through a Walden inversion transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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35
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Adamovic I, Gordon MS. Solvent Effects on the SN2 Reaction: Application of the Density Functional Theory-Based Effective Fragment Potential Method. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:1629-36. [PMID: 16833487 DOI: 10.1021/jp040665d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the density functional theory (DFT)-based effective fragment potential (EFP) method is assessed using the S(N)2 reaction: Cl- + nH2O + CH3Br = CH3Cl + Br- + nH2O. The effect of the systematic addition of water molecules on the structures and relative energies of all species involved in the reaction has been studied. The EFP1 method is compared with second-order perturbation theory (MP2) and DFT results for n = 1, 2, and 3, and EFP1 results are also presented for four water molecules. The incremental hydration effects on the barrier height are the same for all methods. However, only full MP2 or MP2 with EFP1 solvent molecules are able to provide an accurate treatment of the transition state (TS) and hence the central barriers. Full DFT and DFT with EFP1 solvent molecules both predict central barriers that are too small. The results illustrate that the EFP1-based DFT method gives reliable results when combined with an accurate quantum mechanical (QM) method, so it may be used as an efficient alternative to fully QM methods in the treatment of larger microsolvated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Adamovic
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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36
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Yang SY, Fleurat-Lessard P, Hristov I, Ziegler T. Free Energy Profiles for the Identity SN2 Reactions Cl- + CH3Cl and NH3 + H3BNH3: A Constraint Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Iordan Hristov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Tom Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, and the Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, and the Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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38
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Viggiano AA, Miller TM, Williams S, Arnold ST, Seeley JV, Friedman JF. Reaction of O2+ + C8H10 (Ethylbenzene) as a Function of Pressure and Temperature: A Study of the Collisional Stabilization of the Reactant Intermediate. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776
| | - Thomas M. Miller
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776
| | - Skip Williams
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776
| | - Susan T. Arnold
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776
| | - John V. Seeley
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776
| | - Jeffrey F. Friedman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, and Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776
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39
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Tachikawa H, Igarashi M, Ishibashi T. A direct ab initio trajectory study on a microsolvated SN2 reaction F−(H2O)+CH3Cl at hyperthermal collision energy. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)01211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Sun L, Hase WL, Song K. Trajectory studies of S(N)2 nucleophilic substitution. 8. Central barrier dynamics for gas phase Cl(-) + CH(3)Cl. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:5753-6. [PMID: 11403609 DOI: 10.1021/ja004077z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quasiclassical direct dynamics trajectories, calculated at the MP2/6-31G level of theory, are used to study the central barrier dynamics for the C1(-) + CH(3)Cl S(N)2 reaction. Extensive recrossings of the central barrier are observed in the trajectories. The dynamics of the Cl(-)-CH(3)Cl complex is non-RRKM and transition state theory (TST) is predicted to be an inaccurate model for calculating the Cl(-) + CH(3)Cl S(N)2 rate constant. Direct dynamics trajectories also show that Cl(-) + CH(3)Cl trajectories, which collide backside along the S(N)2 reaction path, do not form the Cl(-)-CH(3)Cl complex. This arises from weak coupling between the Cl(-)-CH(3)Cl intermolecular and CH(3)Cl intramolecular modes. The trajectory results are very similar to those of a previous trajectory study, based on a HF/6-31G* analytic potential energy function, which gives a less accurate representation of the central barrier region of the Cl(-) + CH(3)Cl reaction than does the MP2/6-31G* level of theory used here. Experiments are suggested for investigating the non-RRKM and non-TST dynamics predicted by the trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489, USA
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41
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Raugei S, Cardini G, Schettino V. Microsolvation effect on chemical reactivity: The case of the Cl−+CH3Br SN2 reaction. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1348023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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42
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Tachikawa H. Collision Energy Dependence on the Microsolvated SN2 Reaction of F-(H2O) with CH3Cl: A Full Dimensional Ab Initio Direct Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003252v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tachikawa
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bieske
- Physical Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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44
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45
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Viggiano AA, Midey AJ. Rate Constants as a Function of Temperature and Kinetic Energy for the Reactions of Cl- with C2H5Br and n-C3H7Br. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001050t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - Anthony J. Midey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
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46
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Raugei S, Cardini G, Schettino V. An ab initio molecular dynamics study of the SN2 reaction Cl−+CH3Br→CH3Cl+Br−. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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47
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Wu YR, Hu WP. Reaction Dynamics Study on the Tunneling Effects of a Microsolvated E2 Reaction: FO-(H2O) + C2H5Cl → HOF(H2O) + C2H4 + Cl-. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ru Wu
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan 621
| | - Wei-Ping Hu
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan 621
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48
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Arnold ST, Williams S, Dotan I, Midey AJ, Morris RA, Viggiano AA. Flow Tube Studies of Benzene Charge Transfer Reactions from 250 to 1400 K. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991928k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Arnold
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - Skip Williams
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - Itzhak Dotan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - Anthony J. Midey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - Robert A. Morris
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - A. A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
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49
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Ayotte P, Kim J, Kelley JA, Nielsen SB, Johnson MA. Photoactivation of the Cl- + CH3Br SN2 Reaction via Rotationally Resolved C−H Stretch Excitation of the Cl-·CH3Br Entrance Channel Complex. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja990814j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ayotte
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Jun Kim
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Jude A. Kelley
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Steen B. Nielsen
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Thomas
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate (VSBP), 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - A. A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate (VSBP), 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts 01731-3010
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