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McEwen CN, Inutan ED, Moreno-Pedraza A, Lu IC, Hoang K, Pophristic M, Trimpin S. Sublimation Driven Ionization for Use in Mass Spectrometry: Mechanistic Implications. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:114-123. [PMID: 33280376 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sublimation has been known at least since the middle ages. This process is frequently taught in schools through the use of phase diagrams. Astonishingly, such a well-known process appears to still harbor secrets. Under conditions in which compound sublimation occurs, gas-phase ions are frequently detected using mass spectrometry. This was exploited in matrix-assisted ionization in vacuum (vMAI) by adding analyte to subliming compounds used as matrices. Good vMAI matrices were those that ionize the added analyte with high sensitivity, but even matrices that fail this test often produce ions of likely matrix impurities suggesting that they may be good matrices for some compound types. We also show that binary matrices may be manipulated to provide desired properties such as fast analyses and improved sensitivity. These results imply that sublimation in some cases is more complicated than just molecules leaving a surface and that understanding the physical force responsible, and how the nonvolatile compound becomes charged, could lead to improved ionization efficiency for mass spectrometry. Here we provide insights into this process and an explanation of why this unexpected phenomenon has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N McEwen
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | | | - I-Chung Lu
- National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan 402
| | - Khoa Hoang
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | | | - Sarah Trimpin
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Austin CA, Inutan ED, Bohrer BC, Li J, Fischer JL, Wijerathne K, Foley CD, Lietz CB, Woodall DW, Imperial LF, Clemmer DE, Trimpin S, Larsen BS. Resolving Isomers of Star-Branched Poly(Ethylene Glycols) by IMS-MS Using Multiply Charged Ions. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:21-32. [PMID: 32510213 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) mass spectrometry (MS) centers on the ability to separate gaseous structures by size, charge, shape, and followed by mass-to-charge (m/z). For oligomeric structures, improved separation is hypothesized to be related to the ability to extend structures through repulsive forces between cations electrostatically bonded to the oligomers. Here we show the ability to separate differently branched multiply charged ions of star-branched poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers (up to 2000 Da) regardless of whether formed by electrospray ionization (ESI) charged solution droplets or from charged solid particles produced directly from a surface by matrix-assisted ionization. Detailed structural characterization of isomers of the star-branched compositions was first established using a home-built high-resolution ESI IMS-MS instrument. The doubly charged ions have well-resolved drift times, achieving separation of isomers and also allowing differentiation of star-branched versus linear oligomers. An IMS-MS "snapshot" approach allows visualization of architectural dispersity and (im)purity of samples in a straightforward manner. Analyses capabilities are shown for different cations and ionization methods using commercially available traveling wave IMS-MS instruments. Analyses directly from surfaces using the new ionization processes are, because of the multiply charging, not only associated with the benefits of improved gas-phase separations, relative to that of ions produced by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, but also provide the potential for spatially resolved measurements relative to ESI and other ionization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin A Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Brian C Bohrer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Kanchana Wijerathne
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Daniel W Woodall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Lorelie F Imperial
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Barbara S Larsen
- DuPont, Nutrition & Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
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Trimpin S, Marshall DD, Karki S, Madarshahian S, Hoang K, Meher AK, Pophristic M, Richards AL, Lietz CB, Fischer JL, Elia EA, Wang B, Pagnotti VS, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Lu IC, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, McEwen CN, Inutan ED. An overview of biological applications and fundamentals of new inlet and vacuum ionization technologies. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8829. [PMID: 32402102 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The developments of new ionization technologies based on processes previously unknown to mass spectrometry (MS) have gained significant momentum. Herein we address the importance of understanding these unique ionization processes, demonstrate the new capabilities currently unmet by other methods, and outline their considerable analytical potential. METHODS The inlet and vacuum ionization methods of solvent-assisted ionization (SAI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and laserspray ionization can be used with commercial and dedicated ion sources producing ions from atmospheric or vacuum conditions for analyses of a variety of materials including drugs, lipids, and proteins introduced from well plates, pipet tips and plate surfaces with and without a laser using solid or solvent matrices. Mass spectrometers from various vendors are employed. RESULTS Results are presented highlighting strengths relative to ionization methods of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. We demonstrate the utility of multi-ionization platforms encompassing MAI, SAI, and ESI and enabling detection of what otherwise is missed, especially when directly analyzing mixtures. Unmatched robustness is achieved with dedicated vacuum MAI sources with mechanical introduction of the sample to the sub-atmospheric pressure (vacuum MAI). Simplicity and use of a wide array of matrices are attained using a conduit (inlet ionization), preferably heated, with sample introduction from atmospheric pressure. Tissue, whole blood, urine (including mouse, chicken, and human origin), bacteria strains and chemical on-probe reactions are analyzed directly and, especially in the case of vacuum ionization, without concern of carryover or instrument contamination. CONCLUSIONS Examples are provided highlighting the exceptional analytical capabilities associated with the novel ionization processes in MS that reduce operational complexity while increasing speed and robustness, achieving mass spectra with low background for improved sensitivity, suggesting the potential of this simple ionization technology to drive MS into areas currently underserved, such as clinical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | | | - Khoa Hoang
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Efstathios A Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - James Wager-Miller
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
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Inutan ED, Jarois DR, Lietz CB, El-Baba TJ, Elia EA, Karki S, Sampat AAS, Foley CD, Clemmer DE, Trimpin S. Comparison of gaseous ubiquitin ion structures obtained from a solid and solution matrix using ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8793. [PMID: 32220130 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Examining surface protein conformations, and especially achieving this with spatial resolution, is an important goal. The recently discovered ionization processes offer spatial-resolution measurements similar to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and produce charge states similar to electrospray ionization (ESI) extending higher-mass protein applications directly from surfaces on high-performance mass spectrometers. Studying a well-interrogated protein by ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) to access effects on structures using a solid vs. solvent matrix may provide insights. METHODS Ubiquitin was studied by IMS-MS using new ionization processes with commercial and homebuilt ion sources and instruments (Waters SYNAPT G2(S)) and homebuilt 2 m drift-tube instrument; MS™ sources). Mass-to-charge and drift-time (td )-measurements are compared for ubiquitin ions obtained by inlet and vacuum ionization using laserspray ionization (LSI), matrix- (MAI) and solvent-assisted ionization (SAI), respectively, and compared with those from ESI under conditions that are most comparable. RESULTS Using the same solution conditions with SYNAPT G2(S) instruments, td -distributions of various ubiquitin charge states from MAI, LSI, and SAI are similar to those from ESI using a variety of solvents, matrices, extraction voltages, a laser, and temperature only, showing subtle differences in more compact features within the elongated distribution of structures. However, on a homebuilt drift-tube instrument, within the elongated distribution of structures, both similar and different td -distributions are observed for ubiquitin ions obtained by MAI and ESI. MAI-generated ions are frequently narrower in their td -distributions. CONCLUSIONS Direct comparisons between ESI and the new ionization methods operational directly from surfaces suggest that the protein in its solution structure prior to exposure to the ionization event is either captured (frozen out) at the time of crystallization, or that the protein in the solid matrix is associated with sufficient solvent to maintain the solution structure, or, alternatively, that the observed structures are those related to what occurs in the gas phase with ESI- or MAI-generated ions and not with the solution structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Dean R Jarois
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Karki S, Meher AK, Inutan ED, Pophristic M, Marshall DD, Rackers K, Trimpin S, McEwen CN. Development of a robotics platform for automated multi-ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8449. [PMID: 30950108 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Successful coupling of a multi-ionization automated platform with commercially available mass spectrometers provides improved coverage of compounds in complex mixtures through implementation of new and traditional ionization methods. The versatility of the automated platform is demonstrated through coupling with mass spectrometers from two different vendors. Standards and complex biological samples were acquired using electrospray ionization (ESI), solvent-assisted ionization (SAI) and matrix-assisted ionization (MAI). METHODS The MS™ prototype automated platform samples from 96- or 384-well plates as well as surfaces. The platform interfaces with Thermo Fisher Scientific mass spectrometers by replacement of the IonMax source, and on Waters mass spectrometers with additional minor source inlet modifications. The sample is transferred to the ionization region using a fused-silica or metal capillary which is cleaned between acquisitions using solvents. For ESI and SAI, typically 1 μL of sample solution is drawn into the capillary tube and for ESI slowly dispensed near the inlet of the mass spectrometer with voltage placed on the delivering syringe barrel to which the tubing is attached, while for SAI the sample delivery tubing inserts into the inlet without the need for high voltage. For MAI, typically, 0.2 μL of matrix solution is drawn into the syringe before drawing 0.1 μL of the sample solution and dispensing to dry before insertion into the inlet. RESULTS A comparison study of a mixture of angiotensin I, verapamil, crystal violet, and atrazine representative of peptides, drugs, dyes, and herbicides using SAI, MAI, and ESI shows large differences in ionization efficiency of the various components. Solutions of a mixture of erythromycin and azithromycin in wells of a 384-microtiter well plate were mass analyzed at the rate of ca 1 min per sample using MAI and ESI. In addition, we report the analysis of bacterial extracts using automated MAI and ESI methods. Finally, the ability to perform surface analysis with the automated platform is also demonstrated by directly analyzing dyes separated on a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate and compounds extracted from the surface of a beef liver tissue section. CONCLUSIONS The prototype multi-ionization automated platform offers solid matrix introduction used with MAI, as well as solution introduction using either ESI or SAI. The combination of ionization methods extends the types of compounds which are efficiently ionized and is especially valuable with complex mixtures as demonstrated for bacterial extracts. While coupling of the automated multi-ionization platform to Thermo and Waters mass spectrometers is demonstrated, it should be possible to interface it with most commercial mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lee C, Inutan ED, Chen JL, Mukeku MM, Weidner SM, Trimpin S, Ni CK. Toward understanding the ionization mechanism of matrix-assisted ionization using mass spectrometry experiment and theory. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8382. [PMID: 30623523 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) mass spectrometry does not require voltages, a laser beam, or added heat to initiate ionization, but it is strongly dependent on the choice of matrix and the vacuum conditions. High charge state distributions of nonvolatile analyte ions produced by MAI suggest that the ionization mechanism may be similar to that of electrospray ionization (ESI), but different from matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). While significant information is available for MAI using mass spectrometers operating at atmospheric and intermediate pressure, little is known about the mechanism at high vacuum. METHODS Eleven MAI matrices were studied on a high-vacuum time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer using a 266 nm pulsed laser beam under otherwise typical MALDI conditions. Detailed comparisons with the commonly used MALDI matrices and theoretical prediction were made for 3-nitrobenzonitrile (3-NBN), which is the only MAI matrix that works well in high vacuum when irradiated with a laser. RESULTS Screening of MAI matrices with good absorption at 266 nm but with various degrees of volatility and laser energies suggests that volatility and absorption at the laser wavelength may be necessary, but not sufficient, criteria to explain the formation of multiply charged analyte ions. 3-NBN produces intact, highly charged ions of nonvolatile analytes in high-vacuum TOF with the use of a laser, demonstrating that ESI-like ions can be produced in high vacuum. Theoretical calculations and mass spectra suggest that thermally induced proton transfer, which is the major ionization mechanism in MALDI, is not important with the 3-NBN matrix at 266 nm laser wavelength. 3-NBN:analyte crystal morphology is, however, important in ion generation in high vacuum. CONCLUSIONS The 3-NBN MAI matrix produces intact, highly charged ions of nonvolatile compounds in high-vacuum TOF mass spectrometers with the aid of ablation and/or heating by laser irradiation, and shows a different ionization mechanism from that of typical MALDI matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Jien Lian Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mutanu M Mukeku
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Muthunayake NS, Islam R, Inutan ED, Colangelo W, Trimpin S, Cunningham PR, Chow CS. Expression and In Vivo Characterization of the Antimicrobial Peptide Oncocin and Variants Binding to Ribosomes. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3380-3391. [PMID: 32840100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides have important biomedical applications, but poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo activities can limit their development for clinical use. The ability to generate peptides and monitor their expression with new mass spectrometric methods and biological activities in vivo would be an advantage for the discovery and improvement of peptide-based drugs. In this study, a plasmid-based system was used to express the ribosome-targeting peptide oncocin (19 amino acids, VDKPPYLPRPRPPRRIYNR) and to determine its direct antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli. Previous biochemical and structure studies showed that oncocin targets the bacterial ribosome. The oncocin peptide generated in vivo strongly inhibits bacterial growth. In vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting of oncocin on the rRNA gives results that are consistent with those of in vitro studies but reveals additional binding interactions with E. coli ribosomes. Furthermore, expression of truncated or mutated peptides reveals which amino acids are important for antimicrobial activity. Overall, the in vivo peptide expression system can be used to investigate biological activities and interactions of peptides with their targets within the cellular environment and to separate contributions of the sequence to cellular transport. This strategy has future applications for improving the effectiveness of existing peptides and developing new peptide-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisansala S Muthunayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Rabiul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan 9200, Philippines
| | - Wesley Colangelo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Philip R Cunningham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christine S Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Inutan ED, Meher AK, Karki S, Fischer JL, Imperial LF, Foley CD, Jarois DR, El-Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Trimpin S. New mass spectrometry concepts for characterization of synthetic polymers and additives. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8768. [PMID: 32107802 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New ionization processes have been developed for biological mass spectrometry (MS) in which the matrix lifts the nonvolatile analyte into the gas phase as ions without any additional energy input. We rationalized that additional fundamental knowledge is needed to assess analytical utility for the field of synthetic polymers and additives. METHODS Different mass spectrometers (Thermo Orbitrap (Q-)Exactive (Focus); Waters SYNAPT G2(S)) were employed. The formation of multiply charged polymer ions upon exposure of the matrix/analyte(/salt) sample to sub-atmospheric pressure directly from the solid state and surfaces facilitates the use of advanced mass spectrometers for detection of polymeric materials including consumer products (e.g., gum). RESULTS Astonishingly, using nothing more than a small molecule matrix compound (e.g., 2-methyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol or 3-nitrobenzonitrile) and a salt (e.g., mono- or divalent cation(s)), such samples upon exposure to sub-atmospheric pressure transfer nonvolatile polymers and nonvolatile salts into the gas phase as multiply charged ions. These successes contradict the conventional understanding of ionization in MS, because can nonvolatile polymers be lifted in the gas phase as ions not only by as little as a volatile matrix but also by the salt required for ionizing the analyte through noncovalent metal cation adduction(s). Prototype vacuum matrix-assisted ionization (vMAI) and automated sources using a contactless approach are demonstrated for direct analyses of synthetic polymers and plasticizers, minimizing the risk of contamination using direct sample introduction into the mass spectrometer vacuum. CONCLUSIONS Direct ionization methods from surfaces without the need of high voltage, a laser, or even applied heat are demonstrated for characterization of detailed materials using (ultra)high-resolution and accurate mass measurements enabled by the multiply charged ions extending the mass range of high-performance mass spectrometers and use of a split probe sample introduction device. Our vision is that, with further development of fundamentals and dedicated sources, both spatial- and temporal-resolution measurements are within reach if sensitivity is addressed for decreasing sample-size measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dean R Jarois
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Karki S, Elia EA, Zhang WJ, Weidner SM, Marshall DD, Hoang K, Lee C, Davis ETJ, Smith V, Meher AK, Cornejo MA, Auner GW, McEwen CN. Fundamental Studies of New Ionization Technologies and Insights from IMS-MS. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:1133-1147. [PMID: 31062287 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) developments by von Helden, Jarrold, and Clemmer provided technology that gives a view of chemical/biological compositions previously not achievable. The ionization method of choice used with IMS-MS has been electrospray ionization (ESI). In this special issue contribution, we focus on fundamentals of heretofore unprecedented means for transferring volatile and nonvolatile compounds into gas-phase ions singly and multiply charged. These newer ionization processes frequently lead to different selectivity relative to ESI and, together with IMS-MS, may provide a more comprehensive view of chemical compositions directly from their original environment such as surfaces, e.g., tissue. Similarities of results using solvent- and matrix-assisted ionization are highlighted, as are differences between ESI and the inlet ionization methods, especially with mixtures such as bacterial extracts. Selectivity using different matrices is discussed, as are results which add to our fundamental knowledge of inlet ionization as well as pose additional avenues for inquiry. IMS-MS provides an opportunity for comparison studies relative to ESI and will prove valuable using the new ionization technologies for direct analyses. Our hypothesis is that some ESI-IMS-MS applications will be replaced by the new ionization processes and by understanding mechanistic aspects to aid enhanced source and method developments this will be hastened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Khoa Hoang
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eric T J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mario A Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory W Auner
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Trimpin S, Lee C, Weidner SM, El-Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Inutan ED, Foley CD, Ni CK, McEwen CN. Unprecedented Ionization Processes in Mass Spectrometry Provide Missing Link between ESI and MALDI. Chemphyschem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Tarick J. El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Corinne A. Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Casey D. Foley
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Charles N. McEwen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; University of the Sciences; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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11
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Trimpin S, Lee C, Weidner SM, El-Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Inutan ED, Foley CD, Ni CK, McEwen CN. Front Cover: Unprecedented Ionization Processes in Mass Spectrometry Provide Missing Link between ESI and MALDI (ChemPhysChem 5/2018). Chemphyschem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM); Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Tarick J. El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Corinne A. Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Casey D. Foley
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Charles N. McEwen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; University of the Sciences; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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12
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Trimpin S, Lee C, Weidner SM, El‐Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Inutan ED, Foley CD, Ni C, McEwen CN. Unprecedented Ionization Processes in Mass Spectrometry Provide Missing Link between ESI and MALDI. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:581-589. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry Wayne State University 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Tarick J. El‐Baba
- Department of Chemistry Wayne State University 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Corinne A. Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry Wayne State University 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry Wayne State University 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Casey D. Foley
- Department of Chemistry Wayne State University 5101 Cass Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Chi‐Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Charles N. McEwen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of the Sciences Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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13
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Trimpin S, Lu IC, Rauschenbach S, Hoang K, Wang B, Chubatyi ND, Zhang WJ, Inutan ED, Pophristic M, Sidorenko A, McEwen CN. Spontaneous Charge Separation and Sublimation Processes are Ubiquitous in Nature and in Ionization Processes in Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:304-315. [PMID: 29080207 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionization processes have been discovered by which small and large as well as volatile and nonvolatile compounds are converted to gas-phase ions when associated with a matrix and exposed to sub-atmospheric pressure. Here, we discuss experiments further defining these simple and unexpected processes. Charge separation is found to be a common process for small molecule chemicals, solids and liquids, passed through an inlet tube from a higher to a lower pressure region, with and without heat applied. This charge separation process produces positively- and negatively-charged particles with widely different efficiencies depending on the compound and its physical state. Circumstantial evidence is presented suggesting that in the new ionization process, charged particles carry analyte into the gas phase, and desolvation of these particles produce the bare ions similar to electrospray ionization, except that solid particles appear likely to be involved. This mechanistic proposition is in agreement with previous theoretical work related to ion emission from ice. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Stephan Rauschenbach
- Electrospray Ion Beam Deposition Laboratory, Nanoscale Science Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Khoa Hoang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Nicholas D Chubatyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Sidorenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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14
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Barbosa GB, Jayasinghe NS, Natera SHA, Inutan ED, Peteros NP, Roessner U. From common to rare Zingiberaceae plants - A metabolomics study using GC-MS. Phytochemistry 2017; 140:141-150. [PMID: 28499256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Zingiberaceae plants, commonly known as gingers, have been popular for their medicinal and culinary uses since time immemorial. In spite of their numerous health-promoting applications, many Zingiberaceae plants still receive no scientific attention. Moreover, existing reports mostly focused only on the Zingiberaceae rhizomes. Here, untargeted metabolite profiling using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to compare the metabolic composition of leaves and rhizomes of the more common gingers, Zingiber officinale Rosc. (ZO), Curcuma longa L. (CL), and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith (EE), and the rare gingers, Amomum muricarpum Elmer (AM), Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M. Smith (EP), and Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. (HC). Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that different species show substantial chemical differentiation and revealed potential markers among the different Zingiberaceae plants. Interestingly, the leaves of AM, CL, EE, EP, and HC had significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid than ZO. Moreover, rhizomes of EP and HC were found to contain significantly higher levels of amino acids than ZO. Sugars and organic acids were generally less abundant in ZO leaves and rhizomes than in the other gingers. The leaves of EP and rhizomes of AM were found most similar to the leaves and rhizomes of common gingers, respectively. Results of this study provide significant baseline information on assessing the possible usage of the leaves of common gingers and further propagation and exploration of EP and AM. This study, being the first metabolomics report on rare plants such as AM, EP and HC, affirms the usefulness of untargeted metabolite profiling in exploring under-investigated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina B Barbosa
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, 8710, Philippines
| | | | - Siria H A Natera
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University, Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Nonita P Peteros
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University, Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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15
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Lu IC, Pophristic M, Inutan ED, McKay RG, McEwen CN, Trimpin S. Simplifying the ion source for mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:2568-2572. [PMID: 27520740 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- MSTM LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MSTM LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | | | - Charles N McEwen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- MSTM LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- M&M Mass Spec Consulting, LLC, Harbeson, DE, 19951, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MSTM LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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16
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Marshall DD, Inutan ED, Wang B, Liu CW, Thawoos S, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, Trimpin S. A broad-based study on hyphenating new ionization technologies with MS/MS for PTMs and tissue characterization. Proteomics 2016; 16:1695-706. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | | | - James Wager-Miller
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
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17
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Trimpin S, Thawoos S, Foley CD, Woodall DW, Li J, Inutan ED, Stemmer PM. Rapid high mass resolution mass spectrometry using matrix-assisted ionization. Methods 2016; 104:63-8. [PMID: 26835606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) is demonstrated to be a robust and sensitive analytical method capable of analyzing proteins such as cholera toxin B-subunit and pertussis toxin mutant from conditions containing relatively high amounts of inorganic salts, buffers, and preservatives without the need for prior sample clean-up or concentration. By circumventing some of the sample preparation steps, MAI simplifies and accelerates the analytical workflow for biological samples in complex media. The benefits of multiply charged ions characteristic of electrospray ionization (ESI) and the robustness of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) can be obtained from a single method, making it well suited for analysis of proteins and other biomolecules at ultra-high resolution as demonstrated on an Orbitrap Fusion where protein subunits were resolved for which MALDI-time-of-flight failed. MAI results are compared with those obtained with ESI, MALDI, and laserspray ionization methods and fundamental commonalities discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Shameemah Thawoos
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Daniel W Woodall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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18
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Woodall DW, Wang B, Inutan ED, Narayan SB, Trimpin S. High-Throughput Characterization of Small and Large Molecules Using Only a Matrix and the Vacuum of a Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4667-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504475x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Woodall
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Srinivas B. Narayan
- Detroit Medical Center: Detroit Hospital (DMC), Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Cardiovascular
Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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19
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Lutomski C, El-Baba TJ, Inutan ED, Manly CD, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, Trimpin S. Transmission geometry laserspray ionization vacuum using an atmospheric pressure inlet. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6208-13. [PMID: 24896880 PMCID: PMC4082395 DOI: 10.1021/ac501788p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This represents the first report of laserspray ionization vacuum (LSIV) with operation directly from atmospheric pressure for use in mass spectrometry. Two different types of electrospray ionization source inlets were converted to LSIV sources by equipping the entrance of the atmospheric pressure inlet aperture with a customized cone that is sealed with a removable glass plate holding the matrix/analyte sample. A laser aligned in transmission geometry (at 180° relative to the inlet) ablates the matrix/analyte sample deposited on the vacuum side of the glass slide. Laser ablation from vacuum requires lower inlet temperature relative to laser ablation at atmospheric pressure. However, higher inlet temperature is required for high-mass analytes, for example, α-chymotrypsinogen (25.6 kDa). Labile compounds such as gangliosides and cardiolipins are detected in the negative ion mode directly from mouse brain tissue as intact doubly deprotonated ions. Multiple charging enhances the ion mobility spectrometry separation of ions derived from complex tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne
A. Lutomski
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tarick J. El-Baba
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Cory D. Manly
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - James Wager-Miller
- Gill
Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United
States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill
Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United
States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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20
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El-Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Wang B, Inutan ED, Trimpin S. Toward high spatial resolution sampling and characterization of biological tissue surfaces using mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4053-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Trimpin S, Wang B, Lietz CB, Marshall DD, Richards AL, Inutan ED. New ionization processes and applications for use in mass spectrometry. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:409-29. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.806887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Chakrabarty S, Pagnotti VS, Inutan ED, Trimpin S, McEwen CN. A new matrix assisted ionization method for the analysis of volatile and nonvolatile compounds by atmospheric probe mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2013; 24:1102-7. [PMID: 23661423 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted ionization of nonvolatile compounds is shown not to be limited to vacuum conditions and does not require a laser. Simply placing a solution of analyte dissolved with a suitable matrix such as 3-nitrobenzonitrile (3-NBN) or 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone on a melting point tube and gently heating the dried sample near the ion entrance aperture of a mass spectrometer using a flow of gas produces abundant ions of peptides, small proteins, drugs, and polar lipids. Fundamental studies point to matrix-mediated ionization occurring prior to the entrance aperture of the mass spectrometer. The method is analytically useful, producing peptide mass fingerprints of bovine serum albumin tryptic digest consuming sub-picomoles of sample. Application of 100 fmol of angiotensin I in 3-NBN matrix produces the doubly and triply protonated molecular ions as the most abundant peaks in the mass spectrum. No carryover is observed for samples containing up to 100 pmol of this peptide. A commercial atmospheric samples analysis probe provides a simple method for sample introduction to an atmospheric pressure ion source for analysis of volatile and nonvolatile compounds without using the corona discharge but using sample preparation similar to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.
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23
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED. Matrix assisted ionization in vacuum, a sensitive and widely applicable ionization method for mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2013; 24:722-32. [PMID: 23526166 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An astonishingly simple new method to produce gas-phase ions of small molecules as well as proteins from the solid state under cold vacuum conditions is described. This matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV) mass spectrometry (MS) method produces multiply charged ions similar to those that typify electrospray ionization (ESI) and uses sample preparation methods that are nearly identical to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Unlike these established methods, MAIV does not require a laser or voltage for ionization, and unlike the recently introduced matrix assisted ionization inlet method, does not require added heat. MAIV-MS requires only introduction of a crystalline mixture of the analyte incorporated with a suitable small molecule matrix compound such as 3-nitrobenzonitrile directly to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. Vacuum intermediate pressure MALDI sources and modified ESI sources successfully produce ions for analysis by MS with this method. As in ESI-MS, ion formation is continuous and, without a laser, little chemical background is observed. MAIV, operating from a surface offers the possibility of significantly improved sensitivity relative to atmospheric pressure ionization because ions are produced in the vacuum region of the mass spectrometer eliminating losses associated with ion transfer from atmospheric pressure to vacuum. Mechanistic aspects and potential applications for this new ionization method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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24
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Nyadong L, Inutan ED, Wang X, Hendrickson CL, Trimpin S, Marshall AG. Laserspray and matrix-assisted ionization inlet coupled to high-field FT-ICR mass spectrometry for peptide and protein analysis. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2013; 24:320-8. [PMID: 23381687 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present the first coupling of laser spray ionization inlet (LSII) and matrix assisted ionization inlet (MAII) to high-field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) for generation of electrospray-like ions to take advantage of increased sensitivity, mass range, and mass resolving power afforded by multiple charging. We apply the technique to top-down protein analysis and characterization of metalloproteins. We also present a novel method for generation of multiply-charged copper-peptide complexes with varying degrees of copper adduction by LSII. We show an application of the generated copper-peptide complexes for protein charge state and molecular weight determination, particularly useful for an instrument such as a linear ion trap mass analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Nyadong
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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25
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED. New Ionization Method for Analysis on Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometers Requiring Only Vacuum and Matrix Assistance. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2005-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
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26
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Inutan ED, Trimpin S. Matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV), a new ionization method for biological materials analysis using mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 12:792-6. [PMID: 23242551 PMCID: PMC3591669 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.023663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) for the mass spectrometric analysis of peptides and proteins had a dramatic impact on biological science. We now report that a wide variety of compounds, including peptides, proteins, and protein complexes, are transported directly from a solid-state small molecule matrix to gas-phase ions when placed into the vacuum of a mass spectrometer without the use of high voltage, a laser, or added heat. This ionization process produces ions having charge states similar to ESI, making the method applicable for high performance mass spectrometers designed for atmospheric pressure ionization. We demonstrate highly sensitive ionization using intermediate pressure MALDI and modified ESI sources. This matrix and vacuum assisted soft ionization method is suitable for the direct surface analysis of biological materials, including tissue, via mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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27
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Abstract
This is the first report of imaging mass spectrometry (MS) from multiply charged ions at vacuum. Laserspray ionization (LSI) was recently extended to applications at vacuum producing electrospray ionization-like multiply charged ions directly from surfaces using a commercial intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) MS instrument. Here, we developed a strategy to image multiply charged peptide ions. This is achieved by the use of 2-nitrophloroglucinol as matrix for spray deposition onto the tissue section and implementation of "soft" acquisition conditions including lower laser power and ion accelerating voltages similar to electrospray ionization-like conditions. Sufficient ion abundance is generated by the vacuum LSI method to employ IMS separation in imaging multiply charged ions obtained on a commercial mass spectrometer ion source without physical instrument modifications using the laser in the commercially available reflection geometry alignment. IMS gas-phase separation reduces the complexity of the ion signal from the tissue, especially for multiply charged relative to abundant singly charged ions from tissue lipids. We show examples of LSI tissue imaging from charge state +2 of three endogenous peptides consisting of between 1 and 16 amino acid residues from the acetylated N-terminal end of myelin basic protein: mass-to-charge (m/z) 795.81 (+2) molecular weight (MW) 1589.6, m/z 831.35 (+2) MW 1660.7, and m/z 917.40 (+2) MW 1832.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Li J, Inutan ED, Wang B, Lietz CB, Green DR, Manly CD, Richards AL, Marshall DD, Lingenfelter S, Ren Y, Trimpin S. Matrix assisted ionization: new aromatic and nonaromatic matrix compounds producing multiply charged lipid, peptide, and protein ions in the positive and negative mode observed directly from surfaces. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2012; 23:1625-43. [PMID: 22895857 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted inlet ionization (MAII) is a method in which a matrix:analyte mixture produces mass spectra nearly identical to electrospray ionization without the application of a voltage or the use of a laser as is required in laserspray ionization (LSI), a subset of MAII. In MAII, the sample is introduced by, for example, tapping particles of dried matrix:analyte into the inlet of the mass spectrometer and, therefore, permits the study of conditions pertinent to the formation of multiply charged ions without the need of absorption at a laser wavelength. Crucial for the production of highly charged ions are desolvation conditions to remove matrix molecules from charged matrix:analyte clusters. Important factors affecting desolvation include heat, vacuum, collisions with gases and surfaces, and even radio frequency fields. Other parameters affecting multiply charged ion production is sample preparation, including pH and solvent composition. Here, findings from over 100 compounds found to produce multiply charged analyte ions using MAII with the inlet tube set at 450 °C are presented. Of the compounds tested, many have -OH or -NH(2) functionality, but several have neither (e.g., anthracene), nor aromaticity or conjugation. Binary matrices are shown to be applicable for LSI and solvent-free sample preparation can be applied to solubility restricted compounds, and matrix compounds too volatile to allow drying from common solvents. Our findings suggest that the physical properties of the matrix such as its morphology after evaporation of the solvent, its propensity to evaporate/sublime, and its acidity are more important than its structure and functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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29
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Trimpin S, Wang B, Inutan ED, Li J, Lietz CB, Harron A, Pagnotti VS, Sardelis D, McEwen CN. A mechanism for ionization of nonvolatile compounds in mass spectrometry: considerations from MALDI and inlet ionization. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2012; 23:1644-60. [PMID: 22791582 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic arguments relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) address observations that predominately singly charged ions are detected. However, recently a matrix assisted laser ablation method, laserspray ionization (LSI), was introduced that can use the same sample preparation and laser as MALDI, but produce highly charged ions from proteins. In MALDI, ions are generated from neutral molecules by the photon energy provided to a matrix, while in LSI ions are produced inside a heated inlet tube linking atmospheric pressure and the first vacuum region of the mass spectrometer. Some LSI matrices also produce highly charged ions with MALDI ion sources operated at intermediate pressure or high vacuum. The operational similarity of LSI to MALDI, and the large difference in charge states observed by these methods, provides information of fundamental importance to proposed ionization mechanisms for LSI and MALDI. Here, we present data suggesting that the prompt and delayed ionization reported for vacuum MALDI are both fast processes relative to producing highly charged ions by LSI. The energy supplied to produce these charged clusters/droplets as well as their size and time available for desolvation are determining factors in the charge states of the ions observed. Further, charged droplets/clusters may be a common link for ionization of nonvolatile compounds by a variety of MS ionization methods, including MALDI and LSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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30
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Wang B, Inutan ED, Trimpin S. A new approach to high sensitivity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of peptides using nanoflow solvent assisted inlet ionization. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2012; 23:442-445. [PMID: 22238127 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) solvent assisted inlet ionization (SAII) mass spectrometry (MS) was previously reported to give good chromatographic resolution and MS detection injecting 66 ng of a BSA tryptic digest. In analogy to nano-electrospray ionization (nESI), we extend SAII LC/MS to nano-SAII (nSAII) operating at nL min(-1) flow rates and demonstrate good quality ion chromatograms and mass spectra from injection of as little as 0.7 ng of BSA digest onto a capillary LC column. Data dependent fragmentation is demonstrated for injection of 7 ng of a BSA digest. This method has advantages over nESI in ease of use and low cost as it requires no voltage and is operational without the necessity of connectors or fragile nESI emitters, although similar constricted tips can be helpful in nSAII to stabilize the signal at low nanoliter flow. At a flow rate of 0.8 μL min(-1), the only requirement for nSAII is that the exit-end of the capillary LC column be adjusted near the aperture of the heated inlet of the mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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31
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Pagnotti VS, Inutan ED, Marshall DD, McEwen CN, Trimpin S. Inlet ionization: a new highly sensitive approach for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of small and large molecules. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7591-4. [PMID: 21899326 DOI: 10.1021/ac201982r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inlet ionization is a new approach for ionizing both small and large molecules in solids or liquid solvents with high sensitivity. The utility of solvent based inlet ionization mass spectrometry (MS) as a method for analysis of volatile and nonvolatile compounds eluting from a liquid chromatography (LC) column is demonstrated. This new LC/MS approach uses reverse phase solvent systems common to electrospray ionization MS. The first LC/MS analyses using this novel approach produced sharp chromatographic peaks and good quality full mass range mass spectra for over 25 peptides from injection of only 1 pmol of a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin using an eluent flow rate of 55 μL min(-1). Similarly, full acquisition LC/MS/MS of the MH(+) ion of the drug clozapine, using the same solvent flow rate, produced a signal-to-noise ratio of 54 for the major fragment ion with injection of only 1 μL of a 2 ppb solution. LC/MS results were acquired on two different manufacturer's mass spectrometers using a Waters Corporation NanoAcquity liquid chromatograph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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32
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Trimpin S, Ren Y, Wang B, Lietz CB, Richards AL, Marshall DD, Inutan ED. Extending the Laserspray Ionization Concept to Produce Highly Charged Ions at High Vacuum on a Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzer. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5469-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2007976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Alicia L. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Darrell D. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Wang B, Lietz CB, Inutan ED, Leach SM, Trimpin S. Producing Highly Charged Ions without Solvent Using Laserspray Ionization: A Total Solvent-Free Analysis Approach at Atmospheric Pressure. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4076-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Samantha M. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Richards AL, Marshall DD, Inutan ED, McEwen CN, Trimpin S. High-throughput analysis of peptides and proteins by laserspray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:247-250. [PMID: 21157869 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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35
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Inutan ED, Wang B, Trimpin S. Commercial Intermediate Pressure MALDI Ion Mobility Spectrometry Mass Spectrometer Capable of Producing Highly Charged Laserspray Ionization Ions. Anal Chem 2010; 83:678-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102779e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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36
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McEwen CN, Pagnotti VS, Inutan ED, Trimpin S. New Paradigm in Ionization: Multiply Charged Ion Formation from a Solid Matrix without a Laser or Voltage. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9164-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102339y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. McEwen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Vincent S. Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Inutan ED, Richards AL, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, McEwen CN, Trimpin S. Laserspray ionization, a new method for protein analysis directly from tissue at atmospheric pressure with ultrahigh mass resolution and electron transfer dissociation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.000760. [PMID: 20855542 PMCID: PMC3033668 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Laserspray ionization (LSI) mass spectrometry (MS) allows, for the first time, the analysis of proteins directly from tissue using high performance atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometers. Several abundant and numerous lower abundant protein ions with molecular masses up to ∼20,000 Da were detected as highly charged ions from delipified mouse brain tissue mounted on a common microscope slide and coated with 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone as matrix. The ability of LSI to produce multiply charged ions by laser ablation at atmospheric pressure allowed protein analysis at 100,000 mass resolution on an Orbitrap Exactive Fourier transform mass spectrometer. A single acquisition was sufficient to identify the myelin basic protein N-terminal fragment directly from tissue using electron transfer dissociation on a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) Velos. The high mass resolution and mass accuracy, also obtained with a single acquisition, are useful in determining protein molecular weights and from the electron transfer dissociation data in confirming database-generated sequences. Furthermore, microscopy images of the ablated areas show matrix ablation of ∼15 μm-diameter spots in this study. The results suggest that LSI-MS at atmospheric pressure potentially combines speed of analysis and imaging capability common to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and soft ionization, multiple charging, improved fragmentation, and cross-section analysis common to electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Inutan ED, Trimpin S. Laserspray Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry−Mass Spectrometry: Baseline Separation of Isomeric Amyloids without the Use of Solvents Desorbed and Ionized Directly from a Surface. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6077-81. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1005923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D. Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Trimpin S, Herath TN, Inutan ED, Wager-Miller J, Kowalski P, Claude E, Walker JM, Mackie K. Automated solvent-free matrix deposition for tissue imaging by mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:359-67. [PMID: 19968249 DOI: 10.1021/ac902065u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to analyze complex (macro) molecules is of fundamental importance for understanding chemical, physical, and biological processes. Complexity may arise from small differences in structure, large dynamic range, as well as a vast range in solubility or ionization, imposing daunting tasks in areas as different as lipidomics and proteomics. Here, we describe a rapid matrix application that permits the deposition of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix solvent-free. This solvent-free one-step automatic matrix deposition is achieved through vigorous movements of beads pressing the matrix material through a metal mesh. The mesh (20 mum) produces homogeneous coverage of <12 microm crystals (DHB, CHCA matrixes) in 1 min, as determined by optical microscopy, permitting fast uniform coverage of analyte and possible high-spatial resolution surface analysis. Homogenous tissue coverage of <5 microm sized crystals is achieved using a 3 microm mesh. Solvent-free MALDI analysis on a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer of mouse brain tissue homogenously covered with CHCA matrix subsequently provides a homogeneous response in ion signal intensity. Total solvent-free analysis (TSA) by mass spectrometry (MS) of tissue sections is carried out by applying the MALDI matrix solvent-free for subsequent ionization and gas phase separation for decongestion of complexity in the absence of any solvent using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) followed by MS detection. Isobaric compositions were well-delineated using TSA by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Herath TN, McEwen CN. Laserspray ionization, a new atmospheric pressure MALDI method for producing highly charged gas-phase ions of peptides and proteins directly from solid solutions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:362-7. [PMID: 19955086 PMCID: PMC2830846 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900527-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) process producing multiply charged mass spectra nearly identical to those observed with electrospray ionization (ESI) is presented. MALDI is noted for its ability to produce singly charged ions, but in the experiments described here multiply charged ions are produced by laser ablation of analyte incorporated into a common MALDI matrix, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, using standard solvent-based sample preparation protocols. Laser ablation is known to produce matrix clusters in MALDI provided a threshold energy is achieved. We propose that these clusters (liquid droplets) are highly charged, and under conditions that produce sufficient matrix evaporation, ions are field-evaporated from the droplets similarly to ESI. Because of the multiple charging, advanced mass spectrometers with limited mass-to-charge range can be used for protein characterization. Thus, using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, low femtomole quantities of proteins produce full-range mass spectra at 100,000 mass resolution with <5-ppm mass accuracy and with 1-s acquisition. Furthermore, the first example of protein fragmentation using electron transfer dissociation with MALDI is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3929, USA.
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Herath TN, McEwen CN. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Method for Selectively Producing Either Singly or Multiply Charged Molecular Ions. Anal Chem 2009; 82:11-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902066s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ellen D. Inutan
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Thushani N. Herath
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Charles N. McEwen
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Trimpin S, Herath TN, Inutan ED, Cernat SA, Miller JB, Mackie K, Walker JM. Field-free transmission geometry atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for rapid analysis of unadulterated tissue samples. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:3023-7. [PMID: 19685478 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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