1
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Somani A, Gupta D, Bettinger HF. Computational Studies of Dimerization of [ n]-Cyclacenes. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6847-6852. [PMID: 39133933 PMCID: PMC11345815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Cyclacenes, C4nH2n, consist of n linearly fused benzene rings that are arranged to result in a closed nanohoop structure. Cyclacenes are thus the cyclic versions of acenes and have so far escaped synthesis. In order to estimate the tendency of [n]-cyclacenes (6 ≤ n ≤ 20) to undergo dimerization, which is assumed to be a major pathway of degradation under oxygen-free conditions, we here report the energy of dimerization as computed by density functional theory using spin-restricted, spin-unrestricted, and thermally assisted-occupation (TAO) formalisms. It is found that the energy of dimerization increases with increasing size of n but that this increase is not monotonic for the smaller members of the series. This is due to the combination of the cryptoannulenic effect and the inherent strain of the cyclacenes. The energy of dimerization of the largest member inspected, [20]-cyclacene, is -59.3 kcal/mol, while we expect it to converge to -46 kcal/mol for n → ∞ based on comparison with data obtained for acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Somani
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Divanshu Gupta
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Holger F. Bettinger
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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2
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Fan G, Zhang Z, Wang G, Shao L, Hua B, Huang F. Construction of hydrocarbon belts based on macrocyclic arenes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10713-10723. [PMID: 39027271 PMCID: PMC11253164 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrocarbon belts have garnered significant attention due to their intriguing structures, unique properties, and potential applications in supramolecular chemistry and materials science. However, their highly inherently strained structures pose challenges in their synthesis, and the resulting tedious synthesis strategies hinder their large-scale applications. Utilizing unstrained macrocyclic arenes as precursors presents an efficient strategy, allowing for a strain-induction step that mitigates the energy barrier associated with building strain in the formation of these belts. Accessible unstrained macrocyclic precursors play a pivotal role in enabling efficient and large-scale syntheses of highly strained belts, facilitating their broader practical applications. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements in the construction of hydrocarbon belts using accessible macrocyclic arenes as building blocks. The synthetic strategies for these partially and fully conjugated hydrocarbon belts are discussed, along with their unique properties. We hope that this review will inspire the development of novel nanocarbon molecules, opening pathways for emerging areas and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtan Fan
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 311215 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 311215 P. R. China
| | - Guangguo Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 311215 P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Bin Hua
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 311215 P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 311215 P. R. China
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3
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Fan Y, He J, Guo S, Jiang H. Host-Guest Chemistry in Binary and Ternary Complexes Utilizing π-Conjugated Carbon Nanorings. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300536. [PMID: 38123532 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The carbon nanorings, possessing a radial π system, have garnered significant attention primarily due to their size-dependent photophysical properties and the presence of a unique curved π-conjugated cavity. This is evidenced by the rapid proliferation of publications. Furthermore, the integration of building blocks into CPP skeletons can confer [n]CPPs with novel and exceptional photophysical and electronic characteristics, as well as chiral properties and host-guest interactions, thereby augmenting the diversity of [n]CPPs. Notably, the curved π surface structures and concave cavity of carbon nanorings enable them to host aromatic or non-aromatic guests with a complementarily curved surface, resulting in interesting binary or ternary complexes. This review provides a comprehensive treatment of literature reports on binary and ternary complexes, focusing on both their host-guest interactions and properties. It is important to note that the scope of this review is limited to host-guest chemistry in binary and ternary complexes based on π-conjugated carbon nanorings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Fan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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4
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Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. How to Stabilize Large Soluble (Hetero-)Acenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16937-16949. [PMID: 38862130 PMCID: PMC11212629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The higher acenes and azaacenes (>(aza)heptacenes) are fascinating, yet elusive materials. Their reactivity and sensitivity increases concomitantly with their size. In recent years, confinement techniques, that is isolation of acenes in matrices and on surfaces, has surpassed solution-based chemistry with respect to accessing the larger (hetero)acenes at the price of the accessibility of no more than a couple thousands of molecules. Isolating acenes in bulk quantities and in processable form is vital for applications in organic electronics as well as from a viewpoint from basic research. In this Perspective, we will discuss after a short historical outline their degradation pathways, and then will selectively highlight recent efforts in stabilizing soluble (aza)acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Dong S, Han Y, Tong Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li A, Gopalakrishna TY, Tian H, Chi C. Facile synthesis and characterization of aza-bridged all-benzenoid quinoidal figure-eight and cage molecules. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9087-9095. [PMID: 38903229 PMCID: PMC11186326 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of conjugated compounds with unusual shape-persistent structures remains a challenge. Herein, utilizing thermodynamically reversible intermolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation, a dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) reaction, we facilely synthesized a figure-eight shaped macrocycle FEM and cage molecules CATPA/CACz. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed the chemical geometries of tetracation FEM4+(PF6 -)4 and hexacation CACz6+(SbF6 -)6. FEM and CATPA displayed higher photoluminescence quantum yield in solid states compared to that in solution, whereas CACz gave the reverse result. DFT calculations showed that fluorescence-related frontier molecular orbital profiles are mainly localized on their arms consisting of a p-quinodimethane (p-QDM) unit and two benzene rings of triphenylamine or carbazole. Owing to their space-confined structures, variable-temperature 1H NMR measurements showed that FEM, CATPA and FEM4+ have intramolecular restricted motion of phenyl rings on their chromophore arms. Accordingly, FEM and CATPA with flexible triphenylamine subunits displayed aggregation-induced emission behavior (AIE), whereas CACz with a rigid carbazole subunits structure showed no AIE behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Dong
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Zekun Tong
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yishan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Aisen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | | | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 China
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
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6
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Han Y, Guo WC, Du XS, Chen CF. Synthesis and properties of an O-doped aromatic belt. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5719-5722. [PMID: 38742271 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01667j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A new macrocyclic arene, dibenzofuran[3]arene, was synthesized, which could be conveniently transformed to an O-doped aromatic belt with a rigid ring-shaped structure and deep cavity. Moreover, the O-doped aromatic belt also showed a high HOMO energy and a narrow HOMO-LUMO gap experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wei-Chen Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Du K, Wang Y. Generalized kekulenes and clarenes as novel families of cycloarenes: structures, stability, and spectroscopic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7877-7889. [PMID: 38376476 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cycloarenes constitute a captivating class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with unique structures and properties, but their synthesis represents a challenging task in organic chemistry. Kekulenes and edge-extended kekulenes as classic types of cycloarenes play an important role in the comprehension of π electron distribution, but their sparse molecular diversity considerably limits their further development and application. In this work, we propose two novel classes of cycloarenes, the generalized kekulenes and the clarenes. Using density functional theory, we carry out a comprehensive study of all possible isomers of the generalized kekulenes and clarenes with different sizes. By applying a simple Hückel model, we show that π delocalization plays a crucial role in determining the relative stability of isomers. We also discover that π-π stacking is commonly present in certain larger clarenes and provides a considerable additional stabilization effect, making the corresponding isomers the lowest-energy ones. Among all considered typical looped polyarenes, generalized kekulenes and/or clarenes are revealed to be the energetically most stable forms, suggesting that these novel cycloarenes proposed here would be viable targets for future synthetic work. The simulated 1H NMR spectra and UV-vis absorption spectra provide valuable information about the electronic and optoelectronic properties for the most stable generalized kekulene and clarene species and may support their identification in future synthesis and experimental characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Du K. Enumeration, Nomenclature, and Stability Rules of Carbon Nanobelts. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:1261-1276. [PMID: 38327033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
With recent breakthroughs and advances in synthetic chemistry, carbon nanobelts (CNBs) have become an emerging hot topic in chemistry and materials science. Owing to their unique molecular structures, CNBs have intriguing properties with applications in synthetic materials, host-guest chemistry, optoelectronics, and so on. Although a considerable number of CNBs with diverse forms have been synthesized, no systematic nomenclature is available yet for this important family of macrocycles. Moreover, little is known about the detailed isomerism of CNBs, which, in fact, exhibits greater complexity than that of carbon nanotubes. The copious variety of CNB isomers, along with the underlying structure-property relationships, bears fundamental relevance to the ongoing design and synthesis of novel nanobelts. In this paper, we propose an elegant approach to systematically enumerate, classify, and name all possible isomers of CNBs. Besides the simplest, standard CNBs defined by chiral indices (n, m), the nonstandard CNBs (n, m, l) involve an additional winding index l. Based on extensive quantum chemical calculations, we present a comprehensive study of the relative isomer stability of CNBs containing up to 30 rings. A simple Hückel-based model with a high predictive power reveals that the relative stability of standard CNBs is governed by the π stabilization and the strain destabilization induced by the cylindrical carbon framework, and the former effect prevails over the latter. For nonstandard CNBs, a third stability factor, the H···H repulsion in the benzo[c]phenanthrene-like motifs, is also shown to be important and can be incorporated into the simple quantitative model. In general, lower-energy CNB isomers have a larger HOMO-LUMO gap, suggesting that their thermodynamic stability coincides with kinetic stability. The most stable CNB isomers determined can be considered the optimal targets for future synthesis. These results lay an initial foundation and provide a useful theoretical tool for further research on CNBs and related analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Ke Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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9
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Wang MW, Fan W, Li X, Liu Y, Li Z, Jiang W, Wu J, Wang Z. Molecular Carbons: How Far Can We Go? ACS NANO 2023; 17:20734-20752. [PMID: 37889626 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The creation and development of carbon nanomaterials promoted material science significantly. Bottom-up synthesis has emerged as an efficient strategy to synthesize atomically precise carbon nanomaterials, namely, molecular carbons, with various sizes and topologies. Different from the properties of the feasibly obtained mixture of carbon nanomaterials, numerous properties of single-component molecular carbons have been discovered owing to their well-defined structures as well as potential applications in various fields. This Perspective introduces recent advances in molecular carbons derived from fullerene, graphene, carbon nanotube, carbyne, graphyne, and Schwarzite carbon acquired with different synthesis strategies. By selecting a variety of representative examples, we elaborate on the relationship between molecular carbons and carbon nanomaterials. We hope these multiple points of view presented may facilitate further advancement in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zuoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Dong M, Qi W, Sun G, Xu K, Ma Y, Lv JF, Zhao L, Zhang ZY, Li C. Synthesis of a water-soluble naphthalene-based macrocycle and its host-guest properties. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6926-6931. [PMID: 37578205 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00338h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is the synthesis of a naphthalene-based macrocycle bearing anionic carboxylato groups on the rims along with its complexation with cationic guests in aqueous media. The macrocycle could strongly bind guests in a molecular clip model with association constants of 106-107 M-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Wanru Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Guang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Kaidi Xu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Jing-Fang Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Liya Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Chunju Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
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11
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Han XN, Han Y, Chen CF. Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of macrocyclic arenes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3265-3298. [PMID: 37083011 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic arenes including calixarenes, resorcinarenes, cyclotriveratrylene, pillararenes and so on have emerged as highly attractive synthetic macrocyclic hosts due to their unique structures, facile functionalization, and broad range of applications. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of novel macrocyclic arenes composed of various aromatic building blocks bridged by methylene groups, which have found applications in various research areas. Consequently, the development of novel macrocyclic arenes has become a frontier and hot topic in supramolecular and macrocyclic chemistry. In this review, we feature the recent advances in the synthesis and applications of novel macrocyclic arenes that have emerged in the last decade. The general synthetic strategies employed for these macrocyclic arenes are systematically summarized, and their wide applications in molecular recognition and assemblies, molecular machines, biomedical science and functional materials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ni Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Impact of Di- and Poly-Radical Characters on the Relative
Energy of the Doubly Excited and La States of Linear Acenes and Cyclacenes. CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry5010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear and cyclic acenes are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that can be viewed as building blocks of graphene nanoribbons and carbon nanotubes, respectively. While short linear acenes demonstrated remarkable efficiency in several optoelectronic applications, the longer members are unstable and difficult to synthesize as their cyclic counterparts. Recent progress in on-surface synthesis, a powerful tool to prepare highly reactive species, opens promising perspectives and motivates the computational investigations of these potentially functional molecules. Owing to their di- and poly-radical character, low-lying excited states dominated by doubly excited configurations are expected to become more important for longer members of both linear and cyclic molecules. In this work, we investigate the lowest-lying La and the doubly excited (DE) state of linear acenes and cyclacenes, with different computational approaches, to assess the influence of the di-/poly-radical characters (increasing with the molecular dimensions) on their relative order. We show that DFT/MRCI calculations correctly reproduce the crossing of the two states for longer linear acenes, while TDUDFT calculations fail to predict the correct excitation energy trend of the DE state. The study suggests a similarity in the excited electronic state pattern of long linear and cyclic acenes leading ultimately to a lowest lying dark DE state for both.
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13
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Lin J, Wang S, Zhang F, Yang B, Du P, Chen C, Zang Y, Zhu D. Highly efficient charge transport across carbon nanobelts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade4692. [PMID: 36563157 PMCID: PMC9788781 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanobelts (CNBs) are a new form of nanocarbon that has promising applications in optoelectronics due to their unique belt-shaped π-conjugated systems. Recent synthetic breakthrough has led to the access to various CNBs, but their optoelectronic properties have not been explored yet. In this work, we study the electronic transport performance of a series of CNBs by incorporating them into molecular devices using the scanning tunneling microscope break junction technique. We show that, by tuning the bridging groups between the adjacent benzenes in the CNBs, we can achieve remarkably high conductance close to 0.1 G0, nearly one order of magnitude higher than their nanoring counterpart cycloparaphenylene. Density functional theory-based calculations further elucidate the crucial role of the structural distortion played in facilitating the unique radial π-electron delocalization and charge transport across the belt-shaped carbon skeletons. These results develop a basic understanding of electronic transport properties of CNBs and lay the foundation for further exploration of CNB-based optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuanfeng Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaping Zang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Liu Z, Zhou Y, Yuan L. Hydrogen-bonded aromatic amide macrocycles: synthesis, properties and functions. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9023-9051. [PMID: 36128982 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01263d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a classic example of nearly planar cyclic compounds, hydrogen-bonded aromatic amide (H-bonded aramide) macrocycles, consisting of consecutive intramolecular hydrogen bonds and aromatic residues, receive considerable research attention due to their rich host-guest chemistry. This review provides a detailed summary of the synthesis, properties and functions of H-bonded aramide macrocycles and their derivatives. Herein, the constitutional patterns of these macrocycles are divided into two subcategories: interior hydrogen bonding motifs and exterior hydrogen bonding motifs. Based on these two motifs, we summarize the facile synthesis, self-assembly, host-guest interaction complexation of H-bonded aramide macrocycles and the resulting applications such as molecular recognition, artificial ion channels, soft materials, supramolecular catalysis, and artificial molecular machines. The development of H-bonded aramide macrocycles is still in its infancy, although a considerable number of examples have been reported. We hope that this review will provide useful information and unlock new opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejiang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yidan Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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15
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Su F, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Li Z, Lu S, Zhang M, Fang F, Kang S, Guo C, Su C, Yu X, Wang H, Li X. Precise Synthesis of Concentric Ring, Helicoid, and Ladder Metallo-Polymers with Chevron-Shaped Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16559-16571. [PMID: 35998652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular geometry represents one of the most important structural features and governs physical properties and functions of materials. Nature creates a wide array of substances with distinct geometries but similar chemical composition with superior efficiency and precision. However, it remains a formidable challenge to construct abiological macromolecules with various geometries based on identical repeating units, owing to the lack of corresponding synthetic approaches for precisely manipulating the connectivity between monomers and feasible techniques for characterizing macromolecules at the single-molecule level. Herein, we design and synthesize a series of tetratopic monomers with chevron stripe shape which serve as the key precursors to produce four distinct types of metallo-macromolecules with well-defined geometries, viz., the concentric hexagon, helicoid polymer, ladder polymer, and cross-linked polymer, via platinum-acetylide couplings. Concentric hexagon, helicoid, and ladder metallo-polymers are directly visualized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ultra-high-vacuum low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at the single-molecule level. Finally, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are selected as the guest to investigate the structure-property relationship based on such macromolecules, among which the helicoid metallo-polymer shows high efficiency in wrapping SWCNTs with geometry-dependent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shunran Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523106, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhikai Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shimin Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523106, China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Chenliang Su
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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16
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Swager TM, Etkind SI, Ichii S, Romero NA. Thiapillar[6]arene: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Properties. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe design and synthesis of new macrocycles with well-defined cavities represent a promising avenue for the development of new supramolecular hosts. Moreover, the ability to diversify a macrocycle through chemical manipulations enables the fine-tuning and tailoring of properties. In this report, the synthesis and functionalization of thiapillar[6]arene, a pillar[6]arene analogue in which the bridging methylene groups are replaced by sulfurs, are described. First, we demonstrate the scalable synthesis of the parent thiapillar[6]arene. Next, the diversification of thiapillar[6]arene is demonstrated via functionalization of the phenols and oxidation of the sulfur atoms. The solid-state structures of two thiapillar[6]arene derivatives are reported, and the effect of sulfur oxidation state on the macrocyclic conformation is discussed. All sulfone derivatives described were found to demonstrate high luminescence quantum yields (ΦF = 0.43–0.66) in CH2Cl2 with emission maxima between λ = 404 and 462 nm. Lastly, assessment of the electrochemical properties of the sulfone derivatives by square-wave voltammetry revealed electron-accepting ability owing to the oxidation of the sulfur atoms, with four reduction events observed for the analogues surveyed. Overall, this work implicates thiapillar[6]arene as a modular scaffold amenable for further applications in host–guest chemistry and sensing.
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17
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Yao C, Kauffmann B, Huc I, Ferrand Y. Self-assembling figure-of-eight and pseudoplectoneme aromatic oligoamide ribbons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5789-5792. [PMID: 35466334 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01696f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two oligoamide macrocycles composed of eight and twelve 7-amino-8-fluoro-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid monomers were synthesised despite the propensity of their acyclic precursors to fold and self-assemble into double helices. Macrocyclisations were made possible through the transient use of helicity disruptors. The resulting macrocyclic ribbons were found to adopt figure-of-eight and pseudoplectoneme shapes that maintain an ability to self-assemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Yao
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN UMR 5248, 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie (UMS3033/US001), 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department Pharmazie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN UMR 5248, 2 rue Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France.
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18
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Xu K, Zhang ZY, Zhou Z, Li C. Prospering the biphen[n]arenes family by tailoring reaction modules. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Liu Z, Song W, Yang S, Yuan C, Liu Z, Zhang H, Shao X. Marriage of Heterobuckybowls with Triptycene: Molecular Waterwheels for Separating C
60
and C
70. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200306. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Wenru Song
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Chengshan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Hao‐Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province P. R. China
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20
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Nogami J, Nagashima Y, Sugiyama H, Miyamoto K, Tanaka Y, Uekusa H, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K. Synthesis of Cyclophenacene‐ and Chiral‐Type Cyclophenylene‐Naphthylene Belts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200800. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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21
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Wang Y, Ke XS, Lee S, Kang S, Lynch VM, Kim D, Sessler JL. Pyrene-Bridged Expanded Carbaporphyrin Nanobelts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9212-9216. [PMID: 35358383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two belt-like expanded carbaporphyrins (NB1 and NB2) were prepared via a one-pot procedure that involves a [6 + 3] condensation between a pyrene-bearing tetrapyrrole precursor (2) and pentafluorobenzaldehyde, followed by oxidation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that NB1 and NB2 both contain six dipyrromethene moieties and three bridging pyrene units. In the structure of NB1, there are two vertically orientated pyrene units and one transverse orientated pyrene unit; however, in NB2 all three pyrene units are vertically orientated. The structural differences between NB1 and NB2 are reflected in their respective physical properties as revealed by proton NMR, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopies. In contrast to all-carbon nanobelts, NB1 and NB2 contain multiple pyrrolic nitrogen donors that could serve as potential metal coordination sites. As a test of this possibility, NB2 was used to prepare an unprecedented Zn complex containing 7 Zn2+ metal centers connected by a network of bridging atoms, as confirmed by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a belt-like molecular system that can coordinate multiple metal ions both along the backbone and within its central cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Seokwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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22
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Nogami J, Nagashima Y, Sugiyama H, Miyamoto K, Tanaka Y, Uekusa H, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K. Synthesis of Cyclophenacene‐ and Chiral‐Type Cyclophenylene‐Naphthylene Belts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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23
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Kaiser RI, Zhao L, Lu W, Ahmed M, Krasnoukhov VS, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. Unconventional excited-state dynamics in the concerted benzyl (C 7H 7) radical self-reaction to anthracene (C 14H 10). Nat Commun 2022; 13:786. [PMID: 35145103 PMCID: PMC8831467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent in deep space and on Earth as products in combustion processes bearing direct relevance to energy efficiency and environmental remediation. Reactions between hydrocarbon radicals in particular have been invoked as critical molecular mass growth processes toward cyclization leading to these PAHs. However, the mechanism of the formation of PAHs through radical – radical reactions are largely elusive. Here, we report on a combined computational and experimental study of the benzyl (C7H7) radical self-reaction to phenanthrene and anthracene (C14H10) through unconventional, isomer-selective excited state dynamics. Whereas phenanthrene formation is initiated via a barrierless recombination of two benzyl radicals on the singlet ground state surface, formation of anthracene commences through an exotic transition state on the excited state triplet surface through cycloaddition. Our findings challenge conventional wisdom that PAH formation via radical-radical reactions solely operates on electronic ground state surfaces and open up a previously overlooked avenue for a more “rapid” synthesis of aromatic, multi-ringed structures via excited state dynamics in the gas phase. The reaction of benzyl radical self-reaction to anthracene opens-up a previously overlooked avenue for a more efficient synthesis of aromatic, multi-ringed structures via excited state dynamics in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Vladislav S Krasnoukhov
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086 and Lebedev Physical Institute, 443011, Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086 and Lebedev Physical Institute, 443011, Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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24
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Lauer JC, Kohl B, Braun F, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. A Hexagonal Shape‐Persistent Nanobelt of Elongated Rhombic Symmetry with Orthogonal π‐Planes by a One‐Pot Reaction. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C. Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Bernd Kohl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Felix Braun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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25
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Hexnut[12]arene and its derivatives: Synthesis, host-guest properties, and application as nonporous adaptive crystals. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Yao B, Liu X, Guo T, Sun H, Wang W. Molecular Möbius Strips: Twist for A Bright Future. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Attributed to their unique structural features and associated intriguing properties, molecular Möbius strips have attracted considerable attention. However, the precise synthesis of such attractive molecules remains a great challenge. Recently,...
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27
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Chen H, Xia Z, Miao Q. Synthesis, Aromatization and Cavitates of an Oxanorbornene-Fused Dibenzo[de, qr]tetracene Nanobox. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2280-2285. [PMID: 35310504 PMCID: PMC8864699 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxanorbornene-fused double-stranded macrocycles, represented by kohnkene, are not only synthetic precursors toward short segments of zigzag carbon nanotubes but also typical cavitands processing an intrinsic cavity. However, their capability to bind guest molecules in solution remained unexplored. Herein we report a new member of oxanorbornene-fused double-stranded macrocycles, which is named a nanobox herein because of its shape. Reductive aromatization of this oxanorbornene-fused nanobox leads to observation of a new zigzag carbon nanobelt by high resolution mass spectroscopy. The fluorescence titration and NMR experiments indicate that this nanobox encapsulates C70 in solution with a binding constant of (3.2 ± 0.1) × 106 M−1 in toluene and a high selectivity against C60 and its derivatives. As found from the X-ray crystallographic analysis, this nanobox changes the shape of its cross-section from a rhombus to nearly a square upon accommodating C60. A new oxanorbornene-fused nanobox encapsulated C70 selectively in solution with a binding constant of (3.2 ± 0.1) × 106 M−1. Reductive aromatization of this nanobox led to observation of a new zigzag carbon nanobelt by mass spectroscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Zeming Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong China
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28
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He J, Yu M, Pang M, Fan Y, Lian Z, Wang Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Jiang H. Nanosized Carbon Macrocycles Based on a Planar Chiral Pseudo Meta- [2.2]Paracyclophane. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103832. [PMID: 34962000 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Structural designs combining cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) backbone with planar chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane ([2.2]PCP) lead to optical-active chiral macrocycles with intriguing properties. X-ray crystal analysis revealed aesthetic necklace-shaped structures and size-dependent packages with long-range channels. The macrocycles exhibit unique photophysical properties with high fluorescence quantum yield of up to 82%, and the fluorescent color varies with ring size. In addition, size-dependent chiroptical properties with moderately large CPL dissymmetry factor of 10 -3 and CPL brightness in the range of 30 - 40 M -1 cm -1 were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Mohan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Maofu Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 252100, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Fan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Lian
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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29
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Yuan J, Song Y, Li X, Xie J, Dong S, Zhu K. A Tubular Belt and a Möbius Strip with Dynamic Joints: Synthesis, Structure, and Host-Guest Chemistry. Org Lett 2021; 23:9554-9558. [PMID: 34870442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two unprecedented isomeric macrocycles, a tubular belt and a Möbius strip, with thianthrene joints have been constructed through a one-step cyclization reaction. Both structures are fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A complexation study reveals that the tubular belt is a container for electron deficient guests. The Möbius strip exhibits twist-migration dynamics, which can be regulated by a sodium ion. Their facile synthesis, unique structure, and diverse host-guest chemistry enrich the belt chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Yunyi Song
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Jialin Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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30
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Shi Q, Wang X, Liu B, Qiao P, Li J, Wang L. Macrocyclic host molecules with aromatic building blocks: the state of the art and progress. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12379-12405. [PMID: 34726202 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic host molecules play the central role in host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry. The highly structural symmetry of macrocyclic host molecules can meet people's pursuit of aesthetics in molecular design, and generally means a balance of design, synthesis, properties and applications. For macrocyclic host molecules with highly symmetrical structures, building blocks, which could be described as repeat units as well, are the most fundamental elements for molecular design. The structural features and recognition ability of macrocyclic host molecules are determined by the building blocks and their connection patterns. Using different building blocks, different macrocyclic host molecules could be designed and synthesized. With decades of developments of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry, diverse macrocyclic host molecules with different building blocks have been designed and synthesized. Aromatic building blocks are a big family among the various building blocks used in constructing macrocyclic host molecules. In this feature article, the recent developments of macrocyclic host molecules with aromatic building blocks were summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xuping Wang
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Panyu Qiao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Light Conversion Materials and Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jing Li
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Strength Lightweight Metallic Materials, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Leyong Wang
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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31
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Ding Y, Jiao J, Sun B, Yang Z, Lin C, Wang L. The facile preparation of p-(methoxy)calix[n]arenes (n = 6, 7, or 8) and their permethylated derivatives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Fan W, Matsuno T, Han Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Isobe H, Wu J. Synthesis and Chiral Resolution of Twisted Carbon Nanobelts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15924-15929. [PMID: 34550688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Twisted carbon nanobelts could display persistent chirality, which is desirable for material applications, but their synthesis is very challenging. Herein, we report the successful synthesis and chiral resolution of such a kind of molecules (1-H and 1) with a figure-eight configuration. 1-H was synthesized first by macrocyclization through Suzuki coupling reaction followed by benzannulation via Bi(OTf)3-mediated cyclization reaction of vinyl ether. Oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-H gave the fully π-conjugated 1. Their twisted structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and calculations, and they can be resolved by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated enantiomers showed persistent chiroptical properties according to the circular dichroism measurements, with moderate |gabs| values (0.0016 for 1-H and 0.005-0.007 for 1). Their photophysical properties were also briefly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Taisuke Matsuno
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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33
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Zhang YE, Tong S, Wang MX. Selective Oxidation of Belt[4]arene[4]tropilidene and Its Application to Construct Hydrocarbon Belts of Truncated Cone Structure with Expand Cavity. Org Lett 2021; 23:7259-7263. [PMID: 34472872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite their unique structures, tantalizing properties, and potential applications in carbon nanoscience and technology, the synthesis and functionalization of zigzag hydrocarbon nanobelts have remained largely unexplored until recently. Reported herein is the selective transformations of belt[4]arene[4]tropilidenes and their application in the construction of novel belts. The oxidation of belt[4]arene[4]tropilidene with benzeneseleninic anhydride under controlled conditions selectively afforded mono- to tetrakis(α-diketone)-functionalized belt intermediates. A subsequent condensation reaction with 1,2-phenylenediacetonitrile and 1,2-phenylenediamine produced a diversity of unprecedented belts with various macrocyclic cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-E Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (MOE), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Tong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (MOE), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (MOE), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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34
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Wang S, Yuan J, Xie J, Lu Z, Jiang L, Mu Y, Huo Y, Tsuchido Y, Zhu K. Sulphur‐Embedded Hydrocarbon Belts: Synthesis, Structure and Redox Chemistry of Cyclothianthrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Wang
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jun Yuan
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jialin Xie
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Zonghuan Lu
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yingxiao Mu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1–3 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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35
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Wang S, Yuan J, Xie J, Lu Z, Jiang L, Mu Y, Huo Y, Tsuchido Y, Zhu K. Sulphur-Embedded Hydrocarbon Belts: Synthesis, Structure and Redox Chemistry of Cyclothianthrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18443-18447. [PMID: 34110693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclothianthrenes, a series of sulphur-embedded hydrocarbon belts proposed a decade ago, were successfully constructed through a stepwise bottom-up synthesis. The belt [6]cyclothianthrene ([6]CT) is the smallest and most strained member of the family yet reported. Both [6]CT and [8]CT are the first examples of cyclothianthrene characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. An unprecedented chiral belt [7]CT and a Möbius-shaped [9]CT were also achieved via modular synthesis. Crystallographic and computational studies show that belts [6]CT-[8]CT have prism-like conformations with well-defined tubular cavities which have potential for guest molecule inclusion. Cyclic voltammograms further revealed that these belts are redox-active. The success of constructing sulphur-embedded hydrocarbon belts, that is, cyclothianthrenes, greatly enriches the chemistry of heteroatom-doped molecular belts and tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jialin Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zonghuan Lu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yingxiao Mu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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36
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Urushibara K, Ferrand Y, Liu Z, Katagiri K, Kawahata M, Morvan E, D'Elia R, Pophristic V, Tanatani A, Huc I. Accessing Improbable Foldamer Shapes with Strained Macrocycles. Chemistry 2021; 27:11205-11215. [PMID: 33905165 PMCID: PMC8453500 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The alkylation of some secondary amide functions with a dimethoxybenzyl (DMB) group in oligomers of 8-amino-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid destabilizes the otherwise favored helical conformations, and allows for cyclization to take place. A cyclic hexamer and a cyclic heptamer were produced in this manner. After DMB removal, X-ray crystallography and NMR show that the macrocycles adopt strained conformations that would be improbable in noncyclic species. The high helix folding propensity of the main chain is partly expressed in these conformations, but it remains frustrated by macrocyclization. Despite being homomeric, the macrocycles possess inequivalent monomer units. Experimental and computational studies highlight specific fluxional pathways within these structures. Extensive simulated annealing molecular dynamics allow for the prediction of the conformations for larger macrocycles with up to sixteen monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Urushibara
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceOchanomizu University2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-kuTokyo112-8610Japan
- CBMN (UMR 5248)Université de BordeauxCNRSBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Yann Ferrand
- CBMN (UMR 5248)Université de BordeauxCNRSBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of the Sciences600 South 43rd StreetPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Kosuke Katagiri
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and EngineeringKonan University8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-kuKobe658-8501Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawahata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShowa Pharmaceutical University3-3165 Higashi-TamagawagakuenMachidaTokyo194-8543Japan
| | - Estelle Morvan
- IECB (UMS3033/US001)Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Ryan D'Elia
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of the Sciences600 South 43rd StreetPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Vojislava Pophristic
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of the Sciences600 South 43rd StreetPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Aya Tanatani
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceOchanomizu University2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-kuTokyo112-8610Japan
| | - Ivan Huc
- CBMN (UMR 5248)Université de BordeauxCNRSBordeaux Institut National Polytechnique2 rue Robert Escarpit33600PessacFrance
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein ScienceLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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37
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Hermann M, Wassy D, Esser B. Conjugated Nanohoops Incorporating Donor, Acceptor, Hetero- or Polycyclic Aromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15743-15766. [PMID: 32902109 PMCID: PMC9542246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last 13 years several synthetic strategies were developed that provide access to [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs) and related conjugated nanohoops. A number of potential applications emerged, including optoelectronic devices, and their use as templates for carbon nanomaterials and in supramolecular chemistry. To tune the structural or optoelectronic properties of carbon nanohoops beyond the size-dependent effect known for [n]CPPs, a variety of aromatic rings other than benzene were introduced. In this Review, we provide an overview of the syntheses, properties, and applications of conjugated nanohoops beyond [n]CPPs with intrinsic donor/acceptor structure or such that contain acceptor, donor, heteroaromatic or polycyclic aromatic units within the hoop as well as conjugated nanobelts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Wassy
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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38
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Zhang F, Du X, Zhang D, Wang Y, Lu H, Chen C. A Green Fluorescent Nitrogen‐Doped Aromatic Belt Containing a [6]Cycloparaphenylene Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xu‐Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100084 China
| | - Da‐Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yin‐Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hai‐Yan Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chuan‐Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100084 China
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39
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Mirzaei S, Castro E, Hernández Sánchez R. Conjugated Molecular Nanotubes. Chemistry 2021; 27:8642-8655. [PMID: 33780560 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular compounds with permanent tubular architectures displaying radial π-conjugation are exceedingly rare. Their radial and axial delocalization presents them with unique optical and electronic properties, such as remarkable tuning of their Stokes shifts, and redox switching between global and local aromaticity. Although these tubular compounds display large internal void spaces, these attributes have not been extensively explored, thus presenting future opportunities in the development of materials. By using cutting-edge synthetic methodologies to bend aromatic surfaces, large opportunities in synthesis, property discovery, and applications are expected in new members of this family of conjugated molecular nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Edison Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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40
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Zhang F, Du XS, Zhang DW, Wang YF, Lu HY, Chen CF. A Green Fluorescent Nitrogen-Doped Aromatic Belt Containing a [6]Cycloparaphenylene Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15291-15295. [PMID: 33955656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of nitrogen-doped aromatic belts with conjugated structures still remain a challenge. Here, we report the first nitrogen-doped aromatic belt with a [6]cycloparaphenylene skeleton, which is conveniently synthesized from the easily available calix[3]carbazole. The aromatic belt has a rigid conjugated structure and deep cavity, and it can encapsulate one dichloromethane both in solution and in the solid state. Interestingly, the aromatic belt shows strong green fluorescence with a quantum yield of 0.39 and exhibits a narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 2.02 eV. The belt-shaped conjugated structure composed of three carbazole subunits has specific optoelectronic properties that will promote wide applications in supramolecular chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yin-Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
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41
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Bergman HM, Kiel GR, Handford RC, Liu Y, Tilley TD. Scalable, Divergent Synthesis of a High Aspect Ratio Carbon Nanobelt. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8619-8624. [PMID: 34086453 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanobelts are molecules of high fundamental and technological interest due to their structural similarity to carbon nanotubes, of which they are molecular cutouts. Despite this attention, synthetic accessibility is a major obstacle, such that the few known strategies offer limited structural diversity, functionality, and scalability. To address this bottleneck, we have developed a new strategy that utilizes highly fused monomer units constructed via a site-selective [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition and a high-yielding zirconocene-mediated macrocyclization to achieve the synthesis of a new carbon nanobelt on large scale with the introduction of functional handles in the penultimate step. This nanobelt represents a diagonal cross section of an armchair carbon nanotube and consequently has a longitudinally extended structure with an aspect ratio of 1.6, the highest of any reported nanobelt. This elongated structure promotes solid-state packing into aligned columns that mimic the parent carbon nanotube and facilitates unprecedented host-guest chemistry with oligo-arylene guests in nonpolar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rex C Handford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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42
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Yang X, Zhao X, Liu T, Yang F. Precise Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and
One‐Dimensional
Hybrids from Templates
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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43
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Du X, Zhang D, Guo Y, Li J, Han Y, Chen C. Towards the Highly Efficient Synthesis and Selective Methylation of C(sp
3
)‐Bridged [6]Cycloparaphenylenes from Fluoren[3]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13021-13028. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Da‐Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yan Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chuan‐Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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44
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Du X, Zhang D, Guo Y, Li J, Han Y, Chen C. Towards the Highly Efficient Synthesis and Selective Methylation of C(sp
3
)‐Bridged [6]Cycloparaphenylenes from Fluoren[3]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Da‐Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yan Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chuan‐Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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45
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Guo QH, Qiu Y, Wang MX, Fraser Stoddart J. Aromatic hydrocarbon belts. Nat Chem 2021; 13:402-419. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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46
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Chen J, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Dong M, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Chen L, Chai Y, Meng Z, Wang C, Jia X, Li C. Complexation of an Antimicrobial Peptide by Large‐Sized Macrocycles for Decreasing Hemolysis and Improving Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Chen
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Qingbin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Yadan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Ming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Longming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Yao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Chenhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Xueshun Jia
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Chunju Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 China
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Chen J, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Dong M, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Chen L, Chai Y, Meng Z, Wang C, Jia X, Li C. Complexation of an Antimicrobial Peptide by Large‐Sized Macrocycles for Decreasing Hemolysis and Improving Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11288-11293. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Chen
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Qingbin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Yadan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Ming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Longming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Yao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Chenhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing 100850 P. R. China
| | - Xueshun Jia
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Chunju Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 China
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Abstract
Buckybowls have concave and convex surfaces with distinct π-electron cloud distribution, and consequently they show unique structural and electronic features as compared to planar aromatic polycycles. Doping the π-framework of buckybowls with heteroatoms is an efficient scheme to tailor inherent properties, because the nature of heteroatoms plays a pivotal role in the structural and electronic characteristics of the resulting hetera-buckybowls. The design, synthesis, and derivatization of hetera-buckybowls open an avenue for obtaining fascinating organic entities not only of fundamental importance but also of promising applications in optoelectronics. In this review, we summarize the advances in hetera-buckybowl chemistry, particularly the synthetic strategies toward these scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China.
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