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Walter A, Eisenreich W, Storch G. Photochemical Desaturation and Epoxidation with Oxygen by Sequential Flavin Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310634. [PMID: 37635656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic desaturations are important strategies for the functionalization of organic molecules. In nature, flavoenzymes mediate the formation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by concomitant cofactor reduction. Contrary to many laboratory methods for these reactions, such as the Saegusa-Ito oxidation, no transition metal reagents or catalysts are required. However, a molecular flavin-mediated variant has not been reported so far. We disclose a photochemical approach for silyl enol ether oxidation, which leads to α,β-unsaturated ketones (13 examples) in very good yields. The flavin catalysts are stable throughout the desaturation reaction, and we successfully applied them in a subsequent aerobic epoxidation by simply changing the reaction conditions. This protocol allowed us to directly convert silyl enol ethers into α,β-epoxyketones in a one-pot fashion (12 examples). Sequential flavin catalysis is not limited to one specific reactivity combination and can, inter alia, couple the photochemical oxidation with radical additions. We anticipate that flavin-catalyzed desaturation will be applicable to other substrate classes and that its sequential catalytic activity will enable rapid substrate diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Walter
- School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Golo Storch
- School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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2
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Wang X, Wang X, Pan H, Ming X, Zhang Z, Wang T. Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Nonclassical Heck Reaction of Arylhydrazines with Allylic Alcohols via C-N Bond Cleavage: Access to β-Arylated Carbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10173-10184. [PMID: 35877650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient palladium-catalyzed oxidative nonclassical Heck reaction of arylhydrazines with allylic alcohols via C-N bond cleavage has been successfully developed. This method provides a series of β-arylated carbonyl compounds with broad functional group tolerance under base-free, simple, and mild open air reaction conditions. In the reaction, arylhydrazines with the smaller molecular weight of the leaving group were employed as the "green" arylation reagent, which released N2 and water as the byproducts under air. Mechanistic studies suggested that an aryl radical process and Pd-H complex migration reinsertion were involved. Moreover, the synthesis of the antiarrhythmic drug propafenone was completed with this transformation as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuo Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Hongwu Pan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Xiayi Ming
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiang xi 330022, P. R. China
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3
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Lechner H, Oberdorfer G. Derivatives of Natural Organocatalytic Cofactors and Artificial Organocatalytic Cofactors as Catalysts in Enzymes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100599. [PMID: 35302276 PMCID: PMC9401024 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Catalytically active non-metal cofactors in enzymes carry out a variety of different reactions. The efforts to develop derivatives of naturally occurring cofactors such as flavins or pyridoxal phosphate and the advances to design new, non-natural cofactors are reviewed here. We report the status quo for enzymes harboring organocatalysts as derivatives of natural cofactors or as artificial ones and their application in the asymmetric synthesis of various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Lechner
- Graz University of TechnologyInstitute of BiochemistryPetersgasse 10–12/II8010GrazAustria
| | - Gustav Oberdorfer
- Graz University of TechnologyInstitute of BiochemistryPetersgasse 10–12/II8010GrazAustria
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4
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Li S, Laishram RD, Shen G, Zhang X, Yang Y, Ni J, Zhan Y, Zhou Y, Fan B. Synthesis of 1,3-diaryl butanones from acetophenones via a tandem reaction. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1755871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sida Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Ronibala Devi Laishram
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Guoli Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxiao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Zhan
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongyun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Baomin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
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5
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Chen BS, Médici R, van der Helm MP, van Zwet Y, Gjonaj L, van der Geest R, Otten LG, Hanefeld U. Rhodococcus strains as source for ene-reductase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5545-5556. [PMID: 29705954 PMCID: PMC5999131 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus strains are ubiquitous in nature and known to metabolise a wide variety of compounds. At the same time, asymmetric reduction of C=C bonds is important in the production of high-valued chiral building blocks. In order to evaluate if Rhodococci can be used for this task, we have probed several Rhodococcus rhodochrous and R. erythropolis strains for ene-reductase activity. A series of substrates including activated ketones, an aldehyde, an imide and nitro-compound were screened using whole cells of seven Rhodococcus strains. This revealed that whole cells of all Rhodococcus strains showed apparent (S)-selectivity towards ketoisophorone, while most other organisms show (R)-selectivity for this compound. Three putative ene-reductases from R. rhodochrous ATCC 17895 were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. One protein was purified and its biocatalytic and biochemical properties were characterised, showing typical (enantioselective) properties for class 3 ene-reductases of the old yellow enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Shuang Chen
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Rosario Médici
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle P van der Helm
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ymke van Zwet
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lorina Gjonaj
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roelien van der Geest
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Linda G Otten
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Wirwis A, Feder-Kubis J, Trzeciak A. Two efficient pathways for the synthesis of aryl ketones catalyzed by phosphorus-free palladium catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Liu X, Chen J, Ma T. Catalytic dehydrogenative aromatization of cyclohexanones and cyclohexenones. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8662-8676. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02351d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prompted by the scant attention paid by published literature reviews to the comprehensive catalytic dehydrogenative aromatization of cyclohexa(e)nones, this review describes recent methods developed to-date involving transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative aromatization and metal-free strategies for the transformation of cyclohexa(e)nones to substituted phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Liu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Chuzhou University
- Chuzhou
- China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tianlin Ma
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Chuzhou University
- Chuzhou
- China
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8
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Löw SA, Löw IM, Weissenborn MJ, Hauer B. Enhanced Ene-Reductase Activity through Alteration of Artificial Nicotinamide Cofactor Substituents. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Löw
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Isabell M. Löw
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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9
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Entner M, Plank M, Faber K. NAD(P)H-independent asymmetric C=C bond reduction catalyzed by ene reductases by using artificial co-substrates as the hydrogen donor. Chemistry 2014; 20:1403-9. [PMID: 24382795 PMCID: PMC4413776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop a nicotinamide-independent single flavoenzyme system for the asymmetric bioreduction of C=C bonds, four types of hydrogen donor, encompassing more than 50 candidates, were investigated. Six highly potent, cheap, and commercially available co-substrates were identified that (under the optimized conditions) resulted in conversions and enantioselectivities comparable with, or even superior to, those obtained with traditional two-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-recycling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Dorina Clay
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Marcello Entner
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Markus Plank
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
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10
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Recent trends and novel concepts in cofactor-dependent biotransformations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1517-29. [PMID: 24362856 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cofactor-dependent enzymes catalyze a broad range of synthetically useful transformations. However, the cofactor requirement also poses economic and practical challenges for the application of these biocatalysts. For three decades, considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of reliable in situ regeneration methods for the most commonly employed cofactors, particularly NADH and NADPH. Today, researchers can choose from a plethora of options, and oxidoreductases are routinely employed even on industrial scale. Nevertheless, more efficient cofactor regeneration methods are still being developed, with the aim of achieving better atom economy, simpler reaction setups, and higher productivities. Besides, cofactor dependence has been recognized as an opportunity to confer novel reactivity upon enzymes by engineering their cofactors, and to couple (redox) biotransformations in multi-enzyme cascade systems. These novel concepts will help to further establish cofactor-dependent biotransformations as an attractive option for the synthesis of biologically active compounds, chiral building blocks, and bio-based platform molecules.
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11
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Huang Y, Wang P, Liu J, Cai M. Synthesis of β-Aryl Ketones by Heck Arylation of Allylic Alcohols Catalysed by a Mcm-41-Supported Bidentate Nitrogen Palladium Complex. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3184/174751913x13668131126257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Heck arylation reaction of aryl iodides with allylic alcohols catalysed by an mesoporous silica (MCM-41)-supported bidentate nitrogen palladium complex [MCM-41-2N-Pd(OAc)2] proceeded smoothly in the presence of tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) in DMF to afford β-aryl ketones in good to excellent yields. This heterogeneous palladium catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused several times without any decrease in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
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12
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Chen M, Wang J, Chai Z, You C, Lei A. CX (X=Br, I) Bond-Tolerant Aerobic Oxidative Cross- Coupling: A Strategy to Selectively Construct β-Aryl Ketones and Aldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Schittmayer M, Glieder A, Uhl MK, Winkler A, Zach S, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W, Macheroux P, Gruber K, Kambourakis S, Rozzell JD, Winkler M. Old Yellow Enzyme-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Saturated Ketones. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Sattelle BM, Sutcliffe MJ. Calculating chemically accurate redox potentials for engineered flavoproteins from classical molecular dynamics free energy simulations. J Phys Chem A 2009; 112:13053-7. [PMID: 18828581 DOI: 10.1021/jp803859j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tricyclic isoalloxazine nucleus of the redox cofactors flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) acts as an electron sink in life-sustaining biological electron transfer (eT). The functional diversity of flavin-containing proteins (flavoproteins) transcends that of free flavins. A large body of experimental evidence attributes natural control of flavoprotein-mediated eT to tuning of the thermodynamic driving force by the protein environment. Understanding and engineering such modulation by the protein environment of the flavin redox potential (DeltaE(o)) is valuable in biotechnology and device design. In this study we employed classical molecular dynamics free energy simulations (MDFES), within a thermodynamic integration (TI) formalism, to calculate the change in FMN first reduction potential (DeltaDeltaE(o)(ox/sq)) imparted by 6 flavoprotein active site mutations. The combined performance of the AMBER ff03 (protein) and GAFF (cofactor) force fields was benchmarked against experimental data for mutations close to the isoalloxazine re- and si-faces that perturb the wild-type DeltaE(o)(ox/sq) value in Anabaena flavodoxin. The classical alchemical approach used in this study overestimates the magnitude of DeltaE(o) values, in common with other studies. Nevertheless, chemically accurate DeltaDeltaE(o) values--calculated to within 1 kcal mol(-1) of the experimental value--were obtained for five of the six mutations studied. We have shown that this approach is practical for quantitative in silico screening of the effect of mutations on the first reduction potential where experimental values and structural data are available for the wild-type flavoprotein. This approach promises to be useful as an integral part of future interdisciplinary strategies to engineer desired thermodynamic properties in flavoproteins of biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict M Sattelle
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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15
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Caldwell ST, Farrugia LJ, Hewage SG, Kryvokhyzha N, Rotello VM, Cooke G. Model systems for flavoenzyme activity: an investigation of the role functionality attached to the C(7) position of the flavin unit has on redox and molecular recognition properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1350-2. [PMID: 19259584 DOI: 10.1039/b900269n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the role functionality attached to the C(7) position of a family of flavin derivatives has in tuning their redox and recognition properties and the subsequent exploitation of two of these derivatives as a three-component electrochemically controllable molecular switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Caldwell
- Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, WestCHEM, Department of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G12 8QQ
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16
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Alacid E, Nájera C. Arylation of Allyl Alcohols in Organic and Aqueous Media Catalyzed by Oxime-Derived Palladacycles: Synthesis of β-Arylated Carbonyl Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Calò V, Nacci A, Monopoli A. Effects of Ionic Liquids on Pd‐Catalysed Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Nacci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Monopoli
- Lab. for Repressione frodi alimentari, Via Cavedone, 18, 41100 Modena, Italy
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18
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Imada Y, Iida H, Ono S, Masui Y, Murahashi SI. Flavin-Catalyzed Oxidation of Amines and Sulfides with Molecular Oxygen: Biomimetic Green Oxidation. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:136-47. [PMID: 17441048 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-catalyzed green oxidation of heteroatom compounds such as sulfides and amines with molecular oxygen and even air in the presence of hydrazine monohydrate in a fluorous solvent such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol at room temperature gives the corresponding oxidation products highly efficiently and selectively along with water and molecular nitrogen, which are environmentally benign by-products. The proposed reaction mechanism is based on the kinetics, solvent effect, and redox properties of flavin catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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20
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Williams RE, Bruce NC. 'New uses for an Old Enzyme'--the Old Yellow Enzyme family of flavoenzymes. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:1607-1614. [PMID: 12055282 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-6-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Williams
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK1
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK1
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Rohdich F, Wiese A, Feicht R, Simon H, Bacher A. Enoate reductases of Clostridia. Cloning, sequencing, and expression. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:5779-87. [PMID: 11060310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008656200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enr genes specifying enoate reductases of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Clostridium thermoaceticum were cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparison shows that enoate reductases are similar to a family of flavoproteins comprising 2,4-dienoyl-coenzyme A reductase from Escherichia coli and old yellow enzyme from yeast. The C. thermoaceticum enr gene product was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli cells growing under anaerobic conditions. The recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rohdich
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
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