1
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Mo BR, Wu JY, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Metal-Carbon Bond Heterolysis Energy Scale for Model Palladium Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:18924-18932. [PMID: 39327997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Thermodynamic studies of transition-metal intermediates are crucial for understanding of metal-catalyzed transformations. Herein, a series of arylpalladium cyanomethanides were synthesized and characterized. Their palladium-carbon bond heterolysis energies (ΔGhet(Pd-C)) were determined in DMSO for the first time by equilibrium methods. ΔGhet(Pd-C) values of 7.9-19.1 kcal/mol, located between the ΔGhet(Pd-O) and ΔGhet(Pd-N) scales previously established, are much smaller than the corresponding ΔGhet(C-H)s of phenylacetonitrile (30.0 kcal/mol). Linear free energy relationship (LEFR) analysis reveals insights into the structure-property relationship and the factor dictating the thermodynamics of metalation. These ΔGhet(Pd-X)s in combination with ΔGhet(X-H)s are successfully used to diagnose the reaction feasibility and selectivity of X-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Rui Mo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun-Yan Wu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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2
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Hale LVA, Sikes NM, Szymczak NK. Reductive C-C Coupling from α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles by Intercepting Keteniminates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8531-8535. [PMID: 31016843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present an atom-economic strategy to catalytically generate and intercept nitrile anion equivalents using hydrogen transfer catalysis. Addition of α,β-unsaturated nitriles to a pincer-based Ru-H complex affords structurally characterized κ-N-coordinated keteniminates by selective 1,4-hydride transfer. When generated in situ under catalytic hydrogenation conditions, electrophilic addition to the keteniminate was achieved using anhydrides to provide α-cyanoacetates in high yields. This work represents a new application of hydrogen transfer catalysis using α,β-unsaturated nitriles for reductive C-C coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian V A Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - N Marianne Sikes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nathaniel K Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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3
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Hale LVA, Sikes NM, Szymczak NK. Reductive C−C Coupling from α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles by Intercepting Keteniminates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian V. A. Hale
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - N. Marianne Sikes
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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4
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Bissember AC, Gardiner MG, Wierenga TS. α-Cyanocarbanion complexes and their application in synthesis. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Arai T, Sato K, Nakamura A, Makino H, Masu H. Dinuclear PhosphoiminoBINOL-Pd Container for Malononitrile: Catalytic Asymmetric Double Mannich Reaction for Chiral 1,3-Diamine Synthesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:837. [PMID: 29339816 PMCID: PMC5770441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphoiminoBINOL ligand was designed to form a dinuclear metal complex that could hold a malononitrile molecule. The dinuclear bis(phosphoimino)binaphthoxy-Pd2(OAc)2 complex catalyzed a double Mannich reaction of N-Boc-imines with malononitrile to give chiral 1,3-diamines with high enantioselectivity. The rational asymmetric catalyst, which smoothly introduces the first coupling product to the second coupling reaction while avoiding the reverse reaction, facilitates the over-reaction into a productive reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Arai
- Soft Molecular Activation Research Center (SMARC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan. .,Molecular Chirality Research Center (MCRC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Soft Molecular Activation Research Center (SMARC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center (MCRC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ayu Nakamura
- Soft Molecular Activation Research Center (SMARC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center (MCRC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Makino
- Soft Molecular Activation Research Center (SMARC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center (MCRC), Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hyuma Masu
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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6
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Yang X, Fleming FF. C- and N-Metalated Nitriles: The Relationship between Structure and Selectivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2556-2568. [PMID: 28930437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Metalated nitriles are exceptional nucleophiles capable of forging highly hindered stereocenters in cases where enolates are unreactive. The excellent nucleophilicity emanates from the powerful inductive stabilization of adjacent negative charge by the nitrile, which has a miniscule steric demand. Inductive stabilization is the key to understanding the reactivity of metalated nitriles because this permits a continuum of structures that range from N-metalated ketenimines to nitrile anions. Solution and solid-state analyses reveal two different metal coordination sites, the formally anionic carbon and the nitrile nitrogen, with the site of metalation depending intimately on the solvent, counterion, temperature, and ligands. The most commonly encountered structures, C- and N-metalated nitriles, have either sp3 or sp2 hybridization at the nucleophilic carbon, which essentially translates into two distinct organometallic species with similar but nonidentical stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, and reactivity preferences. The hybridization differences are particularly important in SNi displacements of cyclic nitriles because the orbital orientations create very precise trajectories that control the cyclization selectivity. Harnessing the orbital differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles allows selective cyclization to afford nitrile-containing cis- or trans-hydrindanes, decalins, or bicyclo[5.4.0]undecanes. Similar orbital constraints favor preferential SNi displacements with allylic electrophiles on sp3 centers over sp2 centers. The strategy permits stereoselective displacements on secondary centers to set contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereocenters or even contiguous vicinal quaternary centers. Stereoselective alkylations of acyclic nitriles are inherently more challenging because of the difficulty in creating steric differentiation in a dynamic system with rotatable bonds. However, judicious substituent placement of vicinal dimethyl groups and a trisubstituted alkene sufficiently constrains C- and N-metalated nitriles to install quaternary stereocenters with excellent 1,2-induction. The structural differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles permit a rare series of chemoselective alkylations with bifunctional electrophiles. C-Magnesiated nitriles preferentially react with carbonyl electrophiles, whereas N-lithiated nitriles favor SN2 displacement of alkyl halides. The chemoselective alkylations potentially provide a strategy for late-stage alkylations of polyfunctional electrophiles en route to bioactive targets. In this Account, the bonding of metalated nitriles is summarized as a prelude to the different strategies for selectively preparing C- and N-metalated nitriles. With this background, the Account then transitions to applications in which C- or N-metalated nitriles allow complementary diastereoselectivity in alkylations and arylations, and regioselective alkylations and arylations, with acyclic and cyclic nitriles. In the latter sections, a series of regiodivergent cyclizations are described that provide access to cis- and trans-hydrindanes and decalins, structural motifs embedded within a plethora of natural products. The last section describes chemoselective alkylations and acylations of C- and N-metalated nitriles that offer the tantalizing possibility of selectively manipulating functional groups in bioactive medicinal leads without recourse to protecting groups. Collectively, the unusual reactivity profiles of C- and N-metalated nitriles provide new strategies for rapidly and selectively accessing valuable synthetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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7
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Chakraborty S, Das UK, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Manganese Catalyzed α-Olefination of Nitriles by Primary Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11710-11713. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Chakraborty
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Uttam Kumar Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yehoshoa Ben-David
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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8
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Nerush A, Vogt M, Gellrich U, Leitus G, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Template Catalysis by Metal–Ligand Cooperation. C–C Bond Formation via Conjugate Addition of Non-activated Nitriles under Mild, Base-free Conditions Catalyzed by a Manganese Pincer Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6985-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Vogt
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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9
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Chu XQ, Xing ZH, Meng H, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Copper-mediated radical alkylarylation of unactivated alkenes with acetonitrile leading to fluorenes and pyrroloindoles. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A Cu-mediated/catalyzed selective oxidative dual C–H bond cleavage of an arene and alkylnitrile or acetone is reported. This method provides an alternative method for designing new pharmaceutical frameworks and photoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Zhen-Hua Xing
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Hua Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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10
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Murahashi SI. Development of biomimetic catalytic oxidation methods and non-salt methods using transition metal-based acid and base ambiphilic catalysts. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:242-253. [PMID: 21558760 PMCID: PMC3165902 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of ruthenium and flavin catalysts for environmentally benign oxidation reactions based on mimicking the functions of cytochrome P-450 and flavoenzymes, and low valent transition-metal catalysts that replace conventional acids and bases. Several new concepts and new types of catalytic reactions based on these concepts are described. (Communicated by Ryoji Noyori, M.J.A.).
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11
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Yazaki R, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Allyl Cyanide to Ketones via Soft Lewis Acid/Hard Brønsted Base/Hard Lewis Base Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5522-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101687p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Takaya H, Ito M, Murahashi SI. Rhenium-Catalyzed Addition of Carbonyl Compounds to the Carbon−Nitrogen Triple Bonds of Nitriles: α-C−H Activation of Carbonyl Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10824-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9036669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, 1-3, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho 1-1, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, 1-3, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho 1-1, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Murahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, 1-3, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho 1-1, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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13
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Guo Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Murahashi SI. Iridium-Catalyzed Reactions of Trifluoromethylated Compounds with Alkenes: A Csp3H Bond Activation α to the Trifluoromethyl Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2047-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Guo Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Murahashi SI. Iridium-Catalyzed Reactions of Trifluoromethylated Compounds with Alkenes: A Csp3H Bond Activation α to the Trifluoromethyl Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Fleming FF, Gudipati S. Cyclic Metalated Nitriles: Stereoselective Cyclizations to cis- and trans-Hydrindanes, Decalins, and Bicyclo[4.3.0]undecanes. European J Org Chem 2008; 2008:10.1002/ejoc.200800715. [PMID: 24260015 PMCID: PMC3831376 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metalated nitriles are nucleophilic chameleons whose precise identity is determined by the nature of the metal, the solvent, the temperature, and the structure of the nitrile. The review surveys the different structural types and their cyclization trajectories to show how to selectively tune the metalated nitrile geometry for stereoselective cyclizations to a variety of cis or trans hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo[4.3.0]undecanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mellon Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Subramanyham Gudipati
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, N.J. 07033-0530, USA Fax: +1-908-740-7441
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16
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Fleming FF, Wei Y, Liu W, Zhang Z. Metalated Nitriles: Stereodivergent Cation-Controlled Cyclizations1. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:7477-7488. [PMID: 19657380 PMCID: PMC2597827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stereodivergent cyclizations of gamma-hydroxy cyclohexanecarbonitriles are controlled simply through judicious choice of cation in the alkylmetal base. Deprotonating a series of cyclic gamma-hydroxy nitriles with i-PrMgBr generates C-magnesiated nitriles that cyclize under stereoelectronic control to cis-fused hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo [5.4.0] undecanes. An analogous deprotonation with BuLi triggers cyclization to trans-fused hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo [5.4.0] undecanes consistent with a sterically controlled electrophilic attack on an equatorial nitrile anion. Using cations to control the geometry of metalated nitriles provides a versatile, stereodivergent cyclization to cis- and trans-hydrindanes, decalins, and [5. 4. 0] undecanes, and reveals the key geometric requirements for intramolecular S(N)2 and S(N)2' displacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
| | - Yunjing Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
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17
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Fleming FF, Liu W, Ghosh S, Steward OW. Metalated Nitriles: Internal 1,2-Asymmetric Induction. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2803-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530
| | - Somraj Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530
| | - Omar W. Steward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530
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18
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Naota T, Tannna A, Kamuro S, Hieda M, Ogata K, Murahashi SI, Takaya H. SwitchableC- andN-Bound Isomers of Transition-Metal Cyanocarbanions: Synthesis and Interconversions of Cyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Complexes of Phenylsulfonylacetonitrile Anions. Chemistry 2008; 14:2482-98. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Fleming FF, Vu VA, Shook BC, Rahman M, Steward OW. Metalated Nitriles: Chelation-Controlled Cyclizations to cis and trans Hydrindanes and Decalins. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1431-6. [PMID: 17249734 DOI: 10.1021/jo062270r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chelation provides a powerful means of stereocontrol in alkylations of metalated nitriles. Doubly deprotonating a series of cyclic beta-hydroxynitriles triggers cyclizations that implicate metalated nitrile intermediates having configurations imposed by chelation with an adjacent, chiral lithium alkoxide. Identifying chelation as a general stereocontrol element explains several previously anomalous alkylations of metalated nitriles and provides a potential solution to the long-standing difficulty of synthesizing trans-hydrindanes. Employing chelation to control the metalated nitrile geometry permits selective cyclizations to cis and trans hydrindanes and decalins and provides key insight into the geometrical requirements of these demanding cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA.
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20
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Koike T, Ikariya T. Synthesis and properties of alkylruthenium complexes bearing primary and secondary amine ligands. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Fleming FF, Zhang Z, Wei G, Steward OW. C-metalated nitriles: electrophile-dependent alkylations and acylations. J Org Chem 2006; 71:1430-5. [PMID: 16468790 PMCID: PMC1896272 DOI: 10.1021/jo052102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sequential carbonyl addition-conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to 3-oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carbonitrile generates C-magnesiated nitriles whose alkylation stereoselectivities intimately depend on the nature of the electrophile. The alkylation of these C-magnesiated nitriles with alkyl halides, sulfonates, and unstrained ketones occurs with the retention of the C-Mg configuration, whereas aldehyde and acyl cyanide acylations proceed with inversion of the stereochemistry. Mechanistic probes indicate that the stereoselectivity is controlled by stereoelectronic effects for most electrophiles, except allylic, benzylic, and cyclopropyl halides where single-electron-transfer processes intervene. Screening numerous alkylations of C-magnesiated nitriles with a diverse range of electrophiles reveals the reaction scope and delineates the fundamental stereoelectronic effects responsible for the highly unusual electrophile-dependent alkylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, USA.
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22
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Carmona D, Ferrer J, Lorenzo M, Lahoz FJ, Dobrinovitch IT, Oro LA. Synthesis and Characterisation of New Iridium Complexes with the (4S)-2-[2-(Diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl]-4-isopropyl-1,3-oxazoline Ligand That Catalyse Asymmetric Michael Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Fleming FF, Gudipati S, Zhang Z, Liu W, Steward OW. Cyclic Nitriles: Diastereoselective Alkylations. J Org Chem 2005; 70:3845-9. [PMID: 15876069 DOI: 10.1021/jo0501184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Diastereoselective alkylations of metalated conformationally locked 4-tert-butylcyclohexanecarbonitrile are highly diastereoselective with magnesium and copper counterions but only modestly diastereoselective with lithium as the counterion. Selective generation of diverse metalated nitriles is readily achieved through bromine-magnesium, -copper, and -lithium exchange reactions of the corresponding bromonitrile or, for lithium, by deprotonating the parent nitrile with lithium diethylamide. Collectively, high alkylation stereoselectivities correlate with the retentive alkylations of C-metalated nitriles, whereas N-lithiated nitriles alkylate with modest selectivity, reflecting minimal steric differences in the corresponding axial and equatorial electrophile trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, USA.
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Fleming FF, Zhang Z, Liu W, Knochel P. Metalated Nitriles: Organolithium, -magnesium, and -copper Exchange of α-Halonitriles. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2200-5. [PMID: 15760206 DOI: 10.1021/jo047877r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] alpha-Halonitriles react with alkyllithium, organomagnesium, and lithium dimethylcuprate reagents generating reactive, metalated nitriles. The rapid halogen-metal exchange with alkyllithium and Grignard reagents allows selective exchange in the presence of reactive carbonyl electrophiles, including aldehydes, providing a high-yielding alkylation protocol. Lithiated and magnesiated nitriles react with propargyl bromide by S(N)2 displacement whereas organocopper nitriles react by S(N)2' displacement, correlating with the formation of a C-metalated nitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, USA.
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Wu F, Foley SR, Burns CT, Jordan RF. Acrylonitrile Insertion Reactions of Cationic Palladium Alkyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:1841-53. [PMID: 15701020 DOI: 10.1021/ja044122t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of acrylonitrile (AN) with "L(2)PdMe+" species were investigated; (L(2) = CH(2)(N-Me-imidazol-2-yl)(2) (a, bim), (p-tolyl)(3)CCH(N-Me-imidazol-2-yl)(2) (b, Tbim), CH(2)(5-Me-2-pyridyl)(2) (c, CH(2)py'(2)), 4,4'-Me(2)-2,2'-bipyridine (d), 4,4'-(t)Bu(2)-2,2'-bipyridine (e), (2,6-(i)Pr(2)-C(6)H(3))N=CMeCMe=N(2,6-(i)Pr(2)-C(6)H(3)) (f)). [L(2)PdMe(NMe(2)Ph)][B(C(6)F(5))(4)] (2a-c) and [{L(2)PdMe}(2)(mu-Cl)][B(C(6)F(5))(4)] (2d-f) react with AN to form N-bound adducts L(2)Pd(Me)(NCCH=CH(2))(+) (3a-f). 3a-e undergo 2,1 insertion to yield L(2)Pd{CH(CN)Et}+, which form aggregates [L(2)Pd{CH(CN)Et}](n)(n)(+) (n = 1-3, 4a-e) in which the Pd units are proposed to be linked by PdCHEtCN- - -Pd bridges. 3f does not insert AN at 23 degrees C. 4a-e were characterized by NMR, ESI-MS, IR and derivatization to L(2)Pd{CH(CN)Et}(PR(3))+ (R = Ph (5a-e), Me (6a-c)). 4a,b react with CO to form L(2)Pd{CH(CN)Et}(CO)+ (7a,b). 7a reacts with CO by slow reversible insertion to yield (bim)Pd{C(=O)CH(CN)Et}(CO)+ (8a). 4a-e do not react with ethylene. (Tbim)PdMe+ coordinates AN more weakly than ethylene, and AN insertion of 3b is slower than ethylene insertion of (Tbim)Pd(Me)(CH(2)=CH(2))(+) (10b). These results show that most important obstacles to insertion polymerization or copolymerization of AN using L(2)PdR+ catalysts are the tendency of L(2)Pd{CH(CN)CH(2)R}+ species to aggregate, which competes with monomer coordination, and the low insertion reactivity of L(2)Pd{CH(CN)CH(2)R}(substrate)+ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Some ruthenium complexes containing cyanocarbon ligands: syntheses, structures and extent of electronic communication in binuclear systems. J Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Culkin DA, Hartwig JF. Carbon−Carbon Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination from Arylpalladium Complexes Containing Functionalized Alkyl Groups. Influence of Ligand Steric and Electronic Properties on Structure, Stability, and Reactivity. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049726k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy A. Culkin
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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Culkin DA, Hartwig JF. Palladium-catalyzed alpha-arylation of carbonyl compounds and nitriles. Acc Chem Res 2003; 36:234-45. [PMID: 12693921 DOI: 10.1021/ar0201106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed alpha-arylation of ketones has become a useful and general synthetic method. In this process, an enolate is generated from a ketone and base in the presence of an aryl halide, and a palladium catalyst couples this enolate with the aryl halide. With the advent of new catalysts composed of sterically hindered, electron-rich alkylphosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, this process now encompasses a broad range of enolates and related anions, including those derived from amides, esters, aldehydes, nitriles, malonates, cyanoesters, nitroalkanes, sulfones, and lactones. In the proposed mechanism for this reaction, the carbon-carbon bond of the product is formed by reductive elimination from an arylpalladium enolate intermediate. The structures and reactions of arylpalladium complexes of enolate, cyanoalkyl, and malonate ions have been studied to determine how the binding mode and electronic and steric parameters influence the rate and mechanism of reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy A Culkin
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
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Naota T, Tannna A, Kamuro S, Murahashi SI. Mechanism of the interconversions between C- and N-bound transition metal alpha-cyanocarbanions. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:6842-3. [PMID: 12059202 DOI: 10.1021/ja017868p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first presentation of the intra- and intermolecular mechanisms of the C-N interconversions of transition metal alpha-cyanocarbanions is described. A pair of N- and C-bound isomers of isonitrile complex Ru+Cp(NCCH-SO2Ph)(PPh3)(CN-t-Bu) (1) and RuCp[CH(CN)SO2Ph](PPh3)(CN-t-Bu) (2) was synthesized for the mechanistic studies on the N-to-C isomerizations. Structural characterization by X-ray diffractions of 1 and 2 indicated their typical zwitterionic and alpha-metalated structures. The kinetic studies on the irreversible isomerization of 1 to 2 in benzene-d6 at 333-348 K were carried out using 1H NMR spectroscopy, affording the first-order rate constants k1 and the activation parameters DeltaH = 107 +/- 2 kJ.mol-1 and DeltaS = -22 +/- 5 J.K-1.mol-1. The almost identical values of k1 were obtained upon similar treatment of 1 with 4 equiv of external ligands such as PPh3, CH3CN, and t-BuNC at 333 K, indicating that the N-to-C isomerization proceeds in an intramolecular manner without dissociation of a ligand. As a model system for the C-to-N isomerization, the irreversible transformation of RuCp[CH(CN)SO2Ph](PPh3)2 (3) to Ru+Cp(NCCH-SO2Ph)(PPh3)2 (4) was investigated under various reaction conditions. The reaction of 3 at room temperature in THF affords the coordination dimers (RRu*,SC*,RRu*,SC*)-{RuCp[CH(CN)SO2Ph](PPh3)}2 (5) stereoselectively, and its distorted mu2-C,N-bound structure was determined by X-ray analysis. The reaction profiles for the isomerization of 3 includes the generation- and temperature-dependent decays of dimeric species 5 and its diastereomer 6, which strongly suggests that the intra- and intermolecular pathways are included in the C-to-N isomerization. The intramolecular process of the C-to-N isomerization of 3 has been confirmed by the kinetic studies on the isomerization of 3 with excess amount of PPh3 in benzene-d6 at 333-348 K which afford the first-order kinetics with the activation parameters of DeltaH = 121 +/- 1 kJ.mol-1 and DeltaS = 42 +/- 4 J.K-1.mol-1. Treatment of 5 with PPh3 in boiling benzene gives rise to the quantitative formation of N-bound complex 4. The controlled kinetic experiments on the cleavage of 5 with PPh3 have concluded that the cleavage of 5 with PPh3 proceeds via simultaneous C-Ru and N-Ru bond scissions, indicating the temperature-dependent participation of intermolecular process in the C-to-N isomerization of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Naota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation.
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Henderson KW, Kennedy AR, MacDougall DJ, Shanks D. Solid-State and Theoretical Model Structures of Monolithiated (Organosulfonyl)acetonitriles and the Characterization and Reactivity of Their Geminated Dilithio Derivatives. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om0107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Henderson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Dugald J. MacDougall
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - David Shanks
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
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Murata K, Konishi H, Ito M, Ikariya T. Deprotonation of Organic Compounds Bearing Acid Protons Promoted by Metal Amido Complexes with Chiral Diamine Ligands Leading to New Organometallic Compounds. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om010874+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kujime M, Hikichi S, Akita M. N/O- and C-Bound (Enolato)palladium Complexes with Hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borato Ligands (TpR: R = iPr2, Me2) Obtained via Dehydrative Condensation between the Hydroxo Complexes TpRPd(Py)OH and Active Methylene Compounds: Factors Determining the Isomer Distribution and Dimerization of Cyano Compounds. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om010448o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kujime
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shiro Hikichi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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