1
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Lou J, Best MD. Strategies for altering lipid self-assembly to trigger liposome cargo release. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104966. [PMID: 32888913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While liposomes have proven to be effective drug delivery nanocarriers, their therapeutic attributes could be improved through the development of clinically viable triggered release strategies in which encapsulated drug contents could be selectively released at the sites of diseased cells. As such, a significant amount of research has been reported involving the development of stimuli-responsive liposomes and a broad range of strategies have been explored for driving content release. These have included the introduction of trigger groups at either the lipid headgroup or within the acyl chains that alter lipid self-assembly properties of known lipids as well as the rational design of lipid analogs programed to undergo conformational changes induced by events such as binding interactions. This review article describes advances in the design of stimuli-responsive liposome strategies with an eye towards emerging trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Lou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Michael D Best
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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2
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Mondal JH, Ahmed S, Ghosh T, Das D. Reversible deformation-formation of a multistimuli responsive vesicle by a supramolecular peptide amphiphile. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4912-4920. [PMID: 26007304 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00491h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the ternary complex formation process for aromatic amino acids using ucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and a viologen amphiphile shows that the affinity of the amino acid needs to be higher or in a comparable range to that of CB[8] for the amphiphile in order to form the ternary complex. Based on these observations, a supramolecular peptide amphiphile and its corresponding vesicle are prepared using a peptide containing an azobenzene moiety. The azobenzene group at the N-terminus of the peptide served as the second guest for CB[8]. The vesicles obtained from this peptide amphiphile show response to a number of external triggers. The trans-cis isomerization of the azobenzene group upon irradiation with UV-light of 365 nm leads to the breakdown of the ternary complex and eventually to the disruption of the vesicle. The deformation-reformation of the vesicle can be controlled by illuminating the disrupted solution with light of 420 nm as it facilitates the cis-trans isomerization. Thus, the vesicle showed a controlled and reversible response to UV-light with the ability for manipulation of the formation-deformation of the vesicle by the choice of an appropriate wavelength. The vesicle showed response to a stronger guest (1-adamantylamine) for CB[8], which displaces both the guests from the CB[8] cavity and consequently ruptures the vesicle structure. 2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene acts as a competitive guest and thereby behaves as another external trigger for replacing the peptide from the CB[8] cavity by self-inclusion to form the ternary complex. Henceforth, it allows retaining the vesicle structure and results in the release of the peptide from the vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julfikar Hassan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
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3
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Wang D, Tu C, Su Y, Zhang C, Greiser U, Zhu X, Yan D, Wang W. Supramolecularly engineered phospholipids constructed by nucleobase molecular recognition: upgraded generation of phospholipids for drug delivery. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3775-3787. [PMID: 29218147 PMCID: PMC5707505 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecularly engineered phospholipids and liposomes based on complementary hydrogen bonding of nucleosides have been developed.
Despite of great advances of phospholipids and liposomes in clinical therapy, very limited success has been achieved in the preparation of smart phospholipids and controlled-release liposomes for in vivo drug delivery and clinical trials. Here we report a supramolecular approach to synthesize novel supramolecularly engineered phospholipids based on complementary hydrogen bonding of nucleosides, which greatly reduces the need of tedious chemical synthesis, including reducing the strict requirements for multistep chemical reactions, and the purification of the intermediates and the amount of waste generated relative more traditional approaches. These upgraded phospholipids self-assemble into liposome-like bilayer structures in aqueous solution, exhibiting fast stimuli-responsive ability due to the hydrogen bonding connection. In vitro and in vivo evaluations show the resulted supramolecular liposomes from nucleoside phospholipids could effectively transport drug into tumor tissue, rapidly enter tumor cells, and controllably release their payload in response to an intracellular acidic environment, thus resulting in a much higher antitumor activity than conventional liposomes. The present supramolecularly engineered phospholipids represent an important evolution in comparison to conventional covalent-bonded phospholipid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-21-34203400
| | - Chunlai Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-21-34203400
| | - Yue Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-21-34203400
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-21-34203400
| | - Udo Greiser
- Charles Institute of Dermatology , School of Medicine and Medical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland .
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-21-34203400
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-21-34203400
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology , School of Medicine and Medical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland .
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4
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Laporte R, Prunier A, Pfund E, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA, Lequeux T. Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing 3,3-Disubstituted Oxetanes and Alkylidene Oxetanes. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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Knipp RJ, Estrada R, Sethu P, Nantz MH. Thermally-Induced Substrate Release Via Intramolecular Cyclizations of Amino Esters and Amino Carbonates. Tetrahedron 2014; 70:3422-3429. [PMID: 25061237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relative cleavage of an alcohol from a panel of amino esters and amino carbonates via intramolecular cyclization was examined as a mechanism for substrate release. Thermal stability at 37 °C was observed only for the 7-membered ring progenitors. Applicability of the approach was illustrated by δ-lactam formation within a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel for release of a captured fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J Knipp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Rosendo Estrada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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6
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Sun Y, Yan Y, Wang M, Chen C, Xu H, Lu JR. Controlled release of hydrophilic guest molecules from photoresponsive nucleolipid vesicles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:6232-6236. [PMID: 23758265 DOI: 10.1021/am401169m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic hybrid nucleolipids bear the structural and functional hallmarks of both lipids and nucleic acids and hold great potential for biotechnological applications. However, further tailoring of their structures and properties for specific applications represents a major challenge. We here report a novel design and synthesis of a light-responsive nucleolipid by introducing an o-nitrobenzyl group that acts as a linker between a nucleotide and a lipid. The nucleolipid was applied readily to preparing smart vesicles and encapsulating hydrophilic guest molecules 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) in their inner aqueous phase. Upon light irradiation, their vesicular structure was disrupted as a result of the photolytic degradation of the nucleotide, resulting in CF release. Furthermore, temporally controlled CF release from these vesicles could be readily realized by turning on and off light. By demonstrating the molecular assembly and photodisassembly cycle, this report aims to stimulate further research exploring practical applications of nucleolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Sun
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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7
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Gehin C, Montenegro J, Bang EK, Cajaraville A, Takayama S, Hirose H, Futaki S, Matile S, Riezman H. Dynamic Amphiphile Libraries To Screen for the “Fragrant” Delivery of siRNA into HeLa Cells and Human Primary Fibroblasts. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9295-8. [PMID: 23767803 DOI: 10.1021/ja404153m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gehin
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier Montenegro
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eun-Kyoung Bang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ana Cajaraville
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shota Takayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Aggregation of p-Sulfonatocalixarene-Based Amphiphiles and Supra-Amphiphiles. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3140-57. [PMID: 23380960 PMCID: PMC3588036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
p-Sulfonatocalixarenes are a special class of water soluble macrocyclic molecules made of 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate units linked by methylene bridges. One of the main features of these compounds relies on their ability to form inclusion complexes with cationic and neutral species. This feature, together with their water solubility and apparent biological compatibility, had enabled them to emerge as one the most important host receptors in supramolecular chemistry. Attachment of hydrophobic alkyl chains to these compounds leads to the formation of macrocyclic host molecules with amphiphilic properties. Like other oligomeric surfactants, these compounds present improved performance with respect to their monomeric counterparts. In addition, they hold their recognition abilities and present several structural features that depend on the size of the macrocycle and on the length of the alkyl chain, such as preorganization, flexibility and adopted conformations, which make these molecules very interesting to study structure-aggregation relationships. Moreover, the recognition abilities of p-sulfonatocalixarenes enable them to be applied in the design of amphiphiles constructed from non-covalent, rather than covalent, bonds (supramolecular amphiphiles). In this review, we summarize the developments made on the design and synthesis of p-sulfonatocalixarenes-based surfactants, the characterization of their self-assembly properties and on how their structure affects these properties.
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9
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Fraix A, Le Gall T, Berchel M, Denis C, Lehn P, Montier T, Jaffrès PA. Cationic lipophosphoramidates with two disulfide motifs: synthesis, behaviour in reductive media and gene transfection activity. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1650-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Aytar BS, Muller JPE, Golan S, Kondo Y, Talmon Y, Abbott NL, Lynn DM. Chemical oxidation of a redox-active, ferrocene-containing cationic lipid: influence on interactions with DNA and characterization in the context of cell transfection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 387:56-64. [PMID: 22980739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to the chemical oxidation of a ferrocene-containing cationic lipid [bis(11-ferrocenylundecyl)dimethylammonium bromide, BFDMA] that provides redox-based control over the delivery of DNA to cells. We demonstrate that BFDMA can be oxidized rapidly and quantitatively by treatment with Fe(III)sulfate. This chemical approach, while offering practical advantages compared to electrochemical methods used in past studies, was found to yield BFDMA/DNA lipoplexes that behave differently in the context of cell transfection from lipoplexes formed using electrochemically oxidized BFDMA. Specifically, while lipoplexes of the latter do not transfect cells efficiently, lipoplexes of chemically oxidized BFDMA promoted high levels of transgene expression (similar to levels promoted by reduced BFDMA). Characterization by SANS and cryo-TEM revealed lipoplexes of chemically and electrochemically oxidized BFDMA to both have amorphous nanostructures, but these lipoplexes differed significantly in size and zeta potential. Our results suggest that differences in zeta potential arise from the presence of residual Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ions in samples of chemically oxidized BFDMA. Addition of the iron chelating agent EDTA to solutions of chemically oxidized BFDMA produced samples functionally similar to electrochemically oxidized BFDMA. These EDTA-treated samples could also be chemically reduced by treatment with ascorbic acid to produce samples of reduced BFDMA that do promote transfection. Our results demonstrate that entirely chemical approaches to oxidation and reduction can be used to achieve redox-based 'on/off' control of cell transfection similar to that achieved using electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu S Aytar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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11
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Wang K, Guo DS, Liu Y. Controlled Self-Assembly by Mono-p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes and Bis-p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes. Chemistry 2012; 18:8758-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Randolph LM, Chien MP, Gianneschi NC. Biological stimuli and biomolecules in the assembly and manipulation of nanoscale polymeric particles. Chem Sci 2012; 3:10.1039/C2SC00857B. [PMID: 24353895 PMCID: PMC3864871 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Living systems are replete with complex, stimuli-responsive nanoscale materials and molecular self-assemblies. There is an ever increasing and intense interest within the chemical sciences to understand, mimic and interface with these biological systems utilizing synthetic and/or semi-synthetic tools. Our aim in this review is to give perspective on this emerging field of research by highlighting examples of polymeric nanoparticles and micelles that are prepared utilizing biopolymers together with synthetic polymers for the purpose of developing nanomaterials capable of interacting and responding to biologically relevant stimuli. It is expected that with the merging of evolved biological molecules with synthetic materials, will come the ability to prepare complex, functional devices. A variety of applications will become accessible including self-healing materials, self-replicating systems, biodiagnostic tools, drug targeting materials and autonomous, adaptive sensors. Most importantly, the success of this type of strategy will impact how biomolecules are stabilized and incorporated into synthetic devices and at the same time, will influence how synthetic materials are utilized within biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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13
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Aytar BS, Muller JPE, Golan S, Hata S, Takahashi H, Kondo Y, Talmon Y, Abbott NL, Lynn DM. Addition of ascorbic acid to the extracellular environment activates lipoplexes of a ferrocenyl lipid and promotes cell transfection. J Control Release 2011; 157:249-59. [PMID: 21963768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The level of cell transfection mediated by lipoplexes formed using the ferrocenyl lipid bis(11-ferrocenylundecyl)dimethylammonium bromide (BFDMA) depends strongly on the oxidation state of the two ferrocenyl groups of the lipid (reduced BFDMA generally mediates high levels of transfection, but oxidized BFDMA mediates very low levels of transfection). Here, we report that it is possible to chemically transform inactive lipoplexes (formed using oxidized BFMDA) to "active" lipoplexes that mediate high levels of transfection by treatment with the small-molecule reducing agent ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Our results demonstrate that this transformation can be conducted in cell culture media and in the presence of cells by addition of ascorbic acid to lipoplex-containing media in which cells are growing. Treatment of lipoplexes of oxidized BFDMA with ascorbic acid resulted in lipoplexes composed of reduced BFDMA, as characterized by UV/vis spectrophotometry, and lead to activated lipoplexes that mediated high levels of transgene expression in the COS-7, HEK 293T/17, HeLa, and NIH 3T3 cell lines. Characterization of internalization of DNA by confocal microscopy and measurements of the zeta potentials of lipoplexes suggested that these large differences in cell transfection result from (i) differences in the extents to which these lipoplexes are internalized by cells and (ii) changes in the oxidation state of BFDMA that occur in the extracellular environment (i.e., prior to internalization of lipoplexes by cells). Characterization of lipoplexes by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) revealed changes in the nanostructures of lipoplexes upon the addition of ascorbic acid, from aggregates that were generally amorphous, to aggregates with a more extensive multilamellar nanostructure. The results of this study provide guidance for the design of redox-active lipids that could lead to methods that enable spatial and/or temporal control of cell transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu S Aytar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Biswas S, Knipp RJ, Gordon LE, Nandula SR, Gorr SU, Clark GJ, Nantz MH. Hydrophobic oxime ethers: a versatile class of pDNA and siRNA transfection lipids. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2063-9. [PMID: 21882348 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of the cationic lipid structures to increase polynucleotide binding and delivery properties, while also minimizing associated cytotoxicity, has been a principal strategy for developing next-generation transfection agents. The polar (DNA binding) and hydrophobic domains of transfection lipids have been extensively studied; however, the linking domain comprising the substructure used to tether the polar and hydrophobic domains has attracted considerably less attention as an optimization variable. Here, we examine the use of an oxime ether as the linking domain. Hydrophobic oxime ethers were readily assembled via click chemistry by oximation of hydrophobic aldehydes using an aminooxy salt. A facile ligation reaction delivered the desired compounds with hydrophobic domain asymmetry. Using the MCF-7 breast cancer, H1792 lung cancer and PAR C10 salivary epithelial cell lines, our findings show that lipoplexes derived from oxime ether lipids transfect in the presence of serum at higher levels than commonly used liposome formulations, based on both luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) assays. Given the biological compatibility of oxime ethers and their ease of formation, this functional group should find significant application as a linking domain in future designs of transfection vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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15
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Zhang XX, McIntosh TJ, Grinstaff MW. Functional lipids and lipoplexes for improved gene delivery. Biochimie 2011; 94:42-58. [PMID: 21621581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipids are the most common non-viral vectors used in gene delivery with a few currently being investigated in clinical trials. However, like most other synthetic vectors, these vectors suffer from low transfection efficiencies. Among the various approaches to address this challenge, functional lipids (i.e., lipids responding to a stimuli) offer a myriad of opportunities for basic studies of nucleic acid-lipid interactions and for in vitro and in vivo delivery of nucleic acid for a specific biological/medical application. This manuscript reviews recent advances in pH, redox, and charge-reversal sensitive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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16
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Wang K, Guo DS, Wang X, Liu Y. Multistimuli responsive supramolecular vesicles based on the recognition of p-Sulfonatocalixarene and its controllable release of doxorubicin. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2880-2894. [PMID: 21443257 DOI: 10.1021/nn1034873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the novel construction of nanosupramolecular binary vesicles based on host-guest complex formation between p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and asymmetric viologen, which was identified by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic laser scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and surface tension experiments. The critical aggregation concentration of asymmetric viologen decreases pronouncedly by a factor of ca. 1000 owing to the complexation of p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the resulting vesicles can respond to multiple external stimuli, including temperature, host-guest inclusion, and redox. Methods of warming and inclusion of cyclodextrins were then employed to disrupt the vesicle architecture to release hydrophilic doxorubicin from the interior of the vesicle. Finally, cell experiments were performed to evaluate the cellular toxicity of the supramolecular binary vesicle and the anticancer efficiency of doxorubicin-loaded vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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17
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The influence of the structural orientation of amide linkers on the serum compatibility and lung transfection properties of cationic amphiphiles. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5231-40. [PMID: 21501864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structural parameters of cationic amphiphiles which can influence gene transfer efficiencies of cationic amphiphiles continues to remain important for designing efficient liposomal gene delivery reagents. Previously we demonstrated the influence of structural orientation of the ester linker (widely used in covalently tethering the polar head and the non-polar tails) in modulating in vitro gene transfer efficiencies of cationic amphiphiles. However, our previously described cationic amphiphiles with ester linkers failed to deliver genes under in vivo conditions. Herein we report on the development of a highly serum compatible cationic amphiphile with circulation stable amide linker which shows remarkable selectivity in transfecting mouse lung. We also demonstrate that reversing structural orientation of the amide linker adversely affects both serum compatibility and the lung selective gene transfer property. Dynamic laser light scattering and atomic force microscopic studies revealed smaller average hydrodynamic sizes of the liposomes of transfection efficient lipid than those for the liposomes of transfection incompetent analog (148 ± 1 nm vs 214 ± 4 nm). Average surface potential of the liposomes of transfection competent amphiphiles were found to be significantly higher than that for the liposomes of transfection incompetent analog (10.7 ± 5.4 mV vs 2.8 ± 1.3 mV, respectively). Findings in fluorescence resonance energy transfer and dye entrapment experiments support lower rigidity and higher biomembrane fusogenicity of the liposomes of the transfection efficient amphiphiles. Importantly, cationic lipoplexes of the novel amide-linker based amphiphile exhibited higher mouse lung selective gene transfer properties than DOTAP, one of the widely used commercially available liposomal lung transfection kits. In summary, the present findings demonstrate for the first time that amide linker structural orientation profoundly influences the serum compatibility and lung transfection efficiencies of cationic amphiphiles.
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18
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Zhang XX, Prata CAH, Berlin JA, McIntosh TJ, Barthelemy P, Grinstaff MW. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro transfection activity of charge-reversal amphiphiles for DNA delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:690-9. [PMID: 21456532 DOI: 10.1021/bc1004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of charge-reversal lipids were synthesized that possess varying chain lengths and end functionalities. These lipids were designed to bind and then release DNA based on a change in electrostatic interaction with DNA. Specifically, a cleavable ester linkage is located at the ends of the hydrocarbon chains. The DNA release from the amphiphile was tuned by altering the length and position of the ester linkage in the hydrophobic chains of the lipids through the preparation of five new amphiphiles. The amphiphiles and corresponding lipoplexes were characterized by DSC, TEM, and X-ray, as well as evaluated for DNA binding and DNA transfection. For one specific charge-reversal lipid, stable lipoplexes of approximately 550 nm were formed, and with this amphiphile, effective in vitro DNA transfection activities was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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19
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Zhang XX, Allen PG, Grinstaff M. Macropinocytosis is the major pathway responsible for DNA transfection in CHO cells by a charge-reversal amphiphile. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:758-66. [PMID: 21449536 DOI: 10.1021/mp100366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of a functional charge-reversal amphiphile:DNA lipoplex is described. First, pharmacological inhibitors were applied to block different endocytosis pathways. By examining the resulting transfection activities, it was found that endocytosis was the pathway leading to transfection in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. When the specific pathway of macropinocytosis was inhibited, β-galactosidase expression was significantly depleted (90%); meanwhile the inhibition of clathrin-mediated pathway only brought a 30% decrease in expression; and the inhibition of caveolae-mediated pathway did not affect expression. Furthermore, a transfection kinetics study revealed that the cellular uptake responsible for gene expression was a slower process compared to clathrin-mediated endocytosis, consistent with fluid-phase uptake compared to receptor-mediated uptake. Next, a fluorescence colocalization study was used to visualize the DNA lipoplex uptake pathways. The colocalization of the DNA lipoplex and Cascade Blue, a fluid-phase uptake marker, was observed. Meanwhile, the colocalization of the DNA lipoplex and transferrin, a clathrin-mediated endocytosis marker, was also seen. However, no colocalization was observed with the endosome/lysosome marker Lysotracker. Our results indicate that macropinocytosis, not the commonly seen clathrin-mediated endocytosis for cationic lipids, is the major pathway leading to gene transfection in CHO cells for this charge-reversal amphiphile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Zhang S, Zhao Y. Controlled Release from Cleavable Polymerized Liposomes upon Redox and pH Stimulation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:523-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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Fraix A, Montier T, Carmoy N, Loizeau D, Burel-Deschamps L, Le Gall T, Giamarchi P, Couthon-Gourvès H, Haelters JP, Lehn P, Jaffrès PA. Cationic lipo-thiophosphoramidates for gene delivery: synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and gene transfection activity – comparison with lipo-phosphoramidates. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2422-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00981d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Morinaga H, Morikawa H, Sudo A, Endo T. A new water-soluble branched poly(ethylene imine) derivative having hydrolyzable imidazolidine moieties and its application to long-lasting release of aldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Wang K, Guo DS, Liu Y. Temperature-Controlled Supramolecular Vesicles Modulated byp-Sulfonatocalix[5]arene with Pyrene. Chemistry 2010; 16:8006-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cationic liposome-nucleic acid complexes for gene delivery and silencing: pathways and mechanisms for plasmid DNA and siRNA. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:191-226. [PMID: 21504103 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the promises of gene therapy, there is great interest in developing non-viral lipid-based vectors for therapeutic applications due to their low immunogenicity, low toxicity, ease of production, and the potential of transferring large pieces of DNA into cells. In fact, cationic liposome (CL) based vectors are among the prevalent synthetic carriers of nucleic acids (NAs) currently used in gene therapy clinical trials worldwide. These vectors are studied both for gene delivery with CL-DNA complexes and gene silencing with CL-siRNA (short interfering RNA) complexes. However, their transfection efficiencies and silencing efficiencies remain low compared to those of engineered viral vectors. This reflects the currently poor understanding of transfection-related mechanisms at the molecular and self-assembled levels, including a lack of knowledge about interactions between membranes and double stranded NAs and between CL-NA complexes and cellular components. In this review we describe our recent efforts to improve the mechanistic understanding of transfection by CL-NA complexes, which will help to design optimal lipid-based carriers of DNA and siRNA for therapeutic gene delivery and gene silencing.
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Unciti-Broceta A, Bacon MN, Bradley M. Strategies for the preparation of synthetic transfection vectors. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:15-49. [PMID: 21504099 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the late 1980s independent work by Felgner and Behr pioneered the use of cationic materials to complex and deliver nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. Since this time, a vast number of synthetic transfection vectors, which are typically divided into two main "transfectors", have been developed namely: (1) cationic lipids and (2) polycationic polymers. In this chapter the main synthetic approaches used for the synthesis of these compounds will be reviewed with particular attention paid to: cationic lipids and dendrimers. This review is aimed primarily at the younger audience of doctoral students and non-specialist readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Unciti-Broceta
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK.
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Labas R, Beilvert F, Barteau B, David S, Chèvre R, Pitard B. Nature as a source of inspiration for cationic lipid synthesis. Genetica 2009; 138:153-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-009-9405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Byrne C, Sallas F, Rai DK, Ogier J, Darcy R. Poly-6-cationic amphiphilic cyclodextrins designed for gene delivery. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3763-71. [PMID: 19707681 DOI: 10.1039/b907232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new series of amphiphilic cyclodextrins containing cationic groups at the 6-positions and alkyl or biolabile ester groups at the 2-positions has been synthesised. Selective 2-O-allylation followed by photochemical addition of lipophilic thiols made it possible to control lipophilicity in these mesomolecules and allow solubility and self-assembly in water. The cationic groups are cysteamine-derived, while the alkyl and ester groups are C(1)-C(16) and benzyl ester groups. This is a new general synthetic route to a potentially wide range of polycationic cyclodextrins capable of acting as gene delivery vectors by condensing DNA and forming liquid crystalline complexes with oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Byrne
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ollscoil na hEireann, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Morinaga H, Morikawa H, Wang Y, Sudo A, Endo T. Amphiphilic Copolymer Having Acid-Labile Acetal in the Side Chain as a Hydrophobe: Controlled Release of Aldehyde by Thermoresponsive Aggregation−Dissociation of Polymer Micelles. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802681f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisatoyo Morinaga
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morikawa
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sudo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8555, Japan
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Mukthavaram R, Marepally S, Venkata MY, Vegi GN, Sistla R, Chaudhuri A. Cationic glycolipids with cyclic and open galactose head groups for the selective targeting of genes to mouse liver. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2369-84. [PMID: 19157538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toward probing an hitherto unexplored structure-activity issue namely, the relative in vitro and in vivo efficacies of cationic glycolipids with cyclic and acyclic sugar heads for targeting of genes to liver, we have designed and synthesized two novel series of cationic glycolipids with cyclic (lipids 1-5) and open d-galactose heads (lipids 6-10) containing varying spacer arm lengths in between the sugar and positively charged nitrogen atoms. Among the cyclic glycolipids, lipid 3 with six methylene units spacer in between the quaternary nitrogen atom and among the glycolipids with the open-sugar heads, lipid 6 with only two methylene units spacer were found to be the most efficacious in targeting genes to cultured HepG2 (human hepatocarcinoma cells) and primary hepatocytes. Findings in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies revealed biomembrane fusibilities as important physico-chemical parameters behind the varying spacer arm dependencies in the two series. Importantly, both the serum compatible glycolipids 3 &6 were found to be equally efficacious in selectively targeting genes to mouse livers under systemic settings. The significantly reduced efficiencies of the glycolipids 3 &6 in transfecting primary hepatocytes as well as mice pretreated with asialofetuin (the ligands of asialoglycoprotein receptors) support the notion that the cellular uptake of the lipoplexes prepared from both the open and the cyclic sugar-head series is mediated via asialoglycoprotein receptor. In summary, our present findings demonstrate for the first time that cationic glycolipids with cyclic sugar-head require longer spacer arms than their acyclic sugar-head counterparts for efficient gene transfection and both the series hold equal promise for selective gene targeting to liver under systemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mukthavaram
- Division of Lipid Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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30
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Itoh Y, Akasaka R. Comparison of Surface-Active Properties of (Alkyloxycarbonylmethyl)trimethylammonium Chlorides and Alkyltrimethylammonium Chlorides. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-008-1097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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32
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Cho EJ, Kang JK, Han WS, Jung JH. Stimuli-responsive supramolecular nanostructure from amphiphilic calix[4]arene and its three-dimensional dendritic silver nanostructure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5229-5232. [PMID: 18407680 DOI: 10.1021/la800208w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a tetrameric amphiphilic molecule ( 1) based on a calix[4]arene building block that self-assembled into different tunable and stable aggregation structures at different pH values in aqueous solution. The amphiphilic calix[4]arene molecule ( 1) formed a spherical structure at pH 3. However, 1 formed a hollow necklacelike structure of 500 nm diameter at pH 7. These results indicate that the self-assembled morphologies of 1 are strongly dependent on pH values. In addition, a 3D dendritic silver nanostructure was obtained by the self-assembly of 1 at pH 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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Bajaj A, Kondaiah P, Bhattacharya S. Effect of the Nature of the Spacer on Gene Transfer Efficacies of Novel Thiocholesterol Derived Gemini Lipids in Different Cell Lines: A Structure–Activity Investigation. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2533-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bajaj
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, and Chemical Biology Unit of JNCASR, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, and Chemical Biology Unit of JNCASR, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, and Chemical Biology Unit of JNCASR, Bangalore 560 064, India
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Bajaj A, Paul B, Indi SS, Kondaiah P, Bhattacharya S. Effect of the hydrocarbon chain and polymethylene spacer lengths on gene transfection efficacies of gemini lipids based on aromatic backbone. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:2144-58. [PMID: 18030994 DOI: 10.1021/bc700181k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Design, syntheses, and gene delivery efficacies of fifteen novel gemini (dimeric) and three monomeric cationic lipids anchored on an aromatic backbone have been described. Each new lipid has been used for liposome formation, and optimal formulations were used to determine the structure-activity correlation of the gene transfection efficacies of these lipids in HeLa and HT1080 cells. The results of the present investigation bring out the effect of hydrocarbon chain lengths and the length of the spacer between the headgroups on gene transfection efficiencies of the cationic gemini lipids based on aromatic backbone. The lipids bearing n-C 14H 29 hydrocarbon chain lengths have been found to be the best transfecting agents compared to their counterparts with n-C 16H 33 and n-C 12H 25 chains in HeLa cells. On the other hand, in HT1080 cells, the lipids based on n-C 12H 25 and n-C 14H 29 chains were found to be more potent transfecting agents than lipids possessing n-C 16H 33 chains. Transmission electron microscopy examination revealed the existence of spherical lipid-DNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bajaj
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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35
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Wang K, Yan X, Cui Y, He Q, Li J. Synthesis and in vitro Behavior of Multivalent Cationic Lipopeptide for DNA Delivery and Release in HeLa Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1735-8. [PMID: 17894448 DOI: 10.1021/bc060315p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here that a synthesized multivalent cationic lipopeptide can be used for the delivery and release of gene assembled into lipopeptide vesicles. It is found experimentally that the synthesized lipopeptide is safe for gene therapy because of its biocompatibility and the innocuity of the hydrolysis products, such as lipids and amino acids. The experimental results also show that the assembled DNA/lipopeptide complex has high transfection efficiency in HeLa cells compared to that of the selected commercial reagent, which represents a novel vector for the delivery of therapeutic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), International Joint Lab, CAS Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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36
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Bhattacharya S, Bajaj A. Thermotropic and hydration studies of membranes formed from gemini pseudoglyceryl lipids possessing polymethylene spacers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:8988-94. [PMID: 17629306 DOI: 10.1021/la700654w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane formation from gemini pseudoglyceryl lipids bearing n-C14H29 and n-C16H33 chains has been reported. These lipid aggregates have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Paldan fluorescence studies. The length of the spacer between the cationic ammonium headgroups has been varied from -(CH2)3- (propandiyl) to -(CH2)12- (dodecandiyl) in these lipids. All gemini lipids were found to generate stable suspensions in aqueous media. Electron microscopic studies revealed the smaller size of the gemini lipid aggregates as compared to their monomeric lipid counterparts. DLS measurements showed that the gemini lipid suspensions with a -(CH2)8- spacer length were bigger in size than that of other analogues. DSC studies suggest the unusual behavior of the gemini lipids bearing -(CH2)3- propanediyl spacer based lipids. These observations were consistent irrespective of the hydrocarbon chain lengths of the lipids. Paldan fluorescence based hydration studies showed that the hexadecyl chain based gemini lipid aggregates bearing a -(CH2)12- spacer were the most hydrated in their gel states among all the gemini lipid series investigated herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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37
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Abstract
Cationic lipids are conceptually and methodologically simple tools to deliver nucleic acids into the cells. Strategies based on cationic lipids are viable alternatives to viral vectors and are becoming increasingly popular owing to their minimal toxicity. The first-generation cationic lipids were built around the quaternary nitrogen primarily for binding and condensing DNA. A large number of lipids with variations in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic region were generated with excellent transfection efficiencies in vitro. These cationic lipids had reduced efficiencies when tested for gene delivery in vivo. Efforts in the last decade delineated the cell biological basis of the cationic lipid gene delivery to a significant detail. The application of techniques such as small angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS) and fluorescence microscopy, helped in linking the physical properties of lipid:DNA complex (lipoplex) with its intracellular fate. This biological knowledge has been incorporated in the design of the second-generation cationic lipids. Lipid-peptide conjugates (peptoids) are effective strategies to overcome the various cellular barriers along with the lipoplex formulations methodologies. In this context, cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery is considerably benefited by the methodologies of liposome-mediated drug delivery. Lipid mediated gene delivery has an intrinsic advantage of being a biomimetic platform on which considerable variations could be built to develop efficient in vivo gene delivery protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Madhusudhana Rao
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
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38
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Ryu JH, Kim HJ, Huang Z, Lee E, Lee M. Self-Assembling Molecular Dumbbells: From Nanohelices to Nanocapsules Triggered by Guest Intercalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Ryu JH, Kim HJ, Huang Z, Lee E, Lee M. Self-Assembling Molecular Dumbbells: From Nanohelices to Nanocapsules Triggered by Guest Intercalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5304-7. [PMID: 16838274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hyoung Ryu
- Center for Supramolecular Nano-Assembly and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Park C, Choi KS, Song Y, Jeon HJ, Song HH, Chang JY, Kim C. Self-organization of amide dendrons and their dendronized macromolecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:3812-7. [PMID: 16584260 DOI: 10.1021/la0528448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A polymerizable methacryl unit was introduced at the focal moiety of the amide dendrons which have amide branches and alkyl periphery. Their dendronized polymers were also prepared by the radical polymerization of the methacryl units. The self-organization characteristics of dendrons and dendronized polymers were then investigated in both the organic and aqueous phases. The amide dendrons (1M and 2M) in which the focal carboxyl group was blocked with methacryl units did not form gel in organic media such as chloroform or THF, whereas amide dendrons with a free carboxyl group at the focal point form self-organized structures. In the aqueous phase, 1M and 2M formed spherical vesicular assemblies. The dendronized polymers with first and second generation dendrons, 1P and 2P, respectively, exhibited lamellar and columnar organization in toluene. In addition to hydrogen bonding between the dendritic amide branches and van der Waals interactions between the alkyl periphery, steric confinement of dendritic side groups along the polymer backbone played a key role in the packing process of the dendronized polymers. In aqueous phase, 1P and 2P showed spherical vesicular aggregates with persistent stability in the presence of Triton X-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyoung Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hyperstructured Organic Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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42
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Synthesis and self-organization characteristics of amide dendrons with focal ferrocenyl moiety. Macromol Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Mukherjee K, Sen J, Chaudhuri A. Common co-lipids, in synergy, impart high gene transfer properties to transfection-incompetent cationic lipids. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1291-300. [PMID: 15710428 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious cationic transfection lipids usually need either DOPE or cholesterol as co-lipid to deliver DNA inside the cell cytoplasm in non-viral gene delivery. If both of these co-lipids fail in imparting gene transfer properties, the cationic lipids are usually considered to be transfection inefficient. Herein, using both the reporter gene assay in CHO, COS-1 and HepG2 cells and the whole cell histochemical X-gal staining assay in representative CHO cells, we demonstrate that common co-lipids DOPE, Cholesterol and DOPC, when act in synergy, are capable of imparting improved gene transfer properties to a novel series of cationic lipids (1-5). Contrastingly, lipids 1-5 became essentially transfection-incompetent when used in combination with each of the pure co-lipid components alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Mukherjee
- Division of Lipid Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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44
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Kim BS, Yang WY, Ryu JH, Yoo YS, Lee M. Carbohydrate-coated nanocapsules from amphiphilic rod–coil molecule: binding to bacterial type 1 pili. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:2035-7. [PMID: 15834497 DOI: 10.1039/b419258c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable carbohydrate-coated nanocapsules designed as multivalent nanoscaffolds for selective interactions with receptors are able to encapsulate guest molecules within their interior and to bind efficiently to FimH adhesin of bacterial type 1 pili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Kim
- Center for Supramolecular Nano-Assembly and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Guo X, MacKay JA, Szoka FC. Mechanism of pH-triggered collapse of phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes stabilized by an ortho ester polyethyleneglycol lipid. Biophys J 2003; 84:1784-95. [PMID: 12609880 PMCID: PMC1302747 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of pH-triggered destabilization of liposomes composed of a polyethyleneglycol-orthoester-distearoylglycerol lipid (POD) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) has been studied using an ANTS/DPX leakage and a lipid-mixing assay. We developed a kinetic model that relates POD hydrolysis to liposome collapse. This minimum-surface-shielding model describes the kinetics of the pH-triggered release of POD/PE liposomes. In the model, when acid-catalyzed hydrolysis lowers the mole percentage of POD on the liposome surface to a critical level, intervesicular lipid mixing is initiated, resulting in a burst of contents release. Two phases of content leakage are observed: a lag phase and a burst phase. During the lag phase, less than 20% of liposomal contents are released and the leakage begins to accelerate when approaching to the transition point. During the burst phase, the leakage rate is dependent on interbilayer contact. The burst phase occurs when the surface density of the PEG lipid is 2.3 +/- 0.6 mol%, regardless of the pH. Vesicles containing 4 mol% of a pH-insensitive PEG-lipid conjugate and 10% POD did not leak contents or collapse at any pH. These data are consistent with the stalk theory to describe the lamellar-to-inverted hexagonal phase transition and set a lower bound of approximately 16 PE lipids on the external monolayer as the contact site required for lipid mixing between two bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, 94143, USA
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Niedzinski EJ, Fujii SK, Lizarzaburu ME, Hecker JG, Nantz MH. A versatile linker for nontoxic polyamine-mediated DNA transfection. Mol Ther 2002; 6:279-86. [PMID: 12349827 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of transfection efficacy and lipid-associated cytotoxicity have complicated the use of cationic lipids to facilitate transfer of exogenous DNA to eukaryotic cells. To address these issues, we synthesized a panel of six tetraester polyamines that were designed to minimize cytotoxicity by using pentaerythritol to link the hydrophobic and the DNA-binding domains. We conducted this study to probe the effects of structural modifications around pentaerythritol as a linker on transfection activity and cell viability. We compared polyamines against commercial lipid reagents using luciferase and green fluorescent protein transfection assays in both CHO and NIH3T3 cells. Measurement of transfection activity and cytotoxicity using flow cytometry showed that the more active polyamine analogs exhibited activities comparable to LipofectAMINE PLUS and TransFast. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that all the pentaerythritol-based polyamines were uniformly nontoxic, whereas transfection activity was dependent on headgroup and sidechain composition. These results demonstrate that pentaerythritol is a useful core material for the development of active, nontoxic transfection agents.
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Roosjen A, Šmisterová J, Driessen C, Anders J, Wagenaar A, Hoekstra D, Hulst R, Engberts J. Synthesis and Characteristics of Biodegradable Pyridinium Amphiphiles Used for in vitro DNA Delivery. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200204)2002:7<1271::aid-ejoc1271>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yoshimura T, Hasegawa S, Hirashima N, Nakanishi M, Ohwada T. Anchoring and bola cationic amphiphiles for nucleotide delivery. Effects of orientation and extension of hydrophobic regions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2897-901. [PMID: 11677122 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel cationic amphiphiles, based on lithocholic acid derivatives with two structural motifs, anchoring lipids and bola lipids, were designed and synthesized. Both bear extended hydrophobic space-filling substituents. A significant effect of the orientation and extension of hydrophobic regions around the ether linkage at the 3-position was found on the efficiency of DNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Isobe H, Sugiyama S, Fukui Ki KI, Iwasawa Y, Nakamura E. Atomic Force Microscope Studies on Condensation of Plasmid DNA with Functionalized Fullerenes This research was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:3364-3367. [PMID: 11592139 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010917)40:18<3364::aid-anie3364>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan)
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