1
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Magnetic-graphene based molecularly imprinted polymer nanocomposite for the recognition of bovine hemoglobin. Talanta 2015; 144:411-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Nonose S, Yamashita K, Okamura T, Fukase S, Kawashima M, Sudo A, Isono H. Conformations of disulfide-intact and -reduced lysozyme ions probed by proton-transfer reactions at various temperatures. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9651-61. [PMID: 25046209 DOI: 10.1021/jp505621f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proton-transfer reactions of disulfide-intact and -reduced lysozyme ions (7+ through 14+) to 2,6-dimethylpyridine were examined in the gas phase using tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. By changing temperature of a collision cell from 280 to 460 K, temperature dependence of reaction rate constants and branching fractions was measured. Absolute reaction rate constants for the protein ions of specific charge states were determined from intensities of parent and product ions in the mass spectra. Remarkable change was observed for the rate constants and distribution of product ions. The rate constants for disulfide-intact ions changed more drastically with change of charge states and temperature than those for disulfide-reduced ions. Observed branching fractions for parent and product ions were represented by calculated reaction rate constants with a scheme of sequential process. The reaction rate constants are closely related to conformation changes with change of temperature, which are profoundly influenced by amputation of disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Nonose
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University , Yokohama, Japan
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3
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Bohrer BC, Atlasevich N, Clemmer DE. Transitions between elongated conformations of ubiquitin [M+11H]11+ enhance hydrogen/deuterium exchange. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4509-15. [PMID: 21449553 PMCID: PMC3091505 DOI: 10.1021/jp2008495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions between different elongated conformations of [M + 11H](11+) ions of ubiquitin and D(2)O are studied by a combination of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry techniques. Three conformers (B, C, and D), resolved in the IMS separation, each exchange ∼27 hydrogens upon exposure to 0.06 Torr of D(2)O vapor for ∼35 to 40 ms. However, a region of the IMS spectrum that appears between the C and D states (corresponding to ions that undergo a structural transition during the mobility separation) undergoes substantially more exchanges (∼39 total sites, 44% more than the B, C, and D states). Selection and activation of the individual B, C, and D states reveals that the increased H/D exchange occurs during the transition between structures. Overall, these studies suggest a key process in establishing the maximum exchange levels involves structural transitions, which allow protected sites to be exposed for some fraction of the reaction time. Analysis of changes in exchange levels upon structural transitions can provide insight about common regions of structure that exist in the B, C, and D conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Bohrer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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4
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Kharlamova A, Prentice BM, Huang TY, McLuckey SA. Electrospray droplet exposure to gaseous acids for the manipulation of protein charge state distributions. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7422-9. [PMID: 20712348 DOI: 10.1021/ac101578q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of electrospray droplets to acid vapors can significantly affect protein charge state distributions (CSDs) derived from unbuffered solutions. Such experiments have been conducted by leaking acidic vapors into the counter-current nitrogen drying gas of an electrospray interface. On the basis of changes in protein CSDs, protein folding and unfolding phenomena are implicated in these studies. Additionally, noncovalently bound complexes are preserved, and transient intermediates are observed, such as high charge state ions of holomyoglobin. CSDs of proteins containing disulfide bonds shift slightly, if at all, with acid vapor leak-in, but when these disulfide bonds are reduced in solution, charge states higher than the number of basic sites (Lys, Arg, His, and N-terminus) are observed. Since there is no observed change in the CSD of buffered proteins exposed to acidic vapors, this novel multiple charging phenomenon is attributed to a pH effect. Thus, this acid vapor leak-in approach can be used to reverse "wrong-way-round" nanoelectrospray conditions by altering solution pH in the charged droplets relative to the pH in bulk solution. In general, the exposure of electrospray droplets to acidic vapors provides means for altering protein CSDs independent of bulk unbuffered solution pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kharlamova
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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5
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Pierson NA, Valentine SJ, Clemmer DE. Evidence for a quasi-equilibrium distribution of states for bradykinin [M + 3H]3+ ions in the gas phase. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7777-83. [PMID: 20469905 PMCID: PMC2922466 DOI: 10.1021/jp102478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry (IMS-IMS-MS) techniques are used to select and activate six different gas-phase conformations of bradykinin [M + 3H](3+) ions. Drift time distributions as a function of activation voltage show that at low voltages selected structures undergo conformational transitions in what appears to be a pathway dependent fashion. Over a relatively wide range of intermediate activation voltages a distribution of states that is independent of the initial conformation selected for activation (as well as the activation voltage in this intermediate region) is established. This distribution appears to represent an equilibrium distribution of gas-phase structures that is reached prior to the energy required for dissociation. Establishment of a quasi-equilibrium prior to dissociation results in identical dissociation patterns for different selected conformations. A discussion of the transition from solution-like to gas-phase structures is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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6
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Rand KD, Pringle SD, Murphy JP, Fadgen KE, Brown J, Engen JR. Gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange in a traveling wave ion guide for the examination of protein conformations. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10019-28. [PMID: 19921790 PMCID: PMC2794942 DOI: 10.1021/ac901897x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that solution-phase conformations of small globular proteins and large molecular protein assemblies can be preserved for milliseconds after electrospray ionization. Thus, the study of proteins in the gas phase on this time scale is highly desirable. Here we demonstrate that a traveling wave ion guide (TWIG) of a Synapt mass spectrometer offers a highly suitable environment for rapid and efficient gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX). Gaseous ND(3) was introduced into either the source TWIG or the TWIG located just after the ion mobility cell, such that ions underwent HDX as they passed through the ND(3) on the way to the time-of-flight analyzer. The extent of deuterium labeling could be controlled by varying the quantity of ND(3) or the speed of the traveling wave. The gas-phase HDX of model peptides corresponded to labeling of primarily fast exchanging sites due to the short labeling times (ranging from 0.1 to 10 ms). In addition to peptides, gas-phase HDX of ubiquitin, cytochrome c, lysozyme, and apomyoglobin were examined. We conclude that HDX of protein ions in a TWIG is highly sensitive to protein conformation, enables the detection of conformers present on submilliseconds time scales, and can readily be combined with ion mobility spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper D. Rand
- The Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
- The Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steven D. Pringle
- Waters MS Technologies Centre, Micromass UK Ltd., Floats Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LZ, UK
| | | | | | - Jeff Brown
- Waters MS Technologies Centre, Micromass UK Ltd., Floats Rd, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LZ, UK
| | - John R. Engen
- The Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
- The Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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7
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Volný M, Elam WT, Branca A, Ratner BD, Turecek F. Preparative soft and reactive landing of multiply charged protein ions on a plasma-treated metal surface. Anal Chem 2007; 77:4890-6. [PMID: 16053302 DOI: 10.1021/ac0507136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soft landing on a plasma-treated metal surface of multiply protonated protein ions from the gas phase results in a substantial retention of protein function, as demonstrated for trypsin and streptavidin. The majority of trypsin ions soft-landed at hyperthermal kinetic energies are undamaged and retain 72-98% of enzymatic activity after being washed into solution. A small fraction of trypsin ions that were landed at nominal kinetic energies of 130-200 eV remain tethered to the surface and show approximately 50% enzymatic activity. The streptavidin tetramer is found to dissociate to monomer units upon multiple charging in electrospray. The majority of soft-landed monomers can be washed into solution where they show affinity to biotin. The layer of streptavidin monomer that is immobilized on the surface can be detected if fluorescence-tagged and retains the ability to reversibly bind biotin. A mechanism is proposed to explain nondestructive protein ion discharge on the surface that considers proton migration from the soft-landed cations to the metal oxide layer and metal ion reduction by electron transfer from the bulk metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Volný
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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8
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Robinson EW, Leib RD, Williams ER. The role of conformation on electron capture dissociation of ubiquitin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1470-1479. [PMID: 16890453 PMCID: PMC2562165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Effects of protein conformation on electron capture dissociation (ECD) were investigated using high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Under the conditions of these experiments, the electron capture efficiency of ubiquitin 6+ formed from three different solution compositions differs significantly, ranging from 51 +/- 7% for ions formed from an acidified water/methanol solution to 88 +/- 2% for ions formed from a buffered aqueous solution. This result clearly indicates that these protein ions retain a memory of their solution-phase structure and that conformational differences can be probed in an ECD experiment. Multiple conformers for the 7+ and 8+ charge states of ubiquitin were separated using FAIMS. ECD spectra of conformer selected ions of the same charge states differ both in electron capture efficiency and in the fragment ion intensities. Conformers of a given charge state that have smaller collisional cross sections can have either a larger or smaller electron capture efficiency. A greater electron capture efficiency was observed for ubiquitin 6+ that has the same collisional cross section as one ubiquitin 7+ conformer, despite the lower charge state. These results indicate that the shape of the molecule can have a greater effect on electron capture efficiency than either collisional cross section or charge state alone. The cleavage locations of different conformers of a given charge state were the same indicating that the presence of different conformers in the gas phase is not due to difference in where charges are located, but rather reflect conformational differences most likely originating from solution. Small neutral losses observed from the singly- and doubly-reduced ubiquitin 6+ do not show a temperature dependence to their formation, consistent with these ions being formed by nonergodic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol W Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ryan D Leib
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 94720-1460, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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9
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Robinson EW, Williams ER. Multidimensional separations of ubiquitin conformers in the gas phase: relating ion cross sections to H/D exchange measurements. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:1427-1437. [PMID: 16023362 PMCID: PMC2735248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigating gas-phase structures of protein ions can lead to an improved understanding of intramolecular forces that play an important role in protein folding. Both hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange and ion mobility spectrometry provide insight into the structures and stabilities of different gas-phase conformers, but how best to relate the results from these two methods has been hotly debated. Here, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is combined with Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT/ICR MS) and is used to directly relate ubiquitin ion cross sections and H/D exchange extents. Multiple conformers can be identified using both methods. For the 9+ charge state of ubiquitin, two conformers (or unresolved populations of conformers) that have cross sections differing by 10% are resolved by FAIMS, but only one conformer is apparent using H/D exchange at short times. For the 12+ charge state, two conformers (or conformer populations) have cross sections differing by <1%, yet H/D exchange of these conformers differ significantly (6 versus 25 exchanges). These and other results show that ubiquitin ion collisional cross sections and H/D exchange distributions are not strongly correlated and that factors other than surface accessibility appear to play a significant role in determining rates and extents of H/D exchange. Conformers that are not resolved by one method could be resolved by the other, indicating that these two methods are highly complementary and that more conformations can be resolved with this combination of methods than by either method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol W Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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10
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Arteca GA, Tapia O. On the nature of the unfolded state: competing mechanisms in the unfolding of anhydrous protein ions. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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ARTECA GUSTAVOA, TAPIA O. Protein denaturation in vacuo: intrinsic unfolding pathways associated with the native tertiary structure of lysozyme. Mol Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/0026897031000099844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- GUSTAVO A. ARTECA
- a Département de Chimie et Biochimie , Laurentian University , Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury , Ontario , P3E 2C6 , Canada
- b Department of Physical Chemistry , Uppsala University , Box 579, Uppsala , S-751 23 , Sweden
| | - O. TAPIA
- b Department of Physical Chemistry , Uppsala University , Box 579, Uppsala , S-751 23 , Sweden
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12
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Arteca GA. Analysis of shape transitions using molecular size descriptors associated with inner and outer regions of a polymer chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(03)00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Mao D, Babu KR, Chen YL, Douglas DJ. Conformations of gas-phase lysozyme ions produced from two different solution conformations. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1325-30. [PMID: 12659192 DOI: 10.1021/ac020647x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near pH 2.0, lysozyme in water is in its native conformation, and in water/methanol (2/8) it adopts a helical denatured conformation (Kamatari et al. Protein Sci. 1998, 7, 681-688). Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange of lysozyme in solution confirms that it is partially unfolded at pH 2.0 in water/methanol (v/v = 2/8). With electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS), lysozyme in water produces ions with charges +7 to +12, with the greatest intensity at +10, whereas lysozyme in water/methanol (2/8) produces ions with charges +6 to +12 with the greatest intensity at +7. Thus, lysozyme is an exception to the rule that a protein denatured in solution forms higher charge states than the same protein in its folded native conformations in solution. Because the same charge states are produced from these two solution conformations, a direct comparison of the properties of the gas-phase ions produced from two very different solution conformations is possible. The conformations of lysozyme ions in the gas phase were studied using cross section measurements and gas-phase H/D exchange. Similar cross sections and H/D exchange levels were observed for same-charge states of lysozyme ions formed from the native and helical denatured conformations in solution. Cross sections show that the ions have compact structures. Thus, disulfide-intact gaseous lysozyme ions generated from the denatured state in water/methanol (2/8) refold into compact structures in the gas phase on a time scale of milliseconds or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunmin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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14
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Pathways for folding and re-unfolding transitions in denatured conformations of anhydrous proteins. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Counterman AE, Clemmer DE. Gas Phase Polyalanine: Assessment of i → i + 3 and i → i + 4 Helical Turns in [Alan + 4H]4+ (n = 29−49) Ion. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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16
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Arteca GA, Tapia O. A simulation protocol to study proteins in vacuo. Controlled re-folding and re-unfolding transitions. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)01402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Arteca GA, Tapia O. Protein Denaturation in Vacuo. Behavior of the Four-α-Helix Bundle of Apocytochrome c‘ under Centrifugal Unfolding Conditions. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012692z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Arteca
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Laurentian University, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - O. Tapia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, Uppsala S-751 21, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
In vacuo proteins provide a simple laboratory to explore the roles of sequence, temperature, charge state, and initial configuration in protein folding. Moreover, by the very absence of solvent, the study of anhydrous proteins in vacuo will also help us to understand specific environmental effects. From the experimental viewpoint, these systems are now beginning to be characterized at low resolution. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, in combination with tools for protein shape analysis, can complement experiments and provide further insights on the folding-unfolding transitions of these proteins. We review some aspects of this issue by using the results from a detailed MD study of hen egg-white lysozyme. For lysozyme ions, unfolding can be triggered by Coulombic repulsion. In neutral lysozyme, unfolding can be induced by centrifugal forces and also by weakening the monomer-monomer interaction. In both cases, the resulting unfolded transients can be used as initial configurations for relaxation dynamics. All trajectories are analyzed in terms of global molecular shape features of the backbone, including its anisometry and chain entanglement complexity. This strategy allows us to quantify separately the degree of polymer collapse and the evolution of large-scale folding features. Using these last two notions, we discuss some basic questions regarding the nature of the accessible paths associated with unfolding from, and refolding into, compact conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Arteca
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Laurentian University, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada.
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19
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Badman ER, Hoaglund-Hyzer CS, Clemmer DE. Monitoring structural changes of proteins in an ion trap over approximately 10-200 ms: unfolding transitions in cytochrome c ions. Anal Chem 2001; 73:6000-7. [PMID: 11791572 DOI: 10.1021/ac010744a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new technique for studying the time dependence of conformational changes of gas-phase protein ions is described. In this approach, a short pulse of electrosprayed protein ions is introduced into an ion trap and stored. After a defined time period, the distribution of ions is ejected from the trap into an ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Combined measurements of mobilities and flight times in the mass spectrometer provide information about the abundances of different conformer types and charge-state distributions. By varying the storage time in the trap, it is possible to monitor changes in ion conformation that occur over extended time periods (approximately 10-200 ms). The method is demonstrated by examining changes in cytochrome c ion conformations for the +7 to +10 charge states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Badman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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20
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Arteca GA, Reimann CT, Tapia O. Proteins in vacuo: denaturing and folding mechanisms studied with computer-simulated molecular dynamics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2001; 20:402-422. [PMID: 11997946 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from experiments suggests that the native fold in solution is metastable in dehydrated proteins. Results from a number of experiments that use mass spectrometry indicate also that folding-unfolding transitions take place in protein ions even in the absence of water. These observations on anhydrous proteins call for a re-evaluation of our understanding of the folding transition. In this context, computer-assisted simulations are an important complementary tool. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress on the simulation of proteins in vacuo. In particular, we discuss the response of proteins and protein ions to perturbations that trigger unfolding and re-folding transitions. By comparing the general patterns emerging from theory and experiment, we propose a series of new measurements that could help to validate, and improve, current simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Arteca
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Laurentian University, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
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21
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Hvelplund P, Nielsen SB, Sørensen M, Andersen JU, Jørgensen TJ. Electron loss from multiply protonated lysozyme ions in high energy collisions with molecular oxygen. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:889-893. [PMID: 11506221 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the electron loss from multiply protonated lysozyme ions Lys-Hn(n)+ (n = 7 - 17) and the concomitant formation of Lys-Hn(n+1)+. in high-energy collisions with molecular oxygen (laboratory kinetic energy = 50 x n keV). The cross section for electron loss increases with the charge state of the precursor from n = 7 to n = 11 and then remains constant when n increases further. The absolute size of the cross section ranges from 100 to 200 A2. The electron loss is modeled as an electron transfer process between lysozyme cations and molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hvelplund
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus Center for Atomic Physics, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, Denmark.
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22
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Arteca GA, Reimann CT, Tapia O. Transitions in Chain Entanglement and Compactness Associated with in Vacuo Unfolding of Lysozyme Ions. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0037955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Arteca
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6, Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - C. T. Reimann
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6, Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - O. Tapia
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6, Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Arteca GA, Tapia O. Protein denaturation in vacuo: Mechanism for centrifugal unfolding of neutral lysozyme. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1412865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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24
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Arteca GA, Reimann CT, Tapia O. Effect of a Variable Nonbonded Attractive Pair Interaction on the Relaxation Dynamics of in Vacuo Unfolded Lysozyme. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001841v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Arteca
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6, Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - C. T. Reimann
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6, Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - O. Tapia
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6, Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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25
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Molecular shape analysis of simulated in vacuo unfolding of charged lysozyme: transitions in chain entanglement and anisometry. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Velázquez I, Reimann CT, Tapia O. Proteins in Vacuo. Denaturation of Highly Charged Disulfide-Reduced Lysozyme Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9842648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Velázquez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 535, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - C. T. Reimann
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 535, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - O. Tapia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 535, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Reimann CT, Velázquez I, Bittner M, Tapia O. Proteins in vacuo: a molecular dynamics study of the unfolding behavior of highly charged disulfide-bond-intact lysozyme subjected to a temperature pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:7277-84. [PMID: 11970672 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.7277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1999] [Revised: 08/11/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were used to interpret a variety of experimental data on highly charged disulfide-bond-intact lysozyme in vacuo. The simulation approach involved submitting a model of the protein [Reimann, Velázquez, and Tapia, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 9344 (1998)] in a given charge state to a 3-ns-long heat pulse (usually at 500 K) followed by cooling or relaxation for 1 ns back to room temperature (293 K). This treatment yielded a charge threshold around Q(0)=8+ for obtaining significant unfolding, as indicated by an enhancement in collision cross section and conformer length. The collision cross sections and lengths theoretically obtained, along with the threshold charge state for initiating unfolding, were compatible with experimental results on lysozyme in vacuo. The unfolded, highly elongated conformations obtained for Q> or = 9+ displayed a significant level of non-native beta-sheet content which appeared to be additionally stabilized by charge self-solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Reimann
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Materials Science, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Velázquez I, C. T. Reimann, and, Tapia O. Proteins in Vacuo: Relaxation of Unfolded Lysozyme Leads to Folding into Native and Non-Native Structures. A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja990911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Velázquez
- Contribution from the Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Division of Ion Physics, Department of Materials Science, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. T. Reimann, and
- Contribution from the Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Division of Ion Physics, Department of Materials Science, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - O. Tapia
- Contribution from the Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Division of Ion Physics, Department of Materials Science, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Valentine SJ, Counterman AE, Clemmer DE. A database of 660 peptide ion cross sections: use of intrinsic size parameters for bona fide predictions of cross sections. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1999; 10:1188-211. [PMID: 10536822 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An ion trap/ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique has been used to measure collision cross sections for 660 peptide ions generated by tryptic digestion of 34 common proteins. Measured cross sections have been compiled into a database that contains peptide molecular weight and sequence information. The database is used to generate average intrinsic contributions to cross section (size parameters) for different amino acid residues by solving systems of equations that relate the unknown contributions of individual residues to the sequences and cross sections of database peptides. Size parameters are combined with information about amino acid composition to calculate cross sections for database peptides. Bona fide cross section predictions (made prior to measurement) for peptides observed in tryptic digests of sperm whale myoglobin and yeast enolase are made. Eight of 10 predicted cross sections are within 2% of the experimental values and all 10 are within 3.2%. The utility of size parameters for cross section prediction is explored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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Arteca GA, Velázquez I, Reimann CT, Tapia O. Variations in chain compactness and topological complexity uncover folding processes in the relaxation dynamics of unfolded in vacuo lysozyme. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Arteca GA, Tapia O. Characterization of fold diversity among proteins with the same number of amino acid residues. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 1999; 39:642-9. [PMID: 10443026 DOI: 10.1021/ci990323i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chain entanglements provide a simple and global measure of folding in a macromolecule. The complexity of these entanglements can be expressed by the pattern of projected bond-bond crossings, or "overcrossings", associated with the molecular backbone. In this work, we use this approach to characterize quantitatively the range of tertiary folds observed in proteins with a given chain length. To discriminate among folding features, we use two shape descriptors derived from the probability distribution of overcrossings: the mean overcrossing number, N, and the most probable overcrossing number, N*. The values of N and N* relate to the content of secondary structure in a protein as well as its global three-dimensional organization. We propose a measure of folding diversity based on the properties of these descriptors. In addition, we discuss the application of our method to study how tertiary folds evolve during protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Arteca
- Département de chimie et biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Stephenson JL, Schaaff TG, McLuckey SA. Hydroiodic acid attachment kinetics as a chemical probe of gaseous protein ion structure: bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1999; 10:552-556. [PMID: 10368949 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of attachment of hydroiodic acid (HI) to the (M + 6H)6+ ions of native and reduced forms of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) in the quadrupole ion trap environment are reported. Distinctly nonlinear (pseudo first-order) reaction kinetics are observed for reaction of the native ions, indicating two or more noninterconverting structures in the parent ion population. The reduced form, on the other hand, shows very nearly linear reaction kinetics. Both forms of the parent ion attach a maximum of five molecules of hydroiodic acid. This number is expected based on the amino acid composition of the protein. There is a total of 11 strongly basic sites in the protein (i.e., six arginines, four lysines, and one N-terminus). An ion with protons occupying six of the basic sites has five available for hydroiodic acid attachment. The kinetics of successive attachment of HI to the native and reduced forms of BPTI also differ, particularly for the addition of the fourth and fifth HI molecules. A very simple kinetic model describes the behavior of the reduced form reasonably well, suggesting that all of the neutral basic sites in the reduced BPTI ions have roughly equal reactivity. However, the behavior of the native ion is not well-described by this simple model. The results are discussed within the context of differences in the three-dimensional structures of the ions that result from the presence or absence of the three disulfide linkages found in native BPTI. The HI reaction kinetics appears to have potential as a chemical probe of protein ion three-dimensional structure in the gas phase. Hydroiodic acid attachment chemistry is significantly different from other chemistries used to probe three-dimensional structure and hence, promises to yield complementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Stephenson
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-6365, USA
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Arteca GA, Velázquez I, Reimann CT, Tapia O. Unfolded in vacuo lysozyme folds into native, quasinative, and compact structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 59:5981-6. [PMID: 11969580 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.59.5981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We show that the relaxation dynamics of unfolded in vacuo lysozyme is not random. Analyses of molecular dynamics trajectories in a convenient space of molecular shape descriptors reveal a "favored" pattern of transitions leading to stable conformations. The relaxation paths exhibit a balanced change in shape features: globular spheroids are formed slowly enough to allow the proper entanglement of secondary-structural elements. The present study shows that a protein in vacuo can actually (re)fold into native and quasinative structures. The driving force for these transformations is intrinsic to the polypeptide chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Arteca
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Reimann CT, Velázquez I, Tapia O. Proteins in Vacuo. Denaturation of Highly-Charged Lysozyme Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982543p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. T. Reimann
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Materials Science, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Velázquez
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Materials Science, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - O. Tapia
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Materials Science, Uppsala University, Box 534, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 532, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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