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Martí-Rujas J, Famulari A. Polycatenanes Formed of Self-Assembled Metal-Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407626. [PMID: 38837637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Poly-[n]-catenanes (PCs) self-assembled of three-dimensional (3D) metal organic cages (MOCs) (hereafter referred to as PCs-MOCs) are a relatively new class of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) that combine the properties of MOCs and polymers. The synthesis of PCs-MOCs is challenging because of the difficulties associated with interlocking MOCs, the occurrence of multiple weak supramolecular electrostatic interactions between cages, and the importance of solvent templating effects. The high density of mechanical bonds interlocking the MOCs endows the MOCs with mechanical and physical properties such as enhanced stability, responsive dynamic behavior and low solubility, which can unlock new functional properties. In this Minireview, we highlight the benefit of interlocking MOCs in the formation of PCs-MOCs structures as well as the synthetic approaches exploited in their preparation, from thermodynamic to kinetic methods, both in the solution and solid-states. Examples of PCs-MOCs self-assembled from various types of nanosized cages (i.e., tetrahedral, trigonal prismatic, octahedral and icosahedral) are described in this article, providing an overview of the research carried out in this area. The focus is on the structure-property relationship with examples of functional applications such as electron conductivity, X-ray attenuation, gas adsorption and molecular sensing. We believe that the structural and functional aspects of the reviewed PCs-MOCs will attract chemists in this research field with great potential as new functional materials in nanotechnological disciplines such as gas adsorption, sensing and photophysical properties such as X-ray attenuation or electron conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy)
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy)
- INSTM Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, 50121, Florence, Italy
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2
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Elli S, Famulari A, Martí-Rujas J. Paracetamol Inclusion in Mechanically Interlocked Nanocages. Chempluschem 2024:e202400332. [PMID: 38855862 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The solid-state synthesis and fast crystallization under kinetic control of poly-[n]-catenanes self-assembled of mechanically interlocked metal organic cages (MOCs) is virtually unexplored. This is in part, due to the lack of suitable crystals for single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis which limits their progress as advanced functional materials. Here we report the unprecedented inclusion of paracetamol in the cavities of amorphous materials constituted of M12L8, interlocked MOCs synthesized by mechanochemistry under kinetic control. Full structure determination of a low-crystallinity and low-resolution powders of the M12L8 poly-[n]-catenane including paracetamol has been carried out combining XRD data and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations using a multi-step approach. Each M12L8 cage contains six paracetamol guests which is confirmed by thermal analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The paracetamol loading has been also carried out by the instant synthesis method using a saturated paracetamol solution in which TPB and ZnI2 self-assemble immediately (i. e., 1-5 seconds) encapsulating ~7 paracetamol molecules in the M12L8 nanocages under kinetic control also giving a good selectivity. Benzaldehyde has been included in the M12L8 cages using amorphous M12L8 polycatenanes showing that the icosahedral cages can serve as potential nanoreactors for instance to study Henry reactions in the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Elli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
- INSTM, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali
| | - Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
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Shi C, Shen X. Spontaneous Multi-scale Supramolecular Assembly Driven by Noncovalent Interactions Coupled with the Continuous Marangoni Effect. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6980-6989. [PMID: 38513349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is the multi-scale supramolecular assembly (MSSA) process along with redox reactions driven by supramolecular interactions coupled with the spontaneous Marangoni effect in ionic liquid (IL)-based extraction systems. The black powder, the single sphere with a black exterior, and the single colorless sphere were formed step by step at the interface when an aqueous solution of KMnO4 was mixed with the IL phase 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (C2OHmimNTf2) bearing octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO). The mechanism of the whole process was studied systematically. The phenomena were related closely to the change in the valence state of Mn. The MnO4- ion could be reduced quickly to δ-MnO2 and further to Mn2+ slowly by the hydroxyl-functionalized IL C2OHmimNTf2. Based on Mn2+, Mn(CMPO)32+, elementary building blocks (EBBs), and [EBB]n clusters were generated step by step. The [EBB]n clusters with the large enough size that were transferred to the interface, together with the remaining δ-MnO2, assembled into the single sphere with a black exterior, driven by supramolecular interactions coupled with the spontaneous Marangoni effect. When the remaining δ-MnO2 was used up, the mixed single sphere turned completely colorless. It was found that the reaction site of C2OHmim+ with Mn(VII) and Mn(IV) was distributed mainly at the side chain with a hydroxyl group. The MSSA process presents unique spontaneous phase changes. This work paves the way for the practical application of the MSSA-based separation method developed recently. The process also provides a convenient way to observe in situ and characterize directly the continuous Marangoni effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shi
- Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xinghai Shen
- Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Li Y, Jiang H, Zhang W, Zhao X, Sun M, Cui Y, Liu Y. Hetero- and Homointerlocked Metal-Organic Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3147-3159. [PMID: 38279915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Interlocked molecular assemblies constitute a captivating ensemble of chemical topologies, comprising two or more separate components that exhibit remarkably intricate structures. The interlocked molecular assemblies are typically identical, and heterointerlocked systems that comprise structurally distinct assemblies remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that metal-templated synthesis can be exploited to afford not only a homointerlocked cage but also a heterointerlocked cage. Treatment of a carboxylated 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) or Cu(I) bis-dmp linker with a Ni4-p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene cluster affords noninterlocked octahedron and quadruply interlocked double cages consisting of two identical tetragonal pyramids, respectively. In contrast, when a mixture of dmp and Cu(I) bis-dmp linkers is used, a quadruply heterointerlocked cage is produced, consisting of a tetragonal pyramid and an octahedron. With photoredox-active [Cu(dmp)2]+ in the structures, both interlocked cages exhibit remarkable performance as photocatalysts for atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions of trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride with alkenes or oxo-azidations of vinyl arenes. These interlocked structures serve the dual purpose of stabilizing photocatalytically active components against deactivation and encapsulating substrates within the cavity, resulting in yields comparable to or even surpassing those of their molecular counterparts. This work thus provides a new strategy that combines metal templating and nontemplating approaches to design new types of interlocked assemblies with intriguing architectures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Yu HM, Du MH, Shu J, Deng YH, Xu ZM, Huang ZW, Zhang Z, Chen B, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Self-Assembly of Cluster-Mediated 3D Catenanes with Size-Specific Recognition Behavior. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25103-25108. [PMID: 37938934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Although interlocked three-dimensional molecules display unique properties associated with their spatial structures, their synthesis and study of their host-guest properties remain challenging. We report the formation of a novel [2]catenane, [Et4N]@[(Tp*WS3Cu3Cl)2(cis-bpype)3]2(OTf)5 ([Et4N][1](OTf)5), by self-assembly of the cluster node [Tp*WS3Cu3Cl]+ and the organic linker (Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-bis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethene (cis-bpype). Single-crystal X-ray and NMR analyses established that [1]4+ is formed by the interpenetration of two cluster-organic cages. Unique cation-in-cation host-guest complexes were observed with this catenane. The crystalline, empty catenane was formed by taking advantage of the electrostatic repulsion-induced weak binding of the host. Encapsulation experiments also reveal that the empty catenane can adaptively encapsulate cations such as [Et4N]+ and [Pr4N]+ in the cross cavity but is unable to encapsulate [Bu4N]+ and [Me4N]+, although the size of the latter is compatible with that of the cavity. Theoretical calculations and volume analysis allow to unravel the ingenious role of catenane structures and the interplay between electrostatic repulsion and attractive noncovalent interactions for size-specific recognition behavior in host-guest systems involving species with similar electric charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-Hao Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Shu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Hu Deng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ze-Ming Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Martí-Rujas J, Elli S, Zanotti A, Famulari A, Castiglione F. Molecular Recognition of Aromatics in Spherical Nanocages. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302025. [PMID: 37459420 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In general, due to the lack of efficient specific molecular interactions, achieving host-guest molecular recognition inside large and neutral metal-organic cages (MOCs) is challenging. Preferential molecular recognition of aromatics using the internal binding sites of interlocked icosahedral (i. e., spherical) M12 L8 MOCs within poly-[n]-catenane (1) is reported. The guest absorption was monitored directly in the solid-state by consecutive single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) reactions in a gas-solid environment, in single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) experiments. The preferential guest uptake was corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations by determining the host-guest interaction energy (Ehost-guest ) with a nitrobenzene (NB)≫p-xylene (p-xy)≫o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) trend (i. e., from 44 to 25 kcal mol-1 ), assessing the XRD outcomes. Combining SC-XRD, DFT and solid-state 13 C NMR, the exceptional stability of the M12 L8 cages, together with the guest exchange/release properties were rationalized by considering the presence of mechanical bonds (efficient π-π interactions) and by the pyridine's rotor-like behaviour (with 3 kcal mol-1 rotational energy barrier). The structure-function properties of M12 L8 makes 1 a potential candidate in the field of molecular sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
- INSTM Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence, 50121, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
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Martí-Rujas J, Elli S, Famulari A. Kinetic trapping of 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)benzene and ZnI 2 into M 12L 8 poly-[n]-catenanes using solution and solid-state processes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5605. [PMID: 37019947 PMCID: PMC10076325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that in a supramolecular system with more than 20 building blocks forming large icosahedral M12L8 metal-organic cages (MOCs), using the instant synthesis method, it is possible to kinetically trap and control the formation of interlocking M12L8 nanocages, giving rare M12L8 TPB-ZnI2 poly-[n]-catenane. The catenanes are obtained in a one-pot reaction, selectively as amorphous (a1) or crystalline states, as demonstrated by powder X-ray diffraction (powder XRD), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and 1H NMR. The 300 K M12L8 poly-[n]-catenane single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) structure including nitrobenzene (1) indicates strong guest binding with the large M12L8 cage (i.e., internal volume ca. 2600 Å3), allowing its structural resolution. Conversely, slow self-assembly (5 days) leads to a mixture of the M12L8 poly-[n]-catenane and a new TPB-ZnI2 (2) coordination polymer (i.e., thermodynamic product), as revealed by SC-XRD. The neat grinding solid-state synthesis also yields amorphous M12L8 poly-[n]-catenane (a1'), but not coordination polymers, selectively in 15 min. The dynamic behavior of the M12L8 poly-[n]-catenanes demonstrated by the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation upon the uptake of ortho-, meta- and para-xylenes shows the potential of M12L8 poly-[n]-catenanes as functional materials in molecular separation. Finally, combining SC-XRD of 1 and DFT calculations specific for the solid-state, the role of the guests in the stability of the 1D chains of M12L8 nanocages is reported. Energy interactions such as interaction energies (E), lattice energies (E*), host-guest energies (Ehost-guest) and guest-guest energies (Eguest-guest) were analysed considering the X-ray structure with and without the nitrobenzene guest. Not only the synthetic control achieved in the synthesis of the M12L8 MOCs but also their dynamic behavior either in the crystalline or amorphous phase are sufficient to raise scientific interest in areas ranging from fundamental to applied sides of chemistry and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy.
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Elli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, ''Giulio Natta'', Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
- INSTM, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Florence, Italy
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Martí-Rujas J, Ma S, Famulari A. Experimental X-ray and DFT Structural Analyses of M 12L 8 Poly-[ n]-catenanes Using exo-Tridentate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10863-10871. [PMID: 35771236 PMCID: PMC9937537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite their potential applications in host-guest chemistry, there are only five reported structures of poly-[n]-catenanes self-assembled by elusive M12L8 icosahedral nanocages. This small number of structures of M12L8 poly-[n]-catenanes is because self-assembly of large metal-organic cages (MOCs) with large windows allowing catenation by means of mechanical bonds is very challenging. Structural reports of M12L8 poly-[n]-catenanes are needed to increase our knowledge about the self-assembly and genesis of such materials. Poly-[n]-catenane (1·p-CT) self-assembly of interlocked M12L8 icosahedral cages (M = Zn(II) and L = 2,4,6-tris-(4-pyridyl)benzene (TPB)) including a new aromatic guest (p-chlorotoluene (p-CT)) is reported by single-crystal XRD. Despite the huge internal M12L8 voids (> 2500 Å3), p-CT is ordered, allowing a clear visualization of the relative host-guest positions. DFT calculations have been used to compute the electrostatic potential of the TPB ligand, and various aromatic guests (i.e., o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), p-chloroanisole (p-CA), and nitrobenzene (NBz)) included (ordered) within the M12L8 cages were determined by single-crystal XRD. The computed maps of electrostatic potential (MEPs) allow for the rationalization of the guest's inclusion seen in the 3D X-ray structures. Although more crystallographic X-ray structures and DFT analysis are needed to gain insights of guest inclusion in the large voids of M12L8 poly-[n]-catenanes, the reported combined experimental/DFT structural analyses approach can be exploited to use isostructural M12L8 poly-[n]-catenanes as hosts for molecular separation and could find applications in the crystalline sponge method developed by Fujita and co-workers. We also demonstrate, exploiting the instant synthesis method, in solution (i.e., o-DCB), and in the solid-state by neat grinding (i.e., without solvent), that the isostructural M12L8 poly-[n]-catenane self-assembled with 2,4,6-tris-(4-pyridyl)pyridine (TPP) ligand and ZnX2 (where X = Cl, Br, and I) can be kinetically synthesized as crystalline (yields ≈ 60%) and amorphous phases (yields ≈ 70%) in short time and large quantities. Despite the change in the aromatic nature at the center of the rigid exo-tridentate pyridine-based ligand (TPP vs TPB), the kinetic control gives the poly-[n]-catenanes selectively. The dynamic behavior of the TPP amorphous phases upon the uptake of aromatic guest molecules can be used in molecular separation applications like benzene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan 20131, Italy,Center
for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy,
| | - Sijie Ma
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan 20131, Italy,INSTM
Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia
dei Materiali, Florence 50121, Italy,
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Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks as Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084458. [PMID: 35457275 PMCID: PMC9026733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great prospective as new drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to their unique properties: these materials exhibit fascinating architectures, surfaces, composition, and a rich chemistry of these compounds. The DSSs allow the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient to accomplish a desired therapeutic response. Over the past few decades, there has been exponential growth of many new classes of coordination polymers, and MOFs have gained popularity over other identified systems due to their higher biocompatibility and versatile loading capabilities. This review presents and assesses the most recent research, findings, and challenges associated with the use of MOFs as DDSs. Among the most commonly used MOFs for investigated-purpose MOFs, coordination polymers and metal complexes based on synthetic and natural polymers, are well known. Specific attention is given to the stimuli- and multistimuli-responsive MOFs-based DDSs. Of great interest in the COVID-19 pandemic is the use of MOFs for combination therapy and multimodal systems.
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Dang LL, Li TT, Zhao CC, Zhang TT, Ye XY, Sun XT, Wang HR, Ma LF. Supramolecular Rh6 catalytic system promoting directed [4+4] cycloaddition reaction of anthracene under UV irradiation. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang Z, Cui X, Famulari A, Martí-Rujas J, Kariuki BM, Guo F. Solid-state stability of Z′ < 1 and Z′ = 2 polymorphs of N, N, N′, N′-tetrabenzylethylenediamine: a combined experimental and theoretical study. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce01174c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reported polymorphism in a highly flexible ligand gives a structure that is considered as a “crystal on the way” belonging to a metastable phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cui
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- INSTM Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
| | - Fang Guo
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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Martí-Rujas J, Elli S, Sacchetti A, Castiglione F. Mechanochemical synthesis of mechanical bonds in M12L8 poly-[ n]-catenanes. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:53-58. [PMID: 34889335 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Using mechanochemistry by grinding TPB and ZnBr2, an amorphous poly-[n]-catenane of interlocked M12L8 nanocages is obtained in good yields (∼80%) and within 15 minutes. The mechanical bond among the icosahedral M12L8 cages in the amorphous phase has been demonstrated by single crystal XRD, powder XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy following an amorphous-to-crystalline transformation by guest uptake of the amorphous phase. High-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy gives insights into the local structure of the amorphous catenane focusing on TPB aromatic-aromatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy. .,Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Main RM, Cordes DB, Desai AV, Slawin AMZ, Wheatley P, Armstrong AR, Morris RE. Solvothermal Synthesis of a Novel Calcium Metal-Organic Framework: High Temperature and Electrochemical Behaviour. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227048. [PMID: 34834138 PMCID: PMC8623775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth in the field of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) over recent years has highlighted their high potential in a variety of applications. For biological and environmental applications MOFs with low toxicity are vitally important to avoid any harmful effects. For this reason, Ca-based MOFs are highly desirable owing to their low cost and high biocompatibility. Useful Ca MOFs are still rare owing to the ionic character and large size of the Ca2+ ion tending to produce dense phases. Presented here is a novel Ca-based MOF containing 2,3-dihyrdoxyterephthalate (2,3-dhtp) linkers Ca(2,3-dhtp)(H2O) (SIMOF-4). The material undergoes a phase transformation on heating, which can be followed by variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction. The structure of the high temperature form was obtained using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical properties of SIMOF-4 were also investigated for use in a Na ion battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell M. Main
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (R.M.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.V.D.); (A.M.Z.S.); (P.W.); (A.R.A.)
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (R.M.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.V.D.); (A.M.Z.S.); (P.W.); (A.R.A.)
| | - Aamod V. Desai
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (R.M.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.V.D.); (A.M.Z.S.); (P.W.); (A.R.A.)
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (R.M.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.V.D.); (A.M.Z.S.); (P.W.); (A.R.A.)
| | - Paul Wheatley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (R.M.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.V.D.); (A.M.Z.S.); (P.W.); (A.R.A.)
| | - A. Robert Armstrong
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (R.M.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.V.D.); (A.M.Z.S.); (P.W.); (A.R.A.)
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Russell E. Morris
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (R.M.M.); (D.B.C.); (A.V.D.); (A.M.Z.S.); (P.W.); (A.R.A.)
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-133-446-3818
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Zhang YY, Liu Q, Zhang LY, Bao YM, Tan JY, Zhang N, Zhang JY, Liu ZJ. MOFs assembled from C3 symmetric ligands: structure, iodine capture and role as bifunctional catalysts towards the oxidation-Knoevenagel cascade reaction. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:647-659. [PMID: 33325957 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03565c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Three new NiII/CoII-metal organic frameworks were self-assembled by the reaction of C3 symmetric 1,3,5-tribenzoic acid (H3BTC) and 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (4-TPT) ligands and NiII/CoII salts under solvothermal conditions. Isomorphous MOF1 and MOF2 exhibit a 3D pillar-layer framework based on binuclear M2(OH)(COO)2 units connected by tritopic BTC3- and 4-TPT ligands with a novel (3,5)-connected topology net. MOF3 displays a 3-fold interpenetrated 3D network exhibiting a (3,4)-connected topology net. The porous MOF3 can reversibly take up I2. The activated MOFs contain both Lewis acid (NiII center) and basic (uncoordinated pyridyl or carboxylic groups) sites, and act as bifunctional acid-base catalysts. The catalytic measurements demonstrate that the activated MOF3 exhibits good activities for benzyl alcohol oxidation and the Knoevenagel reaction and can be recycled and reused for at least four cycles without losing its structural integrity and high catalytic activity. Thus, the catalytic properties for the oxidation-Knoevenagel cascade reaction have also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, PR. China
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Host-guest molecular encapsulation of cucurbit[7]uril with dillapiole congeners using docking simulation and density functional theory approaches. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Martí-Rujas J. Structural elucidation of microcrystalline MOFs from powder X-ray diffraction. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13897-13916. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02802a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio powder XRD structure solution and MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milan
- Italy
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Yu WB, Qiu FY, Sun P, Shi HT, Xin ZF. A new supramolecular catalytic system: the self-assembly of Rh8 cage host anthracene molecules for [4 + 4] cycloaddition induced by UV irradiation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9688-9693. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01978j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular assembly is significant in host–guest chemistry. In this work, a new supramolecular system assembled through a distorted cuboid was introduced. Moreover, the [4 + 4] cycloaddition reaction of the guest molecules was further studied under UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Yu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Feng-Yi Qiu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Po Sun
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Hua-Tian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
| | - Zhi-Feng Xin
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- Engineering Research Institute
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
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