1
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Barlow SR, Evans NH. Synthesis of a [2]catenane by ring closing metathesis of a [2]rotaxane prepared by crown ether active templation. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39230441 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01028k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The high yielding synthesis and spectral characterization of a [2]catenane prepared by Grubbs catalyzed ring closing metathesis of a [2]rotaxane prepared by crown ether active template synthesis is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Nicholas H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
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2
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Zhang M, Nixon R, Schaufelberger F, Pirvu L, De Bo G, Leigh DA. Mechanical scission of a knotted polymer. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1366-1372. [PMID: 38649468 PMCID: PMC11321991 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular knots and entanglements form randomly and spontaneously in both biological and synthetic polymer chains. It is known that macroscopic materials, such as ropes, are substantially weakened by the presence of knots, but until now it has been unclear whether similar behaviour occurs on a molecular level. Here we show that the presence of a well-defined overhand knot in a polymer chain substantially increases the rate of scission of the polymer under tension (≥2.6× faster) in solution, because deformation of the polymer backbone induced by the tightening knot activates otherwise unreactive covalent bonds. The fragments formed upon severing of the knotted chain differ from those that arise from cleavage of a similar, but unknotted, polymer. Our solution studies provide experimental evidence that knotting can contribute to higher mechanical scission rates of polymers. It also demonstrates that entanglement design can be used to generate mechanophores that are among the most reactive described to date, providing opportunities to increase the reactivity of otherwise inert functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Trung NT, Chiu CH, Cuc TTK, Khang TM, Jalife S, Nhien PQ, Hue BTB, Wu JI, Li YK, Lin HC. Tunable Nano-Bending Structures of Loosened/Tightened Lassos with Bi-Stable Vibration-Induced Emissions for Multi-Manipulations of White-Light Emissions and Sensor Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311789. [PMID: 38240392 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The first tunable nano-bending structures of [1]rotaxane containing a single-fluorophoric N,N'-diphenyl-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (DPAC) moiety (i.e., [1]RA) are developed as a loosened lasso structure to feature the bright white-light emission [CIE (0.27, 0.33), Φ = 21.2%] in THF solution, where bi-stable states of bending and twisted structures of DPAC unit in [1]RA produce cyan and orange emissions at 480 and 600 nm, respectively. With acid/base controls, tunable loosened/tightened nano-loops of corresponding [1]rotaxanes (i.e., [1]RA/[1]RB) can be achieved via the shuttling of macrocycles reversibly, and thus to adjust their respective white-light/cyan emissions, where the cyan emission of [1]RB is obtained due to the largest conformational constraint of DPAC moiety in its bending form of [1]RB with a tightened lasso structure. Additionally, the non-interlocked analog M-Boc only shows the orange emission, revealing the twisted form of DPAC fluorophore in M-Boc without any conformational constraint. Moreover, the utilization of solvents (with different viscosities and polarities), temperatures, and water fractions could serve as effective tools to adjust the bi-stable vibration-induced emission (VIE) colors of [1]rotaxanes. Finally, tuning ratiometric emission colors of adaptive conformations of DPAC moieties by altering nano-bending structures in [1]rotaxanes and external stimuli can be further developed as intelligent temperature and viscosity sensor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Trung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Tu Thi Kim Cuc
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Trang Manh Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Said Jalife
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Pham Quoc Nhien
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94000, Vietnam
| | - Bui Thi Buu Hue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94000, Vietnam
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Cheu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
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4
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Chen L, De Bo G. Pushing vs Pulling: The Unique Geometry of Mechanophore Activation in a Rotaxane Force Actuator. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16381-16384. [PMID: 38848593 PMCID: PMC11191692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Mechanophores (mechanosensitive molecules) are usually activated by pulling them with covalently attached polymers. A rotaxane actuator offers a new geometry of activation as the macrocycle pushes against a stoppering mechanophore. Here we compare both pulling and pushing activations and show that pushing is more efficient and selective than pulling. We found that the pulling activation of a bulky furan/maleimide adduct occurs via two competing dissociation pathways: retrocycloaddition and heterolytic cleavage (generating a trityl cation in the process), while the same adduct only cleaves by retrocycloaddition during pushing activation. These results further demonstrate the efficacy and versatility of rotaxane actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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5
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Farimani RA, Ahmadian Dehaghani Z, Likos CN, Ejtehadi MR. Effects of Linking Topology on the Shear Response of Connected Ring Polymers: Catenanes and Bonded Rings Flow Differently. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:148101. [PMID: 38640389 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
We perform computer simulations of mechanically linked (poly[2]catenanes, PC) and chemically bonded (bonded rings, BR) pairs of self-avoiding ring polymers in steady shear. We find that BRs develop a novel motif, termed gradient tumbling, rotating around the gradient axis. For the PCs the rings are stretched and display another new pattern, termed slip tumbling. The dynamics of BRs is continuous and oscillatory, whereas that of PCs is intermittent between slip-tumbling attempts. Our findings demonstrate the interplay between topology and hydrodynamics in dilute solutions of connected polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh A Farimani
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christos N Likos
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Neumann SE, Kwon J, Gropp C, Ma L, Giovine R, Ma T, Hanikel N, Wang K, Chen T, Jagani S, Ritchie RO, Xu T, Yaghi OM. The propensity for covalent organic frameworks to template polymer entanglement. Science 2024; 383:1337-1343. [PMID: 38513024 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of molecularly woven three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic framework (COF) crystals into polymers of varying types invokes different forms of contact between filler and polymer. Whereas the combination of woven COFs with amorphous and brittle polymethyl methacrylate results in surface interactions, the use of the liquid-crystalline polymer polyimide induces the formation of polymer-COF junctions. These junctions are generated by the threading of polymer chains through the pores of the nanocrystals, thus allowing for spatial arrangement of polymer strands. This offers a programmable pathway for unthreading polymer strands under stress and leads to the in situ formation of high-aspect-ratio nanofibrils, which dissipate energy during the fracture. Polymer-COF junctions also strengthen the filler-matrix interfaces and lower the percolation thresholds of the composites, enhancing strength, ductility, and toughness of the composites by adding small amounts (~1 weight %) of woven COF nanocrystals. The ability of the polymer strands to closely interact with the woven framework is highlighted as the main parameter to forming these junctions, thus affecting polymer chain penetration and conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ephraim Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junpyo Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cornelius Gropp
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raynald Giovine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tianqiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nikita Hanikel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiffany Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shaan Jagani
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Omar M Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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7
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Yokochi H, O’Neill RT, Abe T, Aoki D, Boulatov R, Otsuka H. Sacrificial Mechanical Bond is as Effective as a Sacrificial Covalent Bond in Increasing Cross-Linked Polymer Toughness. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23794-23801. [PMID: 37851530 PMCID: PMC10623562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Sacrificial chemical bonds have been used effectively to increase the toughness of elastomers because such bonds dissociate at forces significantly below the fracture limit of the primary load-bearing bonds, thereby dissipating local stress. This approach owes much of its success to the ability to adjust the threshold force at which the sacrificial bonds fail at the desired rate, for example, by selecting either covalent or noncovalent sacrificial bonds. Here, we report experimental and computational evidence that a mechanical bond, responsible for the structural integrity of a rotaxane or a catenane, increases the elastomer's fracture strain, stress, and energy as much as a covalent bond of comparable mechanochemical dissociation kinetics. We synthesized and studied 6 polyacrylates cross-linked by either difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN), which is an established sacrificial mechanochromic moiety; a [2]rotaxane, whose stopper allows its wheel to dethread on the same subsecond time scale as DFSN dissociates when either is under tensile force of 1.5-2 nN; a structurally homologous [2]rotaxane with a much bulkier stopper that is stable at force >5.5 nN; similarly stoppered [3]rotaxanes containing DFSN in their axles; and a control polymer with aliphatic nonsacrificial cross-links. Our data suggest that mechanochemical dethreading of a rotaxane without failure of any covalent bonds may be an important, hitherto unrecognized, contributor to the toughness of some rotaxane-cross-linked polymers and that sacrificial mechanical bonds provide a mechanism to control material fracture behavior independently of the mechanochemical response of the covalent networks, due to their distinct relationships between structure and mechanochemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirogi Yokochi
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Robert T. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Takumi Abe
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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8
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Tse YC, Au-Yeung HY. Catenane and Rotaxane Synthesis from Cucurbit[6]uril-Mediated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300290. [PMID: 37460745 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as catenane and rotaxane is full of new opportunities for the presence of a mechanical bond, and the efficient synthesis of these molecules is therefore of fundamental importance in realizing their unique properties and functions. While many different types of preorganizing interactions and covalent bond formation strategies have been exploited in MIMs synthesis, the use of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) in simultaneously templating macrocycle interlocking and catalyzing the covalent formation of the interlocked components is particularly advantageous in accessing high-order catenanes and rotaxanes. In this review, catenane and rotaxane obtained from CB[6]-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition will be discussed, with special emphasis on the synthetic strategies employed for obtaining complex [n]rotaxanes and [n]catenanes, as well as their properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Cheong Tse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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9
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Hertzog JE, Liu G, Rawe BW, Maddi VJ, Hart LF, Oh J, Dolinski ND, Rowan SJ. Balancing ring and stopper group size to control the stability of doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6969-6978. [PMID: 37581904 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes requires the use of larger rings than more traditional singly threaded [2]rotaxanes. A key challenge in accessing stable doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes with large rings is finding the right combination of ring to stopper size. In this study, a series of doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes derived from five different sized macrocycles in the size range of 40-48 atoms and two different stopper groups, which contain 1 or 2 tris(p-t-butylbiphenyl)methyl moieties, were prepared and their kinetic stability examined. These interlocked compounds were synthesized using a metal-templated approach and fully characterized utilizing a combination of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography techniques. The effect of ring size on the stability of the doubly threaded [3]rotaxane was investigated via kinetic stability tests monitored using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. By tightening the macrocycle systematically every 2 atoms from 48 to 40 atoms, a wide range of doubly threaded interlocked molecules could be accessed in which the rate of room temperature slippage of the macrocycle from the dumbbells could be tuned. Using the larger stopper group with a 48-atom ring results in no observable rotaxane, 46-44 atom macrocycles result in metastable rotaxane species with a slippage half-life of ∼5 weeks and ∼9 weeks, respectively, while macrocycles of 42 atoms or smaller yield a stable rotaxane. The smaller sized stopper is not able to fully stabilize any of the [3]rotaxane structures but metastable [3]rotaxanes are obtained with slippage half-lives of 25 ± 2 hours and 13 ± 1 days using macrocycles with 42 or 40 atoms, respectively. These results highlight the dramatic effect that relatively small ring size changes can have on the structure of doubly threaded [3]rotaxanes and lay the synthetic groundwork for a range of higher order doubly threaded interlocked architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald E Hertzog
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guancen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Benjamin W Rawe
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vincent J Maddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Laura F Hart
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jongwon Oh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neil D Dolinski
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60434, USA
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10
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Oka Y, Masai H, Terao J. Multistate Structural Switching of [3]Catenanes with Cyclic Porphyrin Dimers by Complexation with Amine Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217002. [PMID: 36625214 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes with multistate switchable properties are promising components for next-generation molecular machines and supramolecular materials. Herein, we report a ligand-controlled switching method, a novel method for the multistate switching of catenanes controlled by complexation with added amine ligands. To verify this method, a [3]catenane comprising cyclic porphyrin dimers with a rigid π-system has been synthesized. Owing to the rigidity, the relative positions among the cyclic components of the [3]catenane can be precisely controlled by complexation with various amine ligands. Moreover, ligand-controlled multistate switching affects the optical properties of the [3]catenanes: the emission intensity can be tuned by modulating the sizes and coordination numbers of integrated amine ligands. This work shows the utility of using organic ligands for the structural switching of catenanes, and will contribute to the further development of multistate switchable mechanically interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, 332-0012, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8902, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Cardosa-Gutierrez M, De Bo G, Duwez AS, Remacle F. Bond breaking of furan-maleimide adducts via a diradical sequential mechanism under an external mechanical force. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1263-1271. [PMID: 36756317 PMCID: PMC9891376 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituted furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adducts are bound by dynamic covalent bonds that make them particularly attractive mechanophores. Thermally activated [4 + 2] retro-Diels-Alder (DA) reactions predominantly proceed via a concerted mechanism in the ground electronic state. We show that an asymmetric mechanical force along the anchoring bonds in both the endo and exo isomers of proximal dimethyl furan-maleimide adducts favors a sequential pathway. The switching from a concerted to a sequential mechanism occurs at external forces of ≈1 nN. The first bond rupture occurs for a projection of the pulling force on the scissile bond at ≈4.3 nN for the exo adduct and ≈3.8 nN for the endo one. The reaction is inhibited for external forces up to ≈3.4 nN for the endo adduct and 3.6 nN for the exo one after which it is activated. In the activated region, at 4 nN, the rupture rate of the first bond for the endo adduct is computed to be ≈3 orders of magnitude larger than for the exo one in qualitative agreement with recent sonication experiments [Z. Wang and S. L. Craig, Chem. Commun., 2019, 55, 12263-12266]. In the intermediate region of the path between the rupture of the first and the second bond, the lowest singlet state exhibits a diradical character for both adducts and is close in energy to a diradical triplet state. The computed values of spin-orbit coupling along the path are too small for inducing intersystem crossings. These findings open the way for the rational design of DA mechanophores for polymer science and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Anne-Sophie Duwez
- UR Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Francoise Remacle
- UR Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
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12
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Lloyd EM, Vakil JR, Yao Y, Sottos NR, Craig SL. Covalent Mechanochemistry and Contemporary Polymer Network Chemistry: A Marriage in the Making. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:751-768. [PMID: 36599076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the field of polymer mechanochemistry has amassed a toolbox of mechanophores that translate mechanical energy into a variety of functional responses ranging from color change to small-molecule release. These productive chemical changes typically occur at the length scale of a few covalent bonds (Å) but require large energy inputs and strains on the micro-to-macro scale in order to achieve even low levels of mechanophore activation. The minimal activation hinders the translation of the available chemical responses into materials and device applications. The mechanophore activation challenge inspires core questions at yet another length scale of chemical control, namely: What are the molecular-scale features of a polymeric material that determine the extent of mechanophore activation? Further, how do we marry advances in the chemistry of polymer networks with the chemistry of mechanophores to create stress-responsive materials that are well suited for an intended application? In this Perspective, we speculate as to the potential match between covalent polymer mechanochemistry and recent advances in polymer network chemistry, specifically, topologically controlled networks and the hierarchical material responses enabled by multi-network architectures and mechanically interlocked polymers. Both fundamental and applied opportunities unique to the union of these two fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Jafer R Vakil
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
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13
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Nosiglia MA, Colley ND, Danielson MK, Palmquist MS, Delawder AO, Tran SL, Harlan GH, Barnes JC. Metalation/Demetalation as a Postgelation Strategy To Tune the Mechanical Properties of Catenane-Crosslinked Gels. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9990-9996. [PMID: 35617307 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) possess unique architectures and nontraditional degrees of freedom that arise from well-defined topologies that are achieved through precise mechanical bonding. Incorporation of MIMs into materials can thus provide an avenue to discover new and emergent macroscale properties. Here, the synthesis of a phenanthroline-based [2]catenane crosslinker and its incorporation into polyacrylate organogels are described. Specifically, Cu(I) metalation and demetalation was used as a postgelation strategy to tune the mechanical properties of a gel by controlling the conformational motions of integrated MIMs. The organogels were prepared via thermally initiated free radical polymerization, and Cu(I) metal was added in MeOH to the pretreated, swollen gels. Demetalation of the gels was achieved by adding lithium cyanide and washing the gels. Changes in Young's and shear moduli, as well as tensile strength, were quantified through oscillatory shear rheology and tensile testing. The reported approach provides a general method for postgelation tuning of mechanical properties using metals and well-defined catenane topologies as part of a gel network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Nosiglia
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nathan D Colley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Mary K Danielson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Mark S Palmquist
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Abigail O Delawder
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Sheila L Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Gray H Harlan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan C Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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14
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Ma W, Cheng T, Liu FZ, Liu Y, Yan K. Allosteric Binding-Induced Intramolecular Mechanical-Strain Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202213. [PMID: 35212101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, polymer mechanochemistry has attracted much scientific interest due to its potential to develop degradable polymers. When the two ends of a polymer chain experience a linear pulling stress, molecular strain builds up, at sufficiently strong force, a bond scission of the weakest covalent bond results. In contrast, bond-breaking events triggered by conformational stress are much less explored. Here, we discovered that a Zn salen complex would undergo conformational switching upon allosteric complexation with alkanediammonium guests. By controlling the guest chain length, the torsional strain experienced by Zn complex can be modulated to induce bond cleavage with chemical stimulus, and reactivity trend is predicted by conformational analysis derived by DFT calculation. Such strain-release reactivity by a Zn(salen) complex initiated by guest binding is reminiscent of conformation-induced reactivity of enzymes to enable chemical events that are otherwise inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fang-Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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15
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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16
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Ma W, Cheng T, Liu F, Liu Y, Yan K. Allosteric Binding‐Induced Intramolecular Mechanical‐Strain Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Fang‐Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
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17
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Ng AWH, Lai SK, Yee C, Au‐Yeung HY. Macrocycle Dynamics in a Branched [8]Catenane Controlled by Three Different Stimuli in Three Different Regions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Wing Hung Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Samuel Kin‐Man Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chi‐Chung Yee
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ho Yu Au‐Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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18
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Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of Bio-Derived Furans with Maleimides as a Sustainable «Click» Approach towards Molecular, Macromolecular and Hybrid Systems. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review highlights the recent research trends in designing organic or organic-inorganic hybrid molecular, biomolecular and macromolecular systems employing intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions of biobased, furan-containing substrates and maleimide dienophiles. The furan/maleimide Diels–Alder reaction is a well-known process that may proceed with high efficiency under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions. Due to the simplicity, 100% atom economy and biobased nature of many furanic substrates, this type of [4+2]-cycloaddition may be recognized as a sustainable “click” approach with high potential for application in many fields, such as fine organic synthesis, bioorganic chemistry, material sciences and smart polymers development.
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19
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Gauthier M, Waelès P, Coutrot F. Post-Synthetic Macrocyclization of Rotaxane Building Blocks. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100458. [PMID: 34811956 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although not often encountered, cyclic interlocked molecules are appealing molecular targets because of their restrained tridimensional structure which is related to both the cyclic and interlocked shapes. Interlocked molecules such as rotaxane building blocks may be good candidates for post-synthetic intramolecular cyclization if the preservation of the mechanical bond ensures the interlocked architecture throughout the reaction. This is obviously the case if the modification does not involve the cleavage of either the macrocycle's main chain or the encircled part of the axle. However, among the post-synthetic reactions, the chemical linkage between two reactive sites belonging to embedded elements of rotaxanes still consists of an underexploited route to interlocked cyclic molecules. This Review lists the rare examples of macrocyclization through chemical connection between reactive sites belonging to a surrounding macrocycle and/or an encircled axle of interlocked rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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20
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Qi Q, Sekhon G, Chandradat R, Ofodum NM, Shen T, Scrimgeour J, Joy M, Wriedt M, Jayathirtha M, Darie CC, Shipp DA, Liu X, Lu X. Force-Induced Near-Infrared Chromism of Mechanophore-Linked Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17337-17343. [PMID: 34586805 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) mechanophore was developed and incorporated into a poly(methyl acrylate) chain to showcase the first force-induced NIR chromism in polymeric materials. This mechanophore, based on benzo[1,3]oxazine (OX) fused with a heptamethine cyanine moiety, exhibited NIR mechanochromism in solution, thin-film, and bulk states. The mechanochemical activity was validated using UV-vis-NIR absorption/fluorescence spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), NMR, and DFT simulations. Our work demonstrates that NIR mechanochromic polymers have considerable potential in mechanical force sensing, damage detection, bioimaging, and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tianruo Shen
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
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21
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Ng AWH, Lai SKM, Yee CC, Au-Yeung HY. Macrocycle Dynamics in a Branched [8]Catenane Controlled by Three Different Stimuli in Three Different Regions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202110200. [PMID: 34676960 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A branched [8]catenane from an efficient one-pot synthesis (72 % HPLC yield, 59 % isolated yield) featuring the simultaneous use of three kinds of templates and cucurbit[6]uril-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CBAAC) for ring-closing is reported. Design and assembly of the [8]catenane precursors are unexpectedly complex that can involve cooperating, competing and non-influencing interactions. Due to the branched structure, dynamics of the [8]catenane can be modulated in different extent by rigidifying/loosening the mechanical bonds at different regions by using solvent polarity, acid-base and metal ions as the stimuli. This work not only highlights the importance of understanding the delicate interplay of the weak and non-obvious supramolecular interactions in the synthesis of high-order [n]catenane, but also demonstrates a complex control of dynamics and flexibility for exploiting [n]catenanes applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Wing Hung Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Samuel Kin-Man Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Chung Yee
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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22
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Yu Y, Wang C, Wang L, Sun CL, Boulatov R, Widenhoefer RA, Craig SL. Force-modulated reductive elimination from platinum(ii) diaryl complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11130-11137. [PMID: 34522310 PMCID: PMC8386663 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled mechanical forces are known to drive a range of covalent chemical reactions, but the effect of mechanical force applied to a spectator ligand on transition metal reactivity is relatively unexplored. Here we quantify the rate of C(sp2)-C(sp2) reductive elimination from platinum(ii) diaryl complexes containing macrocyclic bis(phosphine) ligands as a function of mechanical force applied to these ligands. DFT computations reveal complex dependence of mechanochemical kinetics on the structure of the force-transducing ligand. We validated experimentally the computational finding for the most sensitive of the ligand designs, based on MeOBiphep, by coupling it to a macrocyclic force probe ligand. Consistent with the computations, compressive forces decreased the rate of reductive elimination whereas extension forces increased the rate relative to the strain-free MeOBiphep complex with a 3.4-fold change in rate over a ∼290 pN range of restoring forces. The calculated natural bite angle of the free macrocyclic ligand changes with force, but 31P NMR analysis and calculations strongly suggest no significant force-induced perturbation of ground state geometry within the first coordination sphere of the (P-P)PtAr2 complexes. Rather, the force/rate behavior observed across this range of forces is attributed to the coupling of force to the elongation of the O⋯O distance in the transition state for reductive elimination. The results suggest opportunities to experimentally map geometry changes associated with reactions in transition metal complexes and potential strategies for force-modulated catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Liqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Cai-Li Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Ross A Widenhoefer
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
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23
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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24
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemical Release of Non-Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer-Decorated Supramolecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13626-13630. [PMID: 33729649 PMCID: PMC8251918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination cages show a wide range of useful properties including, but not limited to, complex molecular machine-like operations, confined space catalysis, and rich host-guest chemistries. Here we report the uptake and release of non-covalently encapsulated, pharmaceutically-active cargo from an octahedral Pd cage bearing polymer chains on each vertex. Six poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated bipyridine ligands are used to assemble an octahedral PdII6 (TPT)4 cage. The supramolecular container encapsulates progesterone and ibuprofen within its hydrophobic nanocavity and is activated by shear force produced by ultrasonication in aqueous solution entailing complete cargo release upon rupture, as shown by NMR and GPC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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25
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Abstract
In mechanochemistry, molecules under tension can react in unexpected ways. The reactivity of mechanophores (mechanosensitive molecules) can be controlled using various geometric or electronic factors. Often these factors affect the rate of mechanical activation but sometimes give rise to alternative reaction pathways. Here we show that a simple isotope substitution (H to D) leads to a reversal of selectivity in the activation of a mechanophore. Remarkably this isotope effect is not kinetic in nature but emerges from dynamic effects in which deuteration reduces the ability of the reactant to follow a post-transition-state concerted trajectory on the bifurcated force-modified potential energy surface. These results give a new insight into the reactivity of molecules under tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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26
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Razgoniaev AO, Glasstetter LM, Kouznetsova TB, Hall KC, Horst M, Craig SL, Franz KJ. Single-Molecule Activation and Quantification of Mechanically Triggered Palladium-Carbene Bond Dissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1784-1789. [PMID: 33480680 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal-complexed N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) mechanophores are latent reactants and catalysts for a range of mechanically driven chemical responses, but mechanochemical scission of the metal-NHC bond has not been experimentally characterized. Here we report the single-molecule force spectroscopy of ligand dissociation from a pincer NHC-pyridine-NHC Pd(II) complex. The force-coupled rate constant for ligand dissociation reaches 50 s-1 at forces of approximately 930 pN. Experimental and computational observations support a dissociative, rather than associative, mechanism of ligand displacement, with rate-limiting scission of the Pd-NHC bond followed by rapid dissociation of the pyridine moiety from Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton O Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Logan M Glasstetter
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kacey C Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matias Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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27
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Ayer MA, Verde-Sesto E, Liu CH, Weder C, Lattuada M, Simon YC. Modeling ultrasound-induced molecular weight decrease of polymers with multiple scissile azo-mechanophores. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective and non-selective chain scission compete upon ultrasonic treatment of polymers with randomly distributed azo units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Ayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC
| | - Cheyenne H. Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- 118 College Dr
- USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- 1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
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28
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Wu M, Guo Z, He W, Yuan W, Chen Y. Empowering self-reporting polymer blends with orthogonal optical properties responsive in a broader force range. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1245-1250. [PMID: 34163886 PMCID: PMC8179123 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reporting polymers, which can indicate damage with perceptible optical signals in a tailored force range, are useful as stress-sensitive sensors. We demonstrate a simple approach to realize this function by embedding two distinct mechanophores - rhodamine (Rh) and bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane (Ad), in polyurethane/polylactic acid blends. The deformed blends generate red coloration and red chemiluminescence. Such a unique dual-responsive behavior was evaluated by solid-state UV-vis spectroscopy, macroscopic tensile tests with in situ RGB and light intensity analyses, which supported a stress-correlated occurrence of the ring-opening of Rh, the scission of Ad and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer process between the respective mechanochemical species. Complementarity stemming from the difference in properties and manifestations of the two mechanophores is essential. That is, the more labile Rh allows shifting the appreciable optical changes to a much lower force threshold; the transient nature and high dynamic range of mechanochemiluminescence from Ad map in real time where and when many of the covalently incorporated dioxetane bonds break; besides, the disrupted yet non-scissile structure of Rh acts as a fluorescent acceptor to effectively harvest chemiluminescence from ruptured Ad. The current strategy is thus empowering multi-functional mechano-responsive polymers with greatly improved sensitivity and resolution for multimodal stress reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Weiye He
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
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29
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Wang L, Yu Y, Razgoniaev AO, Johnson PN, Wang C, Tian Y, Boulatov R, Craig SL, Widenhoefer RA. Mechanochemical Regulation of Oxidative Addition to a Palladium(0) Bisphosphine Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17714-17720. [PMID: 32957791 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the effect of force applied to the biaryl backbone of a bisphosphine ligand on the rate of oxidative addition of bromobenzene to a ligand-coordinated palladium center. Local compressive and tensile forces on the order of 100 pN were generated using a stiff stilbene force probe. A compressive force increases the rate of oxidative addition, whereas a tensile force decreases the rate, relative to that of the parent complex of strain-free ligand. Rates vary by a factor of ∼6 across ∼340 pN of force applied to the complexes. The crystal structures and DFT calculations support that force-induced perturbation of the geometry of the reactant is negligible. The force-rate relationship observed is mainly attributed to the coupling of force to nuclear motion comprising the reaction coordinate. These observations inform the development of catalysts whose activity can be tuned by an external force that is adjusted within a catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yichen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Anton O Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ross A Widenhoefer
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Sandoval-Torrientes R, Carr T, De Bo G. A Mechanochromic Hydrogen-Bonded Rotaxane. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000447. [PMID: 33043523 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tensile forces influence a variety of important biological processes and force sensors are required to study these processes in vivo. Current force sensors are often tailor-made for a specific application, or activate at much higher forces than those observed at the cellular or tissue level. A versatile force sensor, with tunable mechanical and optical properties, activated at low pN forces will be ideal. In this communication, a new mechanoresponsive fluorescent hydrogen-bonded rotaxane, built around a maleimide dye, is reported. Its force-sensing properties are demonstrated in a polyacrylamide gel, a synthetic model of living tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - ThomasR Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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32
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Stevenson R, Zhang M, De Bo G. Mechanical activation of polymers containing two adjacent mechanophores. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymers containing two adjacent mechanophores cleave at the same as a single-mechanophore chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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