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Dubrovskii SA, Balabaev NK. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Behavior of Protonated Poly(ethylene oxide)s in Drift Tube Experiments. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Austin CA, Inutan ED, Bohrer BC, Li J, Fischer JL, Wijerathne K, Foley CD, Lietz CB, Woodall DW, Imperial LF, Clemmer DE, Trimpin S, Larsen BS. Resolving Isomers of Star-Branched Poly(Ethylene Glycols) by IMS-MS Using Multiply Charged Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:21-32. [PMID: 32510213 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) mass spectrometry (MS) centers on the ability to separate gaseous structures by size, charge, shape, and followed by mass-to-charge (m/z). For oligomeric structures, improved separation is hypothesized to be related to the ability to extend structures through repulsive forces between cations electrostatically bonded to the oligomers. Here we show the ability to separate differently branched multiply charged ions of star-branched poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers (up to 2000 Da) regardless of whether formed by electrospray ionization (ESI) charged solution droplets or from charged solid particles produced directly from a surface by matrix-assisted ionization. Detailed structural characterization of isomers of the star-branched compositions was first established using a home-built high-resolution ESI IMS-MS instrument. The doubly charged ions have well-resolved drift times, achieving separation of isomers and also allowing differentiation of star-branched versus linear oligomers. An IMS-MS "snapshot" approach allows visualization of architectural dispersity and (im)purity of samples in a straightforward manner. Analyses capabilities are shown for different cations and ionization methods using commercially available traveling wave IMS-MS instruments. Analyses directly from surfaces using the new ionization processes are, because of the multiply charging, not only associated with the benefits of improved gas-phase separations, relative to that of ions produced by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, but also provide the potential for spatially resolved measurements relative to ESI and other ionization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin A Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Brian C Bohrer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Kanchana Wijerathne
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Daniel W Woodall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Lorelie F Imperial
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Barbara S Larsen
- DuPont, Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
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3
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Haler JRN, Far J, de la Rosa VR, Kune C, Hoogenboom R, De Pauw E. Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry to Extract Physicochemical Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions from Synthetic Polymers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:330-339. [PMID: 33269928 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) experiments are mostly used hand in hand with computational chemistry to correlate mobility measurements to the shape of the ions. Recently, we developed an automatable method to fit IM data obtained with synthetic homopolymers (i.e., collision cross sections; CCS) without resorting to computational chemistry. Here, we further develop the experimental IM data interpretation to explore physicochemical properties of a series of nine polymers and their monomer units by monitoring the relationship between the CCS and the degree of polymerization (DP). Several remarkable points of the CCS evolutions as a function of the DP were found: the first observed DP of each charge state (ΔDPfirst DP), the DPs constituting the structural rearrangements (ΔDPrearr), and the DPs at the half-rearrangement (DPhalf-rearr). Given that these remarkable points do not rely on absolute CCS values, but on their relative evolution, they can be extracted from CCS or raw IM data without accurate IM calibration. Properties such as coordination numbers of the cations, steric hindrance, or side chain flexibility can be compared. This leads to fit parameter predictions based on the nature of the monomer unit. The interpretation of the fit parameters, extracted using solely experimental data, allows a rapid screening of the properties of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- LIST - Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Materials Research and Technology Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher Kune
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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4
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Duez Q, Moins S, Coulembier O, De Winter J, Cornil J, Gerbaux P. Assessing the Structural Heterogeneity of Isomeric Homo and Copolymers: an Approach Combining Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2379-2388. [PMID: 33044069 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers occupy a unique place in the field of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). Indeed, due to their intrinsic dispersity, they have the asset to offer a broad range of homologous ions with different lengths that can be detected in several charge states. In addition, the gas-phase structure of polymer ions mostly depends on their ability to screen the adducted charges. Several works dealing with linear, cyclic, and star-shaped polymers have already shown that the gas-phase structure of polymer ions heavily relies on the polymer architecture, i.e., the primary structure. In the present work, we move a step further by evaluating whether a relationship exists between the primary and secondary structures of synthetic homo and copolymers. The IMS-MS experiments will be further complemented by MD simulations. To highlight the effectiveness of IMS separation, we selected isomeric homo and copolymers made of lactide (LA) and propiolactone (PL) units. In this way, the mass analysis becomes useless since isomeric comonomer sequences can coexist for any given chain length. An UPLC method was implemented in the workflow to successfully separate all PL-LA comonomer sequences before infusion in the IMS-MS instrument. The analysis of doubly charged copolymers showed that the comonomer sequence has an impact on the IMS response. However, this only holds for copolymer ions with precise sizes and charge states, and this is therefore not a rule of thumb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Moins
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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5
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Petroff JT, Tong A, Chen LJ, Dekoster GT, Khan F, Abramson J, Frieden C, Cheng WWL. Charge Reduction of Membrane Proteins in Native Mass Spectrometry Using Alkali Metal Acetate Salts. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6622-6630. [PMID: 32250604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) provides the capacity to monitor membrane protein complexes and noncovalent binding of ligands and lipids to membrane proteins. The charge states produced by native MS of membrane proteins often result in gas-phase protein unfolding or loss of noncovalent interactions. In an effort to reduce the charge of membrane proteins, we examined the utility of alkali metal salts as a charge-reducing agent. Low concentrations of alkali metal salts caused marked charge reduction in the membrane protein, Erwinia ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC). The charge-reducing effect only occurred for membrane proteins and was detergent-dependent, being most pronounced in long polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based detergents such as C10E5 and C12E8. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism for alkali metal charge reduction of membrane proteins. Addition of low concentrations of alkali metals may provide an advantageous approach for charge reduction of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins by native MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Farha Khan
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 310833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeff Abramson
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 310833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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The properties of the polyethylene glycol complex PEG(Na+)(Cu+) on the copper electrodeposited layer by Time-of-Flight Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry. The new insights. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Haler JRN, Lemaur V, Far J, Kune C, Gerbaux P, Cornil J, De Pauw E. Sodium Coordination and Protonation of Poly(ethoxy phosphate) Chains in the Gas Phase Probed by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:633-641. [PMID: 32020799 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The two-dimensional shape information yielded by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), usually reported as collision cross section (CCS), is often correlated to the underlying three-dimensional structures of the ions through computational chemistry. Here, we used theoretical approaches based on molecular mechanics (MM), molecular dynamics (MD), and density functional theory (DFT) to elucidate the structures of sodiated poly(ethoxy phosphate) polymer ions at different degrees of polymerization (DP) for three different charge states (1+, 2+, and 3+) by comparing computational results to experimentally obtained CCS values. From the calculated structures, we extract several key interaction distances which merge in clusters for all screened charge states and DPs, independent of the three-dimensional structures and the polymer ion structural rearrangements. These distances were also used to extract the minimum coordination numbers in poly(ethoxy phosphate) and to describe the preferred coordination geometries. When sodiated and protonated polymer ions are compared, the experimental CCS evolutions differ at small DP values and merge at higher DPs. We investigated in more depth this difference for two selected species, namely, [PEtP5 + 2Na+]2+ and [PEtP5 + 2H+]2+. For the protonated ions, we explored the different protonation sites to extract three-dimensional structure candidates and rationalize the CCS behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc, 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christopher Kune
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc, 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc, 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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8
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Gnaser H, Oki R, Aoki T, Seki T, Matsuo J. Optimized Alkali-Metal Cationization in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Polyethylene Glycol Oligomers with up to m/ z 10000: Dependence on Cation Species and Concentration. Anal Chem 2020; 92:1511-1517. [PMID: 31800216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), the detection of large organic molecules is accomplished using cluster ion bombardment. Ion formation often proceeds via cationization, through the attachment of (alkali) metal ions to the molecule. To study this process, the emission of secondary ions sputtered from polyethylene glycol (PEG) samples with molecular weights (MW) of 1000-10000 was examined. They were mixed with alkali-metal trifluoroacetic acid (X-TFA, where X = Li, Na, K, or Cs) in a wide range of concentrations to investigate the efficiency of cationization for 10 keV Ar2000+ cluster irradiation. Typically, cationized molecular ions [M + X]+ (with repeat units n of up to ∼250, corresponding roughly to m/z 11000) and some characteristic fragment species were observed in the mass spectra. For all alkali cations, the oligomer intensities increase strongly with the molecular composition ratios X-TFA/PEG in the samples, and values of 5-10 seem to be optimal. With increasing molecular weight, the intensity of oligomer ions relative to the total number of ions decreases; as the latter remains rather constant, this implies that more fragment species are formed. The ion yields (detected ions per primary ions) of cationized [M + Na]+ oligomers sputtered from a PEG decrease very strongly with their size n: from 5.2 × 10-6 at n = 21 (MW ∼ 1000) to 4.5 × 10-10 at n ∼ 245 (MW ∼ 11000). By contrast, the total yields Ytot+ show only a small variation for these different specimens, from 1.3 × 10-5 to 3.7 × 10-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Gnaser
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Physics , University of Kaiserslautern , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Rika Oki
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Takaaki Aoki
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Toshio Seki
- Department of Nuclear Engineering , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Jiro Matsuo
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Chiyoda , Tokyo 102-0075 , Japan
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9
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Duez Q, Metwally H, Hoyas S, Lemaur V, Cornil J, De Winter J, Konermann L, Gerbaux P. Effects of electrospray mechanisms and structural relaxation on polylactide ion conformations in the gas phase: insights from ion mobility spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4193-4204. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase polymer ions may retain structural features associated with their electrospray formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
| | - Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Sébastien Hoyas
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) – University of Mons (UMONS)
- B-7000 Mons
- Belgium
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10
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Naylor CN, Reinecke T, Ridgeway ME, Park MA, Clowers BH. Validation of Calibration Parameters for Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2152-2162. [PMID: 31392697 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using contemporary theory for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), gas-phase ion mobilities within a trapped ion mobility-mass spectrometer (TIMS) are not easily deduced using first principle equations due to non-linear pressure changes and consequently variations in E/N. It is for this reason that prior literature values have traditionally been used for TIMS calibration. Additionally, given that verified mobility standards currently do not exist and the that the exact conditions used to measure reported literature values may not always represent the environment within the TIMS, a direct approach to validating the behavior of the TIMS system is warranted. A calibration procedure is presented where an ambient pressure, ambient temperature, two-gate, printed circuit board drift-tube IMS (PCBIMS) is coupled to the front of a TIMS allowing reduced mobilities to be directly measured on the same instrument as the TIMS. These measured mobilities were used to evaluate the TIMS calibration procedure which correlates reduced mobility and TIMS elution voltages with literature values. When using the measured PCBIMS-reduced mobilities of tetraalkyl ammonium salts and tune mix for TIMS calibration of the alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts, the percent error is less than 1% as compared with using the reported literature K0 values where the percent error approaches 5%. This method provides a way to obtain accurate reference mobilities for ion mobility techniques that require a calibration step (i.e., TIMS and TWAVE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Naylor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Tobias Reinecke
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | | | | | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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11
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Litinas I, Koutselos AD. Structure Distribution of Gaseous Ions in Strong Electrostatic Fields. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5683-5691. [PMID: 31250648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In drift tube experiments, where ions move in gases under the action of an electrostatic field, collision excitation is implemented for the study of the energy partitioning in the molecular degrees of freedom and the corresponding relaxation rates when the excitation is turned off. In the case of flexible ions, the vibration modes related to metastable molecular structures have been activated in ion mobility spectrometry and their population has been probed with respect to the field strength and the gas temperature. Here, we study the angular vibrational excitation and relaxation of such systems by examining the motion of molecular ions with one bending mode at strong fields using a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation method. The relatively stable structures are introduced through the use of an intramolecular angular potential with minima at the position of the most stable conformations. We calculate the first few moments of the velocity and angular velocity distribution functions as well as the distribution of the conformers, and find that they follow unified curves when plotted with respect to the relative ion-atom collision energy. At high field strengths, the angular vibration is excited and a portion of the ions interchanges conformations continuously in time with the populations of the molecular structures to attain limiting values. In addition, orientational alignment, with the perpendicular angular momentum being greater than the one parallel to the field, is observed. Our observations, although based on a specific system, must be rather general for the case of large flexible molecular ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraklis Litinas
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Andreas D Koutselos
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens , Greece
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12
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Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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13
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Colsch B, Damont A, Junot C, Fenaille F, Tabet JC. Experimental evidence that electrospray-produced sodiated lysophosphatidyl ester structures exist essentially as protonated salts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:333-338. [PMID: 30909743 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719838924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sodiated lysoglycerophosphatidylethanolamine (LGPE) and lysoglycerophosphatidylcholine (LGPC) species dissociate under low collision energy by covalent bond cleavage resulting in product ions with either sodium retention or without sodium retention. For explaining these fragmentations, sodium chelation by heteroatoms (as charge-solvated structures) is often considered, and consequently, under keV collision conditions, sodium is "spectator" of cleavages (charge remote fragmentation). However, cleavage of such charge-solvated forms under low-energy conditions should result in sodium desolvation rather than covalent bond cleavage. In the present study, protonated salts are proposed as the main representative structures of the sodiated LGPE and LGPC forms. These structures are generated from sodiation of zwitterionic and betaine forms of LGPE and LGPC molecules, respectively. Experimental evidence to determine which structure is involved in the dissociations is provided, especially by comparing the dissociation of LGPL sodiated forms with that of sodiated polyethylene glycols. Energy-resolved mass spectrometry breakdown experiments were performed on a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument to demonstrate that both LGPE and LGPC sodiated forms exist as protonated salt structures. From such structures, proton migration by prototropy can result in different bond cleavages whereas the salt moiety remains spectator of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Colsch
- 1 CEA-INRA UMR 0496, DRF/Institut Joliot/SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, MetaboHUB, France
| | - Annelaure Damont
- 1 CEA-INRA UMR 0496, DRF/Institut Joliot/SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, MetaboHUB, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- 1 CEA-INRA UMR 0496, DRF/Institut Joliot/SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, MetaboHUB, France
| | - François Fenaille
- 1 CEA-INRA UMR 0496, DRF/Institut Joliot/SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, MetaboHUB, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- 1 CEA-INRA UMR 0496, DRF/Institut Joliot/SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, MetaboHUB, France
- 2 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Paris, France
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14
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Chen X, Raab SA, Poe T, Clemmer DE, Larriba-Andaluz C. Determination of Gas-Phase Ion Structures of Locally Polar Homopolymers Through High-Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:905-918. [PMID: 30993642 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The strong synergy arising from coupling two orthogonal analytical techniques such as ion mobility and mass spectrometry can be used to separate complex mixtures and determine structural information of analytes in the gas phase. A tandem study is performed using two systems with different gases and pressures to ascertain gas-phase conformations of homopolymer ions. Aside from spherical and stretched configurations, intermediate configurations formed by a multiply charged globule and a "bead-on-a-string" appendix are confirmed for polyethylene-glycol (PEG), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). These intermediate configurations are shown to be ubiquitous for all charge states and masses present. For each charge state, configurations evolve in two distinctive patterns: an inverse evolution which occurs as an elementary charge attached to the polymer leaves the larger globule and incorporates itself into the appendage, and a forward evolution which reduces the globule without relinquishing a charge while leaving the appendix relatively constant. Forward evolutions are confirmed to form self-similar family shapes that transcend charge states for all polymers. Identical structural changes occur at the same mass over charge regardless of the system, gas or pressure strongly suggesting that conformations are only contingent on number of charges and chain length, and start arranging once the ion is at least partially ejected from the droplet, supporting a charge extrusion mechanism. Configurational changes are smoother for PDMS which is attributed to the larger steric hindrance caused by protruding pendant groups. This study has implications in the study of the configurational space of more complex homopolymers and heteropolymers. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUPUI, 723 W Michigan st, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Universiy, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shannon A Raab
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Timothy Poe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUPUI, 723 W Michigan st, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUPUI, 723 W Michigan st, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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15
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Duez Q, Liénard R, Moins S, Lemaur V, Coulembier O, Cornil J, Gerbaux P, De Winter J. One Step Further in the Characterization of Synthetic Polymers by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry: Evaluating the Contribution of End-groups. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E688. [PMID: 30995722 PMCID: PMC6523221 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several families of polymers possessing various end-groups are characterized by ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS). A significant contribution of the end-groups to the ion collision cross section (CCS) is observed, although their role is neglected in current fitting models described in literature. Comparing polymers prepared from different synthetic procedures might thus, be misleading with the current theoretical treatments. We show that this issue is alleviated by comparing the CCS of various polymer ions (polyesters and polyethers) as a function of the number of atoms in the macroion instead of the usual representation involving the degree of polymerization. Finally, we extract the atom number density from the spectra which gives us the possibility to evaluate the compaction of polymer ions, and by extension to discern isomeric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Romain Liénard
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Moins
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), University of Mons, UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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16
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ITO K, KITAGAWA S, OHTANI H. Analysis of Multiply Charged Poly(ethylene oxide- co-propylene oxide) Using Electrospray Ionization–Ion Mobility Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:169-174. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako ITO
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Shinya KITAGAWA
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Hajime OHTANI
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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17
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Chouinard CD, Cruzeiro VWD, Kemperman RH, Oranzi NR, Roitberg AE, Yost RA. Cation-Dependent Conformations in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-Cation Adducts Measured by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and Theoretical Modeling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 432:1-8. [PMID: 30034270 PMCID: PMC6052799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry is a useful tool in separation of biological isomers, including clinically relevant analytes such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and its epimer, 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (epi25OHD3). Previous research indicates that these epimers adopt different gas-phase sodiated monomer structures, either the "open" or "closed" conformer, which allow 25OHD3 to be readily resolved in mixtures. In the current work, alternative metal cation adducts are investigated for their relative effects on the ratio of "open" and "closed conformers. Alkali and alkaline earth metal adducts caused changes in the 25OHD3 conformer ratio, where the proportion of the "open" conformer generally increases with the size of the metal cation in a given group. As such, the ratio of the "open" conformer, which is unique to 25OHD3 and absent for its epimer, can be increased from approximately 1:1 for the sodiated monomer to greater than 8:1 for the barium adduct. Molecular modeling and energy calculations agree with the experimental results, indicating that the Gibbs free energy of conversion from the "closed" to the "open" conformation decreased with increasing cation size, correlating with the variation in ratio between the conformers. This work demonstrates the effect of cation adducts on gas-phase conformations of small, flexible molecules and offers an additional strategy for resolution of clinically relevant epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Chouinard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
- Current Address: Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Vinicius Wilian D. Cruzeiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia - DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Robin H.J. Kemperman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Oranzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Adrian E. Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Richard A. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics (SECIM), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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18
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Duez Q, Metwally H, Konermann L. Electrospray Ionization of Polypropylene Glycol: Rayleigh-Charged Droplets, Competing Pathways, and Charge State-Dependent Conformations. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9912-9920. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 23, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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19
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Haler JR, Morsa D, Lecomte P, Jérôme C, Far J, De Pauw E. Predicting Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry trends of polymers using the concept of apparent densities. Methods 2018; 144:125-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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20
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Consta S, Oh MI, Sharawy M, Malevanets A. Macroion–Solvent Interactions in Charged Droplets. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5239-5250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Consta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Myong In Oh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Mahmoud Sharawy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Anatoly Malevanets
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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21
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Sallam S, Dolog I, Paik BA, Jia X, Kiick KL, Wesdemiotis C. Sequence and Conformational Analysis of Peptide–Polymer Bioconjugates by Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1498-1507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sallam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan Dolog
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Bradford A. Paik
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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22
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Haler JRN, Massonnet P, Chirot F, Kune C, Comby-Zerbino C, Jordens J, Honing M, Mengerink Y, Far J, Dugourd P, De Pauw E. Comparison of Different Ion Mobility Setups Using Poly (Ethylene Oxide) PEO Polymers: Drift Tube, TIMS, and T-Wave. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:114-120. [PMID: 29027151 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, polymer analyses using ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) measurements have been performed on different ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) setups. In order to be able to compare literature data taken on different IM(-MS) instruments, ion heating and ion temperature evaluations have already been explored. Nevertheless, extrapolations to other analytes are difficult and thus straightforward same-sample instrument comparisons seem to be the only reliable way to make sure that the different IM(-MS) setups do not greatly change the gas-phase behavior. We used a large range of degrees of polymerization (DP) of poly(ethylene oxide) PEO homopolymers to measure IMS drift times on three different IM-MS setups: a homemade drift tube (DT), a trapped (TIMS), and a traveling wave (T-Wave) IMS setup. The drift time evolutions were followed for increasing polymer DPs (masses) and charge states, and they are found to be comparable and reproducible on the three instruments. ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christopher Kune
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Clothilde Comby-Zerbino
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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23
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Blankenburg J, Wagner M, Frey H. Well-Defined Multi-Amino-Functional and Stimuli-Responsive Poly(propylene oxide) by Crown Ether Assisted Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blankenburg
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Dynamics of flexible peptides under the action of an electrostatic field in the gas phase. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Oh MI, Consta S. Charging and Release Mechanisms of Flexible Macromolecules in Droplets. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2262-2279. [PMID: 28801879 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study systematically the charging and release mechanisms of a flexible macromolecule, modeled by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), in a droplet by using molecular dynamics simulations. We compare how PEG is solvated and charged by sodium Na+ ions in a droplet of water (H2O), acetonitrile (MeCN), and their mixtures. Initially, we examine the location and the conformation of the macromolecule in a droplet bearing no net charge. It is revealed that the presence of charge carriers do not affect the location of PEG in aqueous and MeCN droplets compared with that in the neutral droplets, but the location of the macromolecule and the droplet size do affect the PEG conformation. PEG is charged on the surface of a sodiated aqueous droplet that is found close to the Rayleigh limit. Its charging is coupled to the extrusion mechanism, where PEG segments leave the droplet once they coordinate a Na+ ion or in a correlated motion with Na+ ions. In contrast, as PEG resides in the interior of a MeCN droplet, it is sodiated inside the droplet. The compact macro-ion transitions through partially unwound states to an extended conformation, a process occurring during the final stage of desolvation and in the presence of only a handful of MeCN molecules. For charged H2O/MeCN droplets, the sodiation of PEG is determined by the H2O component, reflecting its slower evaporation and preference over MeCN for solvating Na+ ions. We use the simulation data to construct an analytical model that suggests that the droplet surface electric field may play a role in the macro-ion-droplet interactions that lead to the extrusion of the macro-ion. This study provides the first evidence of the effect of the surface electric field by using atomistic simulations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong In Oh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Styliani Consta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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26
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Haler JRN, Far J, Aqil A, Claereboudt J, Tomczyk N, Giles K, Jérôme C, De Pauw E. Multiple Gas-Phase Conformations of a Synthetic Linear Poly(acrylamide) Polymer Observed Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2492-2499. [PMID: 28808984 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has emerged as a powerful separation and identification tool to characterize synthetic polymer mixtures and topologies (linear, cyclic, star-shaped,…). Electrospray coupled to IM-MS already revealed the coexistence of several charge state-dependent conformations for a single charge state of biomolecules with strong intramolecular interactions, even when limited resolving power IM-MS instruments were used. For synthetic polymers, the sample's polydispersity allows the observation of several chain lengths. A unique collision cross-section (CCS) trend is usually observed when increasing the degree of polymerization (DP) at constant charge state, allowing the deciphering of different polymer topologies. In this paper, we report multiple coexisting CCS trends when increasing the DP at constant charge state for linear poly(acrylamide) PAAm in the gas phase. This is similar to observations on peptides and proteins. Biomolecules show in addition population changes when collisionally heating the ions. In the case of synthetic PAAm, fragmentation occurred before reaching the energy for conformation conversion. These observations, which were made on two different IM-MS instruments (SYNAPT G2 HDMS and high resolution multi-pass cyclic T-Wave prototype from Waters), limit the use of ion mobility for synthetic polymer topology interpretations to polymers where unique CCS values are observed for each DP at constant charge state. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Abdelhafid Aqil
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jan Claereboudt
- Waters Corporation, Connexion Business Park, Brusselsesteenweg 500, 1731, Zellik, Belgium
| | - Nick Tomczyk
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Ave., Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Kevin Giles
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Ave., Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
In this review, we focus on an important aspect of ion mobility (IM) research, namely the reporting of quantitative ion mobility measurements in the form of the gas-phase collision cross section (CCS), which has provided a common basis for comparison across different instrument platforms and offers a unique form of structural information, namely size and shape preferences of analytes in the absence of bulk solvent. This review surveys the over 24,000 CCS values reported from IM methods spanning the era between 1975 to 2015, which provides both a historical and analytical context for the contributions made thus far, as well as insight into the future directions that quantitative ion mobility measurements will have in the analytical sciences. The analysis was conducted in 2016, so CCS values reported in that year are purposely omitted. In another few years, a review of this scope will be intractable, as the number of CCS values which will be reported in the next three to five years is expected to exceed the total amount currently published in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Caleb B Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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28
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Harper B, Neumann EK, Stow SM, May JC, McLean JA, Solouki T. Determination of ion mobility collision cross sections for unresolved isomeric mixtures using tandem mass spectrometry and chemometric deconvolution. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939:64-72. [PMID: 27639144 PMCID: PMC5744691 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility (IM) is an important analytical technique for determining ion collision cross section (CCS) values in the gas-phase and gaining insight into molecular structures and conformations. However, limited instrument resolving powers for IM may restrict adequate characterization of conformationally similar ions, such as structural isomers, and reduce the accuracy of IM-based CCS calculations. Recently, we introduced an automated technique for extracting "pure" IM and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra of IM overlapping species using chemometric deconvolution of post-IM/CID mass spectrometry (MS) data [J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 2014, 25, 1810-1819]. Here we extend those capabilities to demonstrate how extracted IM profiles can be used to calculate accurate CCS values of peptide isomer ions which are not fully resolved by IM. We show that CCS values obtained from deconvoluted IM spectra match with CCS values measured from the individually analyzed corresponding peptides on uniform field IM instrumentation. We introduce an approach that utilizes experimentally determined IM arrival time (AT) "shift factors" to compensate for ion acceleration variations during post-IM/CID and significantly improve the accuracy of the calculated CCS values. Also, we discuss details of this IM deconvolution approach and compare empirical CCS values from traveling wave (TW)IM-MS and drift tube (DT)IM-MS with theoretically calculated CCS values using the projected superposition approximation (PSA). For example, experimentally measured deconvoluted TWIM-MS mean CCS values for doubly-protonated RYGGFM, RMFGYG, MFRYGG, and FRMYGG peptide isomers were 288.8 Å(2), 295.1 Å(2), 296.8 Å(2), and 300.1 Å(2); all four of these CCS values were within 1.5% of independently measured DTIM-MS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Harper
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Neumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sarah M Stow
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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29
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Brantley MR, Pettit ME, Harper B, Brown B, Solouki T. Automated peak width measurements for targeted analysis of ion mobility unresolved species. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:49-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Troć A, Zimnicka M, Koliński M, Danikiewicz W. Structural Elucidation of β-Lactam Diastereoisomers through Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Studies and Theoretical Calculations. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:282-290. [PMID: 27041658 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ion mobility combined with mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations were used to characterize and separate six diastereoisomeric β-lactams. The influence of traveling wave height and wave velocity, size of the alkali metal ion (Li(+), Na(+) and K(+)) and drift gases with varying masses and polarizabilities (N2 and CO2) on separation efficacy was additionally examined. The best separation of diastereoisomers of β-lactams was observed for adducts with Na(+) and Li(+) ions, whereas other parameters had little impact on separation process. The isomeric β-lactams were characterized by both experimental and theoretical collision cross sections. The theoretically calculated values of collision cross sections obtained from extensive molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations for model structures agreed well with those established experimentally. The relationship between separation efficacy and the configuration at the carbon atoms C5 and C6 of β-lactam ring was defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Troć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zimnicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Koliński
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Larriba-Andaluz C, Fernández-García J, Ewing MA, Hogan CJ, Clemmer DE. Gas molecule scattering & ion mobility measurements for organic macro-ions in He versus N2 environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:15019-29. [PMID: 25988389 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A pending issue in linking ion mobility measurements to ion structures is that the collisional cross section (CCS, the measured structural parameter in ion mobility spectrometry) of an ion is strongly dependent upon the manner in which gas molecules effectively impinge on and are reemitted from ion surfaces (when modeling ions as fixed structures). To directly examine the gas molecule impingement and reemission processes and their influence, we measured the CCSs of positively charged ions of room temperature ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM-N(CN)2) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) in N2 using a differential mobility analyzer-mass spectrometer (DMA-MS) and in He using a drift tube mobility spectrometer-mass spectrometer (DT-MS). Cluster ions, generated via electrosprays, took the form (AB)N(A)z, spanning up to z = 20 and with masses greater than 100 kDa. As confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, at the measurement temperature (∼300 K), such cluster ions took on globular conformations in the gas phase. Based upon their attained charge levels, in neither He nor N2 did the ion-induced dipole potential significantly influence gas molecule-ion collisions. Therefore, differences in the CCSs measured for ions in the two different gases could be primarily attributed to differences in gas molecule behavior upon collision with ions. Overwhelmingly, by comparison of predicted CCSs with selected input impingement-reemission laws to measurements, we find that in N2, gas molecules collide with ions diffusely--they are reemitted at random angles relative to the gas molecule incoming angle--and inelastically. Meanwhile, in He, gas molecules collide specularly and elastically and are emitted from ion surfaces at determined angles. The results can be rationalized on the basis of the momentum transferred per collision; in the case of He, individual gas molecule collisions minimally perturb the atoms within a cluster ion (internal motion), while in the case of N2, individual gas molecules have sufficiently large momentum to alter the internal motion in organic ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- University of Minnesota, Mechanical Engineering Department, 111 Church st. RM 2101A, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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32
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Litinas I, Koutselos AD. Molecular Dynamics Simulation for the Dynamics and Kinetics of Folding Peptides in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12935-44. [PMID: 26641107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The conformations of flexible molecular species, such as oligomers and oligopeptides, and their interconversion in the gas phase have been probed by ion mobility spectrometry measurements. The ion motion is interpreted through the calculation of effective cross sections in the case of stable conformations of the macromolecules. However, when the molecular structures transform to each other as the ions collide with gas atoms during their flight through the drift tube, the introduction of an average cross section is required. To provide a direct way for the reproduction of the ion motion, we employ a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation method and consider a molecular model that consists of two connected stiff cylindrical bodies interacting through an intramolecular model potential. With this procedure we have calculated the ion mobility as a function of temperature for a prototype peptide that converts between a helical and an extended globular form. The results are in good agreement with ion mobility spectrometry data confirming that an angular vibration coordinate can be used for the interpretation of the shifting of the drift-time distributions at high temperatures. The approach produces mean kinetic energies as well as various combined distributions of the ion degrees of freedom. It is easily applied to flexible macromolecular ions and can be extended to include additional degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraklis Litinas
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas D Koutselos
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
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33
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Zobnina VG, Chagovets VV, Boryak OA, Kosevich MV. A mass spectrometric study and computer modeling of noncovalent interactions of cytosine with polyethylene glycol oligomers. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Fischer JL, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Siriwardena-Mahanama BN, Weidner SM, Falkenhagen J, Allen MJ, Trimpin S. Matrix-Assisted Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry: Selective Analysis of a Europium-PEG Complex in a Crude Mixture. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2086-2095. [PMID: 26453417 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analytical utility of a new and simple to use ionization method, matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) is used to characterize a 2-armed europium(III)-containing poly(ethylene glycol) (Eu-PEG) complex directly from a crude sample. MAI was used with the matrix 1,2-dicyanobenzene, which affords low chemical background relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). MAI provides high ion abundance of desired products in comparison to ESI and MALDI. Inductively coupled plasma-MS measurements were used to estimate a maximum of 10% of the crude sample by mass was the 2-arm Eu-PEG complex, supporting evidence of selective ionization of Eu-PEG complexes using the new MAI matrix, 1,2-dicyanobenzene. Multiply charged ions formed in MAI enhance the IMS gas-phase separation, especially relative to the singly charged ions observed with MALDI. Individual components are cleanly separated and readily identified, allowing characterization of the 2-arm Eu-PEG conjugate from a mixture of the 1-arm Eu-PEG complex and unreacted starting materials. Size-exclusion chromatography, liquid chromatography at critical conditions, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and ESI-IMS-MS had difficulties with this analysis, or failed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Steffen M Weidner
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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35
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Miladi M, Olaitan AD, Zekavat B, Solouki T. Competing noncovalent host-guest interactions and H/D exchange: reactions of benzyloxycarbonyl-proline glycine dipeptide variants with ND3. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1938-1949. [PMID: 26289383 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A combination of density functional theory calculations, hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) reactions, ion mobility-mass spectrometry, and isotope labeling tandem mass spectrometry was used to study gas-phase "host-guest" type interactions of a benzyloxycarbonyl (Z)-capped proline (P) glycine (G) model dipeptide (i.e., Z-PG) and its various structural analogues with ND3. It is shown that in a solvent-free environment, structural differences between protonated and alkali metal ion (Na(+), K(+), or Cs(+))-complexed species of Z-PG affect ND3 adduct formation. Specifically, [Z-PG + H](+) and [Z-PG-OCH3 + H](+) formed gas-phase ND3 adducts ([Z-PG (or Z-PG-OCH3) + H + ND3](+)) but no ND3 adducts were observed for [Z-PG + alkali metal](+) or [Z-PG + H - CO2](+). Experimentally measured and theoretically calculated collision cross sections (CCSs) of protonated and alkali metal ion-complexed Z-PG species showed similar trends that agreed with the observed structural differences from molecular modeling results. Moreover, results from theoretical ND3 affinity calculations were consistent with experimental HDX observations, indicating a more stable ND3 adduct for [Z-PG + H](+) compared to [Z-PG + alkali metal](+) species. Molecular modeling and experimental MS results for [Z-PG + H](+) and [Z-PG + alkali metal](+) suggest that optimized cation-π and hydrogen bonding interactions of carbonyl groups in final products are important for ND3 adduct formation. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsan Miladi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Abayomi D Olaitan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Behrooz Zekavat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA.
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36
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Kasianowicz JJ, Balijepalli AK, Ettedgui J, Forstater JH, Wang H, Zhang H, Robertson JWF. Analytical applications for pore-forming proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:593-606. [PMID: 26431785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous nanometer-scale pores are ubiquitous in biology. The canonical ionic channels (e.g., those that transport Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Cl(-) across cell membranes) play key roles in many cellular processes, including nerve and muscle activity. Another class of channels includes bacterial pore-forming toxins, which disrupt cell function, and can lead to cell death. We describe here the recent development of these toxins for a wide range of biological sensing applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Pore-Forming Toxins edited by Mauro Dalla Serra and Franco Gambale.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kasianowicz
- NIST, Physical Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States.
| | | | - Jessica Ettedgui
- NIST, Physical Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Jacob H Forstater
- NIST, Physical Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Haiyan Wang
- NIST, Physical Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Huisheng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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37
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Bleiholder C, Johnson NR, Contreras S, Wyttenbach T, Bowers MT. Molecular Structures and Ion Mobility Cross Sections: Analysis of the Effects of He and N2 Buffer Gas. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7196-203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bleiholder
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Stephanie Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thomas Wyttenbach
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael T. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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38
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Lyczko J, Beach DG, Gabryelski W. Commercial formaldehyde standard for mass calibration in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:463-469. [PMID: 25800182 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Common calibration standards for mass spectrometry can be a source of many problems including instrument contamination, ionization suppression and formation of unidentified ions during subsequent analysis. In this article, we present a new approach for the calibration of mass analyzers such as a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry using a diluted solution of commercial formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is an inexpensive and commonly used solvent, and its intrinsic polymerization leads to the formation of polyoxymethylene (POM) oligomers, which are excellent multiple calibration standards for a low-mass spectral region (up to m/z 400) in the positive and negative mode of electrospray ionization. We explore the nature and origin of these polymeric species and attributed them to chemical reactions of formaldehyde and stabilizing agents in commercial formaldehyde solutions and during electrospray ionization. In contrast to other calibrants, POM oligomers do not contaminate the instrument and can easily be removed from the sample delivery system. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we elucidate the structures of the detected POM oligomers and report their reference masses, which are tightly spaced by 30 mass units. In our calibration method, mass errors of <5 ppm can be obtained from m/z 20-400 using external calibration with a simple one-point zero-order correction of spectral data and without the need for operation of a dual spray or internal calibrants. Our approach will be particularly useful for those interested in the analysis of fragile ions with low m/z values and can function at instrumental conditions required for analysis of the most labile metabolites and environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Lyczko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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39
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Bylda C, Thiele R, Kobold U, Bujotzek A, Volmer DA. Rapid Quantification of Digitoxin and Its Metabolites Using Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2121-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503187z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bylda
- Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Kobold
- Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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40
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Maurer MM, Donohoe GC, Valentine SJ. Advances in ion mobility-mass spectrometry instrumentation and techniques for characterizing structural heterogeneity. Analyst 2015; 140:6782-98. [PMID: 26114255 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00922g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enabling IM-MS instrumentation and techniques for characterizing sample structural heterogeneity have developed rapidly over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Maurer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry
- West Virginia University
- Morgantown
- USA
| | - Gregory C. Donohoe
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry
- West Virginia University
- Morgantown
- USA
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41
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Wei J, Bristow AWT, O'Connor PB. The Competitive influence of Li+, Na+, K+, Ag+, and H+ on the fragmentation of a PEGylated polymeric excipient. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:166-173. [PMID: 25326058 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and electron capture dissociation (ECD) of doubly charged tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) have been examined. Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Ag(+), and H(+) were selected in the study, and the competitive influence of each ion was investigated by fragmenting TPGS attached with two different cations, [M + X1 + X2](2+) (X1 and X2 refer to Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Ag(+), H(+)). For metallic adducts, CAD results show that the dissociation of ionic adducts from the precursor is most likely depending on the binding strength, where the affinity of each ion to the TPGS is in the order of Ag(+) ≈ Li(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+). Introducing more strongly bound adducts increases fragmentation. During ECD, however, the silver cation is lost most easily compared with the other alkali metal ions, but silver also shows a dominant role in producing fragmentations. Moreover, the charge carriers are lost in an order (Ag(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+) ≥ Li(+) where the loss of Ag is most easily) that appears to correlate with the standard reduction potential of the metallic ions (Ag(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+) ˃ Li(+)). The ECD results suggest that the reduction potential of the charge carrier could be an important factor influencing the fragmentation, where the ion with a high reduction potential is more effective in capturing electrons, but may also be lost easily before leading to any fragmentation. Finally, a proton has the weakest binding with the TPGS according to the CAD results, and its dissociation in ECD follows the order of the reduction potential (Ag(+) ˃ H(+) ˃ Na(+) ˃ K(+) > Li(+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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42
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Blackburn AK, Sue ACH, Shveyd AK, Cao D, Tayi A, Narayanan A, Rolczynski BS, Szarko JM, Bozdemir OA, Wakabayashi R, Lehrman JA, Kahr B, Chen LX, Nassar MS, Stupp SI, Stoddart JF. Lock-Arm Supramolecular Ordering: A Molecular Construction Set for Cocrystallizing Organic Charge Transfer Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17224-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509442t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | | | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated
Nanosystems, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of Medicine and Simpson-Querrey
Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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43
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Kim K, Lee JW, Chang T, Kim HI. Characterization of polylactides with different stereoregularity using electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1771-1779. [PMID: 25001385 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of stereoregularity on the gas-phase conformations of linear and cyclic polylactides (PLA) using electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry (ESI-IM-MS) combined with molecular dynamics simulations. IM-MS analysis of PLA ions shows intriguing difference between the collision cross section (ΩD) value of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and poly-LD-lactide (PLDLA) ions with respect to their chain architecture and stereoregularity. In the singly sodiated linear PLA (l-PLA∙Na(+)) case, both l-PLLA and l-PLDLA up to 11mer have very similar ΩD values, but the ΩD values of l-PLLA are greater than that of l-PLDLA ions for larger ions. In the case of cyclic PLA (c-PLA), c-PLLA∙Na(+) is more compact than c-PLDLA∙Na(+) for short PLA ions. However, c-PLLA exhibits larger ΩD value than c-PLDLA for PLA ions longer than 13mer. The origin of difference in the ΩD values was investigated using theoretical investigation of PLAs in the gas phase. The gas-phase conformation of PLA ions is influenced by Na(+)-oxygen coordination and the weak intramolecular hydrogen bond interaction, which are more effectively formed in more flexible chains. Therefore, the less flexible PLLA has a larger ΩD value than PLDLA. However, for short c-PLA, concomitant maximization of both Na(+)-oxygen coordination and hydrogen bond interaction is difficult due to the constricted chain freedom, which makes the ΩD value of PLAs in this range show a different trend compared with other PLA ions. Our study facilitates the understanding of correlation between stereoregularity of PLAs and their structure, providing potential utility of IM-MS to characterize stereoisomers of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
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44
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Bowers MT. Ion mobility spectrometry: A personal view of its development at UCSB. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 370:75-95. [PMID: 25147478 PMCID: PMC4135396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility is not a newly discovered phenomenon. It has roots going back to Langevin at the beginning of the 20th century. Our group initially got involved by accident around 1990 and this paper is a brief account of what has transpired here at UCSB the past 25 years in response to this happy accident. We started small, literally, with transition metal atomic ions and transitioned to carbon clusters, synthetic polymers, most types of biological molecules and eventually peptide and protein oligomeric assembly. Along the way we designed and built several generations of instruments, a process that is still ongoing. And perhaps most importantly we have incorporated theory with experiment from the beginning; a necessary wedding that allows an atomistic face to be put on the otherwise interesting but not fully informative cross section measurements.
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45
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Wyttenbach T, Pierson NA, Clemmer DE, Bowers MT. Ion Mobility Analysis of Molecular Dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:175-96. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wyttenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;
| | | | - David E. Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
| | - Michael T. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;
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46
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Valentine SJ, Liu X, Plasencia MD, Hilderbrand AE, Kurulugama RT, Koeniger SL, Clemmer DE. Developing liquid chromatography ion mobility mass spectometry techniques. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 2:553-65. [PMID: 16097888 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When a packet of ions in a buffer gas is exposed to a weak electric field, the ions will separate according to differences in their mobilities through the gas. This separation forms the basis of the analytical method known as ion mobility spectroscopy and is highly efficient, in that it can be carried out in a very short time frame (micro- to milliseconds). Recently, efforts have been made to couple the approach with liquid-phase separations and mass spectrometry in order to create a high-throughput and high-coverage approach for analyzing complex mixtures. This article reviews recent work to develop this approach for proteomics analyses. The instrumentation is described briefly. Several multidimensional data sets obtained upon analyzing complex mixtures are shown in order to illustrate the approach as well as provide a view of the limitations and required future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Valentine
- Predictive Physiology & Medicine, 1424 W. Adams Hill, Bloomington, IN 47403, USA.
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47
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Domalain V, Tognetti V, Hubert-Roux M, Lange CM, Joubert L, Baudoux J, Rouden J, Afonso C. Role of cationization and multimers formation for diastereomers differentiation by ion mobility-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1437-1445. [PMID: 23860852 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Stereochemistry plays an important role in biochemistry, particularly in therapeutic applications. Indeed, enantiomers have different biological activities, which can have important consequences. Many analytical techniques have been developed in order to allow the identification and the separation of stereoisomers. Here, we focused our work on the study of small diastereomers using the coupling of traveling wave ion mobility and mass spectrometry (TWIMS-MS) as a new alternative for stereochemistry study. In order to optimize the separation, the formation of adducts between diastereomers (M) and different alkali cations (X) was carried out. Thus, monomers [M + X](+) and multimers [2M + X](+) and [3M + X](+) ions have been studied from both experimental and theoretical viewpoints. Moreover, it has been shown that the study of the multimer [2Y + M + Li](+) ion, in which Y is an auxiliary diastereomeric ligand, allows the diastereomers separation. The combination of cationization, multimers ions formation, and IM-MS is a novel and powerful approach for the diastereomers identification. Thus, by this technique, diastereomers can be identified although they present very close conformations in gaseous phase. This work presents the first TWIMS-MS separation of diastereomers, which present very close collision cross section thanks to the formation of multimers and the use of an auxiliary diastereomeric ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Domalain
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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Hester TH, Castillo DE, Goebbert DJ. Fragmentation of deprotonated polyethylene glycols, [PEG-H]-. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1643-1648. [PMID: 23754798 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are soluble molecules utilized in a wide range of applications. Mass spectrometry and fragmentation patterns of positively charged PEG oligomers are well-known, but decomposition mechanisms of the deprotonated ions have not been studied. METHODS Deprotonated PEGs were generated by electrospray ionization of PEG in water/acetonitrile. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were carried out in a tandem mass spectrometer. The anions were studied using a tandem mass spectrometer to carry out CID experiments. A series of small PEG oligomers, with 1 to 8 monomer units, were studied in order to monitor size-dependent effects on fragmentation reactions. RESULTS Because deprotonated PEG ions have a unique charge site, their dissociation pathways can easily be monitored. The ions fragment by loss of C2H4O monomer units, with an alternating intensity pattern that suggests the loss of an even number of monomer units is favored. Smaller oligomers and oligomer fragments also yielded fragments corresponding to H2 elimination and H2O loss. H2 elimination occurs by the generation of a hydride ion which deprotonates an alcohol upon leaving, while dehydration appears to be a charge-remote process. CONCLUSIONS The fragmentation of deprotonated PEG is dominated by intramolecular S(N)2 reactions involving the terminal oxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hester
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Kuki Á, Shemirani G, Nagy L, Antal B, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Estimation of activation energy from the survival yields: fragmentation study of leucine enkephalin and polyethers by tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1064-1071. [PMID: 23661424 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple collision model for multiple collisions occurring in quadrupole type mass spectrometers was derived and tested with leucine enkaphalin a common mass spectrometric standard with well-characterized properties. Implementation of the collision model and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) algorithm into a spreadsheet software allowed a good fitting of the calculated data to the experimental survival yield (SY) versus collision energy curve. In addition, fitting also ensured to estimate the efficiencies of the kinetic to internal energy conversion for Leucine enkephalin in quadrupole-time-of-flight and triple quadrupole instruments. It was observed that the experimental SY versus collision energy curves for the leucine enkephalin can be described by the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (RRK) formalism by reducing the total degrees of freedom (DOF) to about one-fifth. Furthermore, this collision model with the RRK formalism was used to estimate the critical energy (E(o)) of lithiated polyethers, including polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), and polytetrahydrofurane (PTHF) with degrees of freedom similar to that of leucine enkephalin. Applying polyethers with similar DOF provided the elimination of the effect of DOF on the unimolecular reaction rate constant. The estimated value of E(o) for PEG showed a relatively good agreement with the value calculated by high-level quantum chemical calculations reported in the literature. Interestingly, it was also found that the E(o) values for the studied polyethers were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary
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