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Mazrad ZAI, Refaat A, Morrow JP, Voelcker NH, Nicolazzo JA, Leiske MN, Kempe K. Folic Acid-Conjugated Brush Polymers Show Enhanced Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing in Static and Dynamic In Vitro Models Toward Brain Cancer Targeting Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2894-2910. [PMID: 38556768 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, evidence has consistently shown that treatment of central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and brain cancer, is limited due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To assist with the development of new therapeutics, it is crucial to engineer a drug delivery system that can cross the BBB efficiently and reach target cells within the brain. In this study, we present a potentially efficient strategy for targeted brain delivery through utilization of folic acid (FA)-conjugated brush polymers, that specifically target the reduced folate carrier (RFC, SLC19A1) expressed on brain endothelial cells. Here, azide (N3)-decorated brush polymers were prepared in a straightforward manner coupling a heterotelechelic α-NH2, ω-N3-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (NH2-PEtOx-N3) to N-acylated poly(amino ester) (NPAE)-based brushes. Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) 'click chemistry' with DBCO-folic acid (FA) yielded FA-brush polymers. Interestingly, while azide functionalization of the brush polymers dramatically reduced their association to brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3), the introduction of FA to azide led to a substantial accumulation of the brush polymers in hCMEC/D3 cells. The ability of the polymeric brush polymers to traverse the BBB was quantitatively assessed using different in vitro BBB models including static Transwell and microfluidic platforms. FA-brush polymers showed efficient transport across hCMEC/D3 cells in a manner dependent on FA composition, whereas nonfunctionalized brush polymers exhibited limited trafficking under the same conditions. Further, cellular uptake inhibition studies suggested that the interaction and transport pathway of FA-brush polymers across BBB relies on the RFC-mediated pathways. The potential application of the developed FA-brush polymers in brain cancer delivery was also investigated in a microfluidic model of BBB-glioblastoma. Brush polymers with more FA units successfully presented an enhanced accumulation into U-87 MG glioma cells following its BBB crossing, compared to controls. These results demonstrate that FA-modified brush polymers hold a great potential for more efficient delivery of future brain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihnil A I Mazrad
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Azarita 21521, Egypt
| | - Joshua P Morrow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Meike N Leiske
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Houson HA, Wu Z, Cao PLD, Lindsey JS, Lapi SE. Customizable Porphyrin Platform Enables Folate Receptor PET Imaging Using Copper-64. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2441-2455. [PMID: 38623055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Folate receptors including folate receptor α (FRα) are overexpressed in up to 90% of ovarian cancers. Ovarian cancers overexpressing FRα often exhibit high degrees of drug resistance and poor outcomes. A porphyrin chassis has been developed that is readily customizable according to the desired targeting properties. Thus, compound O5 includes a free base porphyrin, two water-solubilizing groups that project above and below the macrocycle plane, and a folate targeting moiety. Compound O5 was synthesized (>95% purity) and exhibited aqueous solubility of at least 0.48 mM (1 mg/mL). Radiolabeling of O5 with 64Cu in HEPES buffer at 37 °C gave a molar activity of 1000 μCi/μg (88 MBq/nmol). [64Cu]Cu-O5 was stable in human serum for 24 h. Cell uptake studies showed 535 ± 12% bound/mg [64Cu]Cu-O5 in FRα-positive IGROV1 cells when incubated at 0.04 nM. Subcellular fractionation showed that most radioactivity was associated with the cytoplasmic (39.4 ± 2.7%) and chromatin-bound nuclear (53.0 ± 4.2%) fractions. In mice bearing IGROV1 xenografts, PET imaging studies showed clear tumor uptake of [64Cu]Cu-O5 from 1 to 24 h post injection with a low degree of liver uptake. The tumor standardized uptake value at 24 h post injection was 0.34 ± 0.16 versus 0.06 ± 0.07 in the blocking group. In summary, [64Cu]Cu-O5 was synthesized at high molar activity, was stable in serum, exhibited high binding to FRα-overexpressing cells with high nuclear translocation, and gave uptake that was clearly visible in mouse tumor xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A Houson
- Department of Radiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Oncurie, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina 27608, United States
| | - Phuong-Lien Doan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Nishimura K, Kashiwagi H, Morita T, Fukuo Y, Okada S, Miura K, Matsumoto Y, Sugawara Y, Enomoto T, Suzuki M, Nakai K, Kawabata S, Nakamura H. Efficient neutron capture therapy of glioblastoma with pteroyl-closo-dodecaborate-conjugated 4-(p-iodophenyl)butyric acid (PBC-IP). J Control Release 2023; 360:249-259. [PMID: 37356755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has been applied for clinical trials on glioblastoma patients since 1950s, however, the low survival rate under the treatments has hampered the widespread use of BNCT. In this study, we developed a novel boron agent, PBC-IP, which consists of three functional groups: FRα-targeting, 10B resource (twelve 10B atoms in the molecule), and albumin-binding moieties. PBC-IP was selectively taken up by glioma cell lines such as C6, F98, and U87MG cells and accumulated 10- to 20-fold higher than L-4‑boronophenylalanine (BPA). PBC-IP administrated intravenously to the human glioblastoma (U87MG) xenograft model showed higher boron accumulation in tumors (29.8 μg [10B]/g at 6 h) than BPA (9.6 μg [10B]/g at 3 h) at a 25 mg [10B]/kg dose, effectively suppressing tumor growth after thermal neutron irradiation. PBC-IP administrated via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) accumulated in the F98 glioma orthotopic rat model, achieving 26.5 μg [10B]/g in tumors with tumor/normal (T/N) brain and tumor/blood (T/B) boron ratios of 37.8 and 94.6, respectively, 3 h after CED. Survival at 180 days after BNCT was 50% in the PBC-IP group and 70% in the combined BPA and PBC-IP groups, with no residual brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Nishimura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hideki Kashiwagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Taiki Morita
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuki Miura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yu Sugawara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takayuki Enomoto
- Biomaterials Analysis Division, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Kei Nakai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
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4
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Salim L, Desaulniers JP. Synthesis of folate-labeled siRNAs from a folate derivative phosphoramidite. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3365-3372. [PMID: 36808193 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
With the recent success of GalNAc and the need for extra-hepatic RNAi delivery systems, other receptor-targeting ligands, like folate, have gained increased attention. The folate receptor is an important molecular target in cancer research, as it is overexpressed on numerous tumours while having limited expression in non-malignant tissues. Despite the promise of folate conjugation as a delivery platform in cancer therapeutics, its application in RNAi has been limited by sophisticated, and often expensive, chemistry. Here, we report a straightforward and cost-effective strategy to synthesize a novel folate derivative phosphoramidite for siRNA incorporation. In the absence of a transfection carrier, these siRNAs were selectively taken up by folate receptor-expressing cancer cell lines and displayed potent gene-silencing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidya Salim
- Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Science, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Science, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
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5
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Kovalev IS, Zyryanov GV, Santra S, Majee A, Varaksin MV, Charushin VN. Folic Acid Antimetabolites (Antifolates): A Brief Review on Synthetic Strategies and Application Opportunities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196229. [PMID: 36234766 PMCID: PMC9573478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites of folic acid represent a large group of drugs and drug candidates, including those for cancer chemotherapy. In this current review, the most common methods and approaches are presented for the synthesis of therapeutically significant antimetabolites of folic acid, which are Methotrexate (MTX), Raltitrexed (Tomudex, ZD1694), Pralatrexate, Pemetrexed, TNP-351, and Lometrexol. In addition, the applications or uses of these folic acid antimetabolites are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S. Kovalev
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: or (G.V.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Adinath Majee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
- Correspondence: or (G.V.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Mikhail V. Varaksin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Department of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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6
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Echavarren J, Gall MAY, Haertsch A, Leigh DA, Spence JTJ, Tetlow DJ, Tian C. Sequence-Selective Decapeptide Synthesis by the Parallel Operation of Two Artificial Molecular Machines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5158-5165. [PMID: 33764775 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on the preparation of a decapeptide through the parallel operation of two rotaxane-based molecular machines. The synthesis proceeds in four stages: (1) simultaneous operation of two molecular peptide synthesizers in the same reaction vessel; (2) selective residue activation of short-oligomer intermediates; (3) ligation; (4) product release. Key features of the machine design include the following: (a) selective transformation of a thioproline building block to a cysteine (once it has been incorporated into a hexapeptide intermediate by one molecular machine); (b) a macrocycle-peptide hydrazine linkage (as part of the second machine) to differentiate the intermediates and enable their directional ligation; and (c) incorporation of a Glu residue in the assembly module of one machine to enable release of the final product while simultaneously removing part of the assembly machinery from the product. The two molecular machines participate in the synthesis of a product that is beyond the capability of individual small-molecule machines, in a manner reminiscent of the ligation and post-translational modification of proteins in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Echavarren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Malcolm A Y Gall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Adrian Haertsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Justin T J Spence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Daniel J Tetlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Chong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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7
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Nakagawa F, Kawashima H, Morita T, Nakamura H. Water-Soluble closo-Docecaborate-Containing Pteroyl Derivatives Targeting Folate Receptor-Positive Tumors for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071615. [PMID: 32635272 PMCID: PMC7407413 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble pteroyl-closo-dodecaborate conjugates (PBCs 1-4), were developed as folate receptor (FRα) targeting boron carriers for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). PBCs 1-4 had adequately low cytotoxicity with IC50 values in the range of 1~3 mM toward selected human cancer cells, low enough to use as BNCT boron agents. PBCs 1-3 showed significant cell uptake by FRα positive cells, especially U87MG glioblastoma cells, although the accumulation of PBC 4 was low compared with PBCs 1-3 and L-4-boronophenylalanine (L-BPA). The cellular uptake of PBC 1 and PBC 3 by HeLa cells was arrested by increasing the concentration of folate in the medium, indicating that the major uptake mechanisms of PBC 1-3 are primarily through FRα receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Nakagawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan;
| | - Hidehisa Kawashima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; (H.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Taiki Morita
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; (H.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan;
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; (H.K.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-924-5244
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8
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Bertuzzi DL, Perli G, Braga CB, Ornelas C. Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of folate γ-ferrocenyl conjugates. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04954a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel folate γ-ferrocene conjugates were synthesized through a regiospecific route, and showed selectivity and enhanced cytotoxicity against Frα-positive malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L. Bertuzzi
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
| | - Gabriel Perli
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
| | - Carolyne B. Braga
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
| | - Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
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9
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Geersing A, de Vries RH, Jansen G, Rots MG, Roelfes G. Folic acid conjugates of a bleomycin mimic for selective targeting of folate receptor positive cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1922-1927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Figliola C, Marchal E, Groves BR, Thompson A. A step-wise synthetic approach is necessary to access γ-conjugates of folate: folate-conjugated prodigiosenes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14078-14092. [PMID: 35519339 PMCID: PMC9064012 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01435g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast literature that describes reacting folic acid with a pharmacophore, this route is ineffective in providing the correct regioisomer of the resulting conjugate. We herein present a step-wise route to the preparation of nine folate conjugates of the tripyrrolic prodigiosene skeleton. The strict requirement for step-wise construction of the folate core is demonstrated, so as to achieve conjugation at only the desired γ-carboxylic acid and thus maintain the α-carboxylic site for folate receptor (FRα) recognition. Linkages via ethylenediamine, polyethylene glycol and glutathione are demonstrated. Despite the vast literature that describes reacting folic acid with a pharmacophore, this route is ineffective in providing the correct regioisomer of the resulting conjugate.![]()
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11
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Puskas JE, Castano M, Mulay P, Dudipala V, Wesdemiotis C. Method for the Synthesis of γ-PEGylated Folic Acid and Its Fluorescein-Labeled Derivative. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Sunamoto J, Ushio K, Lai DT. Folate-Modified Cholesterol-Bearing Pullulan, a New Cancer-Targeted Nanoparticle Drug Carrier: Synthesis and Applications. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911506071967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Folate-modified cholesterol-bearing pullulan (FA-CHP) was synthesized by the reaction of folic acid [.beta]-2-aminoethylamide and 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate-activated cholesterol-bearing pullulan. The substitution ratio was estimated as 10% per glucoside units. Several combinations of FA-CHP, unmodified cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHP) and doxorubicin (DOX) mixtures were tested for cancer-selective cytotoxicity in vitro. A combination of FA-CHP/CHP/DOX of 1:4:0.02 (weight ratio) had aggressive and selective effects on human epidermoid cancer KB cells, known to express a high level of folate receptor, while the same nanoparticle mixture had a weak effect on the growth of normal human fetal lung fibroblast TIG-1-20 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazutoshi Ushio
- Niihama National College of Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, 7–1 Yagumo, Niihama, Ehime 792–8580, Japan
| | - Douglas T. Lai
- Niihama National College of Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, 7–1 Yagumo, Niihama, Ehime 792–8580, Japan
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13
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Design and structure activity relationship of tumor-homing histone deacetylase inhibitors conjugated to folic and pteroic acids. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:340-59. [PMID: 25899338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of various pathological conditions including cancer. Currently, two HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) – Vorinostat and Romidepsin – have been approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, HDACi remain ineffective against solid tumors and are associated with adverse events including cardiotoxicity. Targeted delivery may enhance the therapeutic indices of HDACi and enable them to be efficacious against solid tumors. We showed herein that morphing of folic and pteroic acids into the surface recognition group of HDACi results in hydroxamate and benzamide HDACi which derived tumor homing by targeting folate receptor (FR), a receptor commonly overexpressed in solid tumors. We observed a correlation between the potency of HDAC1 inhibition and cytotoxicity as only the potent pteroate hydroxamates, 11d and 11e, displayed antiproliferative activity against two representative FR-expression cancer cells. Our observation further supports the previous results which suggest that for a drug to be successfully targeted using the FR, it must be extremely potent against its primary target as the FR has a low delivery efficiency.
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14
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Consoli GML, Granata G, Fragassi G, Grossi M, Sallese M, Geraci C. Design and synthesis of a multivalent fluorescent folate–calix[4]arene conjugate: cancer cell penetration and intracellular localization. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3298-307. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02333a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent multivalent folate–calix[4]arene–NBD selectively penetrates cancer cellsviafolate receptor-mediated endocytosis and localizes in endo-lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgia Fragassi
- Unit of Genomic Approaches to Membrane Traffic
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud
- S. Maria Imbaro (CH)
- Italy
| | - Mauro Grossi
- Unit of Genomic Approaches to Membrane Traffic
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud
- S. Maria Imbaro (CH)
- Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Unit of Genomic Approaches to Membrane Traffic
- Fondazione Mario Negri Sud
- S. Maria Imbaro (CH)
- Italy
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15
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Trindade AF, Frade RFM, Maçôas EMS, Graça C, Rodrigues CAB, Martinho JMG, Afonso CAM. "Click and go": simple and fast folic acid conjugation. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3181-90. [PMID: 24723199 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00150h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid targeting by functionalization of the terminal γ-carboxylic acid is one of the most important strategies to selectively deliver chemotherapeutics and dyes to cancer cells which overexpress folate receptors. However, conjugation of folic acid is limited by its unique solubility and by selectivity issues imposing the need for expensive preparative reverse-phase chromatographic purification to isolate γ-folate conjugates. Herein is provided a novel synthetic tool for the synthesis of new folic acid conjugates with excellent γ-purity based on strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions with a γ-folate-cyclooctyne conjugate 3. To demonstrate the potential of this methodology several new folate conjugates were synthesized with high γ-purity and without using any type of chromatographic purification by reacting conjugate 3 with several fluorescent probes, polymers and siliceous materials bearing azide. In addition, the cycloaddition reaction between conjugate 3 and an azido-derived fluorescent dye was successfully performed in cellular media leading to an increase of fluorescence in the cells which overexpress folate receptors (NCI-H460).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Trindade
- CQFM, Centro de Química-Física Molecular, IN-Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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16
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Vlashi E, Kelderhouse LE, Sturgis JE, Low PS. Effect of folate-targeted nanoparticle size on their rates of penetration into solid tumors. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8573-8582. [PMID: 24020507 DOI: 10.1021/nn402644g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapies are emerging as a preferred strategy for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. To evaluate the impact of a high affinity targeting ligand on the rate and extent of tumor penetration of different sized nanomedicines, we have used intravital multiphoton microscopy to quantitate the kinetics of tumor accumulation of a homologous series of folate-PEG-rhodamine conjugates prepared with polyethylene glycols (PEG) of different molecular weights. We demonstrate that increasing the size of the folate-PEG-rhodamine conjugates results in both longer circulation times and slower tumor penetration rates. Although a "binding site barrier" is observed with the folate-linked polymers in folate receptor expressing tumors, ligand targeting eventually leads to increased tumor accumulation, with endocytosis of the targeted nanocarriers contributing to their enhanced tumor retention. Because the effects of nanocarrier size, shape, chemistry, and targeting ligand are interconnected and complex, we suggest that these parameters must be carefully optimized for each nanocarrier to ensure optimal drug delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Vlashi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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17
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Bareford LM, Avaritt BR, Ghandehari H, Nan A, Swaan PW. Riboflavin-Targeted Polymer Conjugates for Breast Tumor Delivery. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1799-812. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Zhang S, Chan KH, Prud'homme RK, Link AJ. Synthesis and evaluation of clickable block copolymers for targeted nanoparticle drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2228-36. [PMID: 22734614 DOI: 10.1021/mp3000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles with multifunctional capabilities, including surface functionalization, hold great promise to address challenges in targeted drug delivery. Here, we describe a concise, robust synthesis of a heterofunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG), HO-PEG-azide. This macromer was used to synthesize polylactide (PLA)-PEG-azide, a functional diblock copolymer. Rapid precipitation of this copolymer with a hydrophobic cargo resulted in the generation of monodisperse nanoparticles with azides in the surface corona. To demonstrate conjugation to these nanoparticles, a regioselectively modified alkyne-folate was employed as a model small molecule ligand, and the artificial protein A1 with an alkyne moiety introduced by unnatural amino acid substitution was selected as a model macromolecular ligand. Using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne ligation reaction, both ligands exhibited good conjugation efficiency even when low concentrations of ligands were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Zhang
- Departments of †Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Molecular Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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19
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Fani M, Tamma ML, Nicolas GP, Lasri E, Medina C, Raynal I, Port M, Weber WA, Maecke HR. In Vivo Imaging of Folate Receptor Positive Tumor Xenografts Using Novel 68Ga-NODAGA-Folate Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200418f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Luisa Tamma
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume P. Nicolas
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Lasri
- Research Department, Guerbet, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | | | - Isabelle Raynal
- Research Department, Guerbet, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Marc Port
- Research Department, Guerbet, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Wolfgang A. Weber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helmut R. Maecke
- Division of Radiological Chemistry
and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Kalber TL, Kamaly N, So PW, Pugh JA, Bunch J, McLeod CW, Jorgensen MR, Miller AD, Bell JD. A low molecular weight folate receptor targeted contrast agent for magnetic resonance tumor imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:653-62. [PMID: 20809208 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to develop a low molecular weight folate receptor (FR) contrast agent for MR tumor imaging. PROCEDURES Gadolinium-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (Gd.DOTA) was conjugated to folic acid to create Gd.DOTA.Folate. The efficacy of Gd.DOTA.Folate to bind FR was evaluated in vitro by inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tumor enhancement over 14 h, utilizing an overexpressing α-FR cell line (IGROV-1), compared to an α-FR-negative cell line (OVCAR-3). Gd.DOTA.Folate localization ex vivo was verified by laser ablation ICP-MS. RESULTS ICP-MS confirmed Gd.DOTA.Folate uptake by IGROV-1 cells and competitive binding with free folic acid inhibited binding. IGROV-1 tumors showed an increase in R (1) at 2 h, which increased significantly over 14 h post-Gd.DOTA.Folate with clear enhancement on MR images. This was not observed in controls. CONCLUSION These data support the use of FR-targeted small molecular weight MRI contrast agents for tumor imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Kalber
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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21
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Laing BM, Guo P, Bergstrom DE. Optimized method for the synthesis and purification of adenosine--folic acid conjugates for use as transcription initiators in the preparation of modified RNA. Methods 2011; 54:260-6. [PMID: 21163352 PMCID: PMC3090705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an optimized synthetic strategy for the attachment of molecules to 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which can then be used to label the 5'-end of RNA by T7 RNA polymerase mediated in vitro transcription. Through the use of a boronate affinity gel, we have developed an efficient route to the preparation of folate conjugated AMP with high yields and purity. Affi-Gel boronate is an affinity resin that selectively binds nucleoside and nucleoside derivatives at pH>7.5 and releases them at pH<6.5. This resin is used to efficiently bind and purify ribonucleotides such as AMP. This allows for the addition of a large excess of reactants and reagents in order to drive the reaction to completion and then allow easy purification without HPLC. The synthesis can be successfully scaled up to produce large quantities of AMP conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Laing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering/College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Donald E. Bergstrom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46208
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22
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Smith BD, Higgin JJ, Raines RT. Site-specific folate conjugation to a cytotoxic protein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5029-32. [PMID: 21570289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation to folic acid is known to enhance the uptake of molecules by human cells that over-produce folate receptors. Variants of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) that have attenuated affinity for the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) are toxic to mammalian cells. Here, the random acylation of amino groups in wild-type RNase A with folic acid is shown to decrease its catalytic activity dramatically, presumably because of the alteration to a key active-site residue, Lys41. To effect site-specific coupling, N(δ)-bromoacetyl-N(α)-pteroyl-l-ornithine, which is a folate analogue with an electrophilic bromoacetamido group, was synthesized and used to S-alkylate Cys88 of the G88C variant of RNase A. The pendant folate moiety does not decrease enzymatic activity, enables RI-evasion, and endows toxicity for cancer cells that over-produce the folate receptor. These data reveal a propitious means for targeting proteins and other molecules to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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23
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Guo H, Xie F, Zhu M, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang X, Lu J. The synthesis of pteroyl-lys conjugates and its application as Technetium-99m labeled radiotracer for folate receptor-positive tumor targeting. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2025-9. [PMID: 21377880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to develop a new (99m)Tc-labeled folate derivative for FR-positive tumor imaging, a simpler method has been established to synthesize the folate-drug conjugates with free α-carboxyl group. In this study, the conjugate pteroyl-lys-HYNIC was synthesized and labeled with (99m)Tc using tricine and TPPTS as co-ligands. The radiochemical purity of the final complex (99m)Tc(HYNIC-lys-pteroyl)(tricine/TPPTS), 5 was high (>98%), and it remained stable in saline and plasma over 6h after preparation. The biologic evaluation results showed that the (99m)Tc labeled pteroyl-lys conjugate was able to specifically target the FR-positive tumor cells and tissues both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting its potential as an effective folate receptor targeted agent for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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24
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Consoli GML, Granata G, Geraci C. Design, synthesis, and drug solubilising properties of the first folate–calix[4]arene conjugate. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6491-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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25
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Thiele C, Auerbach D, Jung G, Qiong L, Schneider M, Wenz G. Nanoparticles of anionic starch and cationic cyclodextrin derivatives for the targeted delivery of drugs. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Włostowski M, Czarnocka S, Maciejewski P. Efficient S-alkylation of cysteine in the presence of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Eisele K, Gropeanu R, Musante A, Glasser G, Li C, Muellen K, Weil T. Tailored Albumin-based Copolymers for Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Perylenediimide Guest Molecules. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1501-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Gruzdev DA, Levit GL, Bazhov IV, Demin AM, Sadretdinova LS, Ol’shevskaya VA, Kalinin VN, Krasnov VP, Chupakhin ON. Synthesis of novel carboranyl derivatives of α-amino acids. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Vlashi E, Sturgis JE, Thomas M, Low PS. Real Time, Noninvasive Imaging and Quantitation of the Accumulation of Ligand-Targeted Drugs into Receptor-Expressing Solid Tumors. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1868-75. [PMID: 19754150 DOI: 10.1021/mp900158d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erina Vlashi
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jennifer E. Sturgis
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Mini Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Philip S. Low
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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30
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Endo K, Ito Y, Higashihara T, Ueda M. Synthesis of a novel water-soluble polyamide dendrimer based on a facile convergent method. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Corot C, Robert P, Lancelot E, Prigent P, Ballet S, Guilbert I, Raynaud JS, Raynal I, Port M. Tumor imaging using P866, a high-relaxivity gadolinium chelate designed for folate receptor targeting. Magn Reson Med 2009; 60:1337-46. [PMID: 19025883 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of a high-relaxivity macromolecular gadolinium (Gd) chelate to target folate receptors (FRs). P866 is a dimeric high-relaxivity Gd chelate coupled to a folate moiety. Binding affinity, in vivo biodistribution studies in KB tumor-bearing mice at 1, 4, and 24 h, and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI (2.35 T) over 4 h were assessed. Binding and internalization of P866 through the FR was demonstrated. Due to the high molecular volume of P866, the binding affinity compared to free FA was decreased (K(D) = 59.3 +/- 1.8 nM and 5.9 +/- 0.2 nM, respectively). Tumor/muscle (T/M) uptake was 5.4 +/- 1.0, 4 h after injection of 15 micromol/kg. Competition with free FA was less effective when the dose was increased due to a saturation of FR. At a dose of 5 micromol/kg, a 70% difference in signal enhancement was observed between P866 and the nonspecific reference compound, thus demonstrating the specificity of FR targeting. While this high-relaxivity folate-Gd chelate has demonstrated its potential capacity to target in vivo FR on tumors, the sensitivity is probably limited to a certain extent by the saturation of the FR and by the decrease in the apparent relaxivity of the internalized part of P866 in the tumor cells.
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32
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Lainé C, Mocquet C, Lemiègre L, Benvegnu T. Regioselective synthesis of folic acid conjugates from diether-type archaeal lipid analogues. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Bhattacharya S, Franz A, Li X, Jasti B. Synthesis of folate-conjugated amphiphiles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Drug Target 2008; 16:780-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860802475639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Gabano E, Ravera M, Cassino C, Bonetti S, Palmisano G, Osella D. Stepwise assembly of platinum–folic acid conjugates. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Lu Y, You F, Vlahov I, Westrick E, Fan M, Low PS, Leamon CP. Folate-targeted dinitrophenyl hapten immunotherapy: effect of linker chemistry on antitumor activity and allergic potential. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:695-706. [PMID: 17784727 DOI: 10.1021/mp070050b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of malignancies with folate-linked therapeutics has proven to be a promising endeavor due to the preferential expression of folate receptors (FR) on human tumors. We have shown that folic acid (pteroyl-glutamate) can be used to deliver an antigenic hapten, fluorescein, to the surface of tumor cells to promote their opsonization within a fluorescein-immunized host. Here, we investigate structure-activity relationships among members of another class of folate-hapten conjugates ( EC57, EC63, EC0293, and EC0294), namely, those containing the dinitrophenyl (DNP) group as the antigenic hapten. We report that despite exhibiting similar affinities for the FR, the antitumor activity and allergic potential of these DNP conjugates varied depending on their linker chemistries and abilities to bind anti-DNP IgG/IgE antibodies. Unlike EC57 and EC63, both EC0293 and EC0294 (i) share the identical DNP bridging chemistry to that found in keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-DNP (i.e., the immunogen), (ii) efficiently recognize DNP-specific IgG, and (iii) mediate more pronounced antitumor responses. However, EC0293 and EC0294 were also found to recognize DNP-specific IgE, and they displayed a greater risk of allergy when evaluated in a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay. Nonetheless, upon co-stimulation with the appropriate cytokines (IL-2/IFN-alpha), the folate-targeted "haptenization" process allowed for tumor rejection and protective antitumor immunity without causing any visible allergy in immunized mice. Our data further support the concept that folate-hapten-targeted immunotherapy may offer an effective therapeutic option for treatment of FR-positive cancers, but such treatment should proceed with caution given the risk of a potential allergic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Lu
- Endocyte Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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36
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Suzuki T, Hisakawa S, Itoh Y, Suzuki N, Takahashi K, Kawahata M, Yamaguchi K, Nakagawa H, Miyata N. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of folate receptor-targeted prodrugs of thiolate histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4208-12. [PMID: 17532630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to develop selective anticancer drugs, we designed and synthesized three disulfides bearing a folic acid moiety as candidate folate receptor (FR)-targeted prodrugs of thiolate histone deacetylase inhibitors. Among them, compound 1 displayed growth-inhibitory activity toward folate receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The activity of 1 was significantly reduced by free folic acid, suggesting that cellular uptake of 1 is mediated by FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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37
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Tomsho JW, McGuire JJ, Coward JK. Synthesis of (6R)- and (6S)-5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate oligo-gamma-glutamates: kinetics of multiple glutamate ligations catalyzed by folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3388-98. [PMID: 16132101 PMCID: PMC1989673 DOI: 10.1039/b505907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS, EC 6.3.2.17) catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of glutamic acid to reduced folates including (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (H4PteGlu), as well as to anticancer drugs such as 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate ((6R)-DDAH4PteGlu1, (6R)-DDATHF, Lometrexol). Synthesis of unlabeled mono- and polyglutamates, DDAH4PteGlu(n) (6R, n = 1-6; 6S, n = 1-2), as well as (6R)-DDAH4Pte[14C]Glu1, was effected from (6R)- or (6S)-5,10-dideazatetrahydropteroyl azide and glutamic acid, H-Glu-gamma-Glu(n)-gamma-Glu-OH (n = 0-4), or [14C]glutamic acid, respectively. These compounds were evaluated as FPGS substrates to determine steady-state kinetic constants. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed for (6R)-DDAH4PteGlu1, the isomer corresponding to H(4)PteGlu, whereas marked substrate inhibition was observed for (6S)-DDAH4PteGlu(n) (n = 1-2) and (6R)-DDAH4PteGlu(n) (n = 2-5), but not (6R)-DDAH4PteGlu6. Multiple ligation of glutamate renders a quantitative analysis of these data difficult. However, approximate values of K(M) = 0.65-1.6 microM and K(I) = 144-417 microM for DDAH4PteGlu(n) were obtained using a simple kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Tomsho
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan, 3813 Chemistry, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA. E-mail: ; Fax: 734-647-4865
| | - John J. McGuire
- Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263
| | - James K. Coward
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan, 3813 Chemistry, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA. E-mail: ; Fax: 734-647-4865
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38
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Milstein AB, Kennedy MD, Low PS, Bouman CA, Webb KJ. Statistical approach for detection and localization of a fluorescing mouse tumor in Intralipid. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:2300-2310. [PMID: 15861835 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.002300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for detecting and localizing a fluorescing tumor obscured underneath several millimeters of a multiply scattering, homogeneous medium from fluorescence measurements made above the surface. Using a statistical model of the measurement system, we develop approaches for detection by use of a binary hypothesis testing approach and localization by use of maximum-likelihood estimation. We also compute the probability of tumor detection and the Cramér-Rao lower bound for the localization estimate error, which are performance metrics that could potentially be optimized in an experimental design. We validate the methods in an experimental study involving an excised mouse tumor tagged with a new folate-indocyanine dye and obscured under a tissue-simulating lipid suspension.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Artificial Intelligence
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Computer Simulation
- Fat Emulsions, Intravenous
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
- Leukemia L1210/pathology
- Likelihood Functions
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods
- Models, Biological
- Models, Statistical
- Neoplasm Staging/methods
- Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods
- Phantoms, Imaging
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Milstein
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA.
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39
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Bae Y, Jang WD, Nishiyama N, Fukushima S, Kataoka K. Multifunctional polymeric micelles with folate-mediated cancer cell targeting and pH-triggered drug releasing properties for active intracellular drug delivery. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2005; 1:242-50. [PMID: 16880988 DOI: 10.1039/b500266d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new type of multifunctional polymeric micelle drug carrier for active intracellular drug delivery was prepared and characterized in this study. The micelle is a nano-supramolecular assembly with a spherical core-shell structure, and its surface and core were modified with piloting molecules for cancer cells and pH-sensitive drug binding linkers for controlled drug release, respectively. In order to prepare such micelles, self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymers, folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartate hydrazone adriamycin) [Fol-PEG-P(Asp-Hyd-ADR)], were specially designed and synthesized by installing a molecular promoter to enhance intracellular transport, folate (Fol), at the end of the shell-forming PEG chain and conjugating the anticancer drug, adriamycin (ADR), to the side chain of the core-forming PAsp segment through an acid-sensitive hydrazone bond. Because folate-binding proteins (FBP) are selectively overexpressed on the cancer cell membranes, the folate-bound micelles (FMA) can be guided to the cancer cells in the body, and after the micelles enter the cells, hydrazone bonds are cleaved by the intracellular acidic environment (pH 5-6) so that the drug release profile of the micelles is controlled pH-dependently. In this regard, FBP-binding selectivity of the prepared FMA was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. The tetrazolium dye method (MTT assay) using human pharyngeal cancer cells (KB cell) revealed that FMA significantly improved cell growth inhibitory activity in spite of a short exposure time due to the selective and strong interaction between folate molecules and their receptors. Subsequent flow cytometric analysis showed that cellular uptake of FMA significantly increased. Consequently, these findings would provide one of the most effective approaches for cancer treatment using intracellular environment-targeting supramolecular drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younsoo Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Sandoval RM, Kennedy MD, Low PS, Molitoris BA. Uptake and trafficking of fluorescent conjugates of folic acid in intact kidney determined using intravital two-photon microscopy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C517-26. [PMID: 15102609 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00006.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravital two-photon microscopy was used to follow the uptake and trafficking of fluorescent conjugates of folic acid in the rat kidney. Intravenously administered folate-linked dye molecules quickly filled the plasma volume but not cellular components of the blood. Glomerular filtration occurred immediately and binding to proximal tubule cells was seen within seconds. Fluorescence from a pH-insensitive conjugate of folic acid, folate Texas red (FTR), was readily observed on the apical surface of the proximal tubules and in multiple cellular compartments, but little binding or uptake could be detected in any other kidney cells. Fluorescence from a pH-sensitive conjugate of folic acid, folate fluorescein, was seen only on the apical surface of proximal tubule cells, suggesting that internalized folate conjugates are localized to acidic compartments. The majority of the FTR conjugate internalized by proximal tubules accumulated within a lysosomal pool, as determined by colocalization studies. However, portions of FTR were also shown by electron microscopy to undergo transcytosis from apical to basal domains. Additional studies with colchicine, which is known to depolymerize microtubules and interrupt transcytosis, produced a marked reduction in endocytosis of FTR, with accumulation limited to the subapical region of the cell. No evidence of cytosolic release of either folate conjugate was observed, which may represent a key difference from the cytosolic deposition seen in neoplastic cells. Together, these data support the argument that folate conjugates (and, by extrapolation, physiological folate) bind to the apical surface of proximal tubule cells and are transported into and across the cells in endocytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2 Bldg. E202-C, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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41
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Ward CM, Pechar M, Oupicky D, Ulbrich K, Seymour LW. Modification of pLL/DNA complexes with a multivalent hydrophilic polymer permits folate-mediated targeting in vitro and prolonged plasma circulation in vivo. J Gene Med 2002; 4:536-47. [PMID: 12221647 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene delivery vectors based on poly(L-lysine) and DNA (pLL/DNA complexes) have limited use for targeted systemic application in vivo since they bind cells and proteins non-specifically. In this study we have attempted to form folate-targeted vectors with extended systemic circulation by surface modification of pLL/DNA complexes with hydrophilic polymers. METHODS pLL/DNA complexes were stabilised by surface modification with a multivalent reactive polymer based on alternating segments of poly(ethylene glycol) and tripeptides bearing reactive ester groups. Folate moieties were incorporated into the vectors either by direct attachment of folate to the polymer or via intermediate poly(ethylene glycol) spacers of 800 and 3400 Da. RESULTS Polymer-coated complexes show similar morphology to uncoated complexes, their zeta potential is decreased towards zero, serum protein binding is inhibited and aqueous solubility is substantially increased. Intravenous (i.v.) administration to mice of coated complexes produced extended systemic circulation, with up to 2000-fold more DNA measured in the bloodstream after 30 min compared with simple pLL/DNA complexes. In further contrast to simple pLL/DNA complexes, coated complexes do not bind blood cells in vivo. Folate receptor targeting is shown to mediate targeted association with HeLa cells in vitro, leading to increased transgene expression. We demonstrate for the first time that DNA uptake via the folate receptor is dependent on pEG spacer length, with the transgene expression relatively independent of the level of internalised DNA. CONCLUSIONS We show increased systemic circulation, decreased blood cell and protein binding, and folate-targeted transgene expression using pLL/DNA complexes surface-modified with a novel multireactive hydrophilic polymer. This work provides the basis for the development of plasma-circulating targeted vectors for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Ward
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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42
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Lee JW, Lu JY, Low PS, Fuchs PL. Synthesis and evaluation of taxol-folic acid conjugates as targeted antineoplastics. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2397-414. [PMID: 11983537 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of Taxol derivatives tethered at C2' and C-7 to glutamate and folate have been synthesized for evaluation as prodrugs which release Taxol via hydrolytic lability of their alpha-alkoxy and alpha-amino esters. The half-time for hydrolysis of these materials was determined in pH 7 and pH 5 buffer. The in vitro cytotoxicity has been assessed in cell culture against A-549 lung cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer, and HT-29 colon cancer. Selected agents were further screened for folate binding and competitive binding with free folic acid. One agent (54), further evaluated in animal studies was found to increase the lifespan in mice, but was less effective than Taxol itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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43
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Hofland HEJ, Masson C, Iginla S, Osetinsky I, Reddy JA, Leamon CP, Scherman D, Bessodes M, Wils P. Folate-targeted gene transfer in vivo. Mol Ther 2002; 5:739-44. [PMID: 12027558 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonviral systemic delivery is one of the most attractive approaches for cancer gene therapy. To achieve this goal, various laboratories have developed cationic liposomes. However, when injected intravenously, cationic lipid-DNA complexes accumulate mostly into and transfect lung tissue. Here, we describe a method by which these complexes can be targeted to tumors using folic acid. Adding polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipids to the complexes dramatically reduced both lung accumulation and gene transfer to lungs and tumors after intravenous administration. The presence of folic acid at the distal end of the PEG-lipid did not modify tumor accumulation of the complexes. However, with folate-targeted complexes, gene transfer activity was restored in tumors while the activity in lungs was reduced by 50- to 100-fold compared with nontargeted lipid-DNA complexes. This approach provides a first in vivo proof of concept to achieve targeted tumor gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E J Hofland
- Gencell, Aventis Pharma, 3825 Bay Center Place, Hayward, California 94545, USA
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Valiaeva N, Bartley D, Konno T, Coward JK. Phosphinic acid pseudopeptides analogous to glutamyl-gamma-glutamate: synthesis and coupling to pteroyl azides leads to potent inhibitors of folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase. J Org Chem 2001; 66:5146-54. [PMID: 11463268 DOI: 10.1021/jo010283t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several routes to a complex phosphinate phosphapeptide analogous to the gamma-glutamyl peptide Glu-gamma-Glu have been investigated. Formation of gamma-phosphono glutamate derivatives via addition of a phosphorus-based radical to protected vinylglycine was found to be of limited value because of the elevated temperatures required. Alkylation and conjugate addition reactions of trivalent phosphorus (P(III)) species were investigated. In situ generation of bis-trimethylsilyl esters of phosphinous acids proved to be an effective route to phosphinates of modest structural complexity. However, this chemistry could not be extended to the incorporation of an amino acid moiety at the N-terminal side of the desired phosphinate. A successful synthesis of the target phosphinate phosphapeptide was effected using P(III) chemistry and dehydrohalogenation to yield an alpha,beta-unsaturated phosphinic acid ester, following which conjugate addition of diethylacetamido malonate and acid-mediated hydrolysis afforded the desired phosphinate phosphapeptide. Coupling of the unprotected phosphinate phosphapeptide with two acyl azides derived from folic acid and methotrexate led to the corresponding pteroylphosphapeptides of interest as possible mimics of tetrahedral intermediates in the reaction catalyzed by folylpolyglutamate synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Valiaeva
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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