1
|
Li H, Li Y, Chen J, Lu L, Wang P, Hu J, Ma R, Gao Y, Yi H, Li W, Lei A. Scalable and Selective Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Polycyclic Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407392. [PMID: 39031667 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of aromatic compounds constitutes a fundamental and ongoing area of investigation. The selective reduction of polycyclic aromatic compounds to give either fully or partially reduced products remains a challenge, especially in applications to complex molecules at scale. Herein, we present a selective electrochemical hydrogenation of polycyclic arenes conducted under mild conditions. A noteworthy achievement of this approach is the ability to finely control both the complete and partial reduction of specific aromatic rings within polycyclic arenes by judiciously varying the reaction solvents. Mechanistic investigations elucidate the pivotal role played by in situ proton generation and interface regulation in governing reaction selectivity. The reductive electrochemical conditions show a very high level of functional-group tolerance. Furthermore, this methodology represents an easily scalable reduction (demonstrated by the reduction of 1 kg scale starting material) using electrochemical flow chemistry to give key intermediates for the synthesis of specific drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wu Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Q, Ren YZ, Zhang BB, Tang WX, Wang ZX, He L, Chen XY. Photoinduced Single Electron Reduction of the 4-O-5 Linkage in Lignin Models for C-P Coupling Catalyzed by Bifunctional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2406095. [PMID: 39099408 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202406095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic activation of Caryl-O bonds is considered as a powerful strategy for the production of aromatics from lignin. However, due to the high reduction potentials of diaryl ether 4-O-5 linkage models, their single electron reduction remains a daunting challenge. This study presents the blue light-induced bifunctional N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed one-electron reduction of diaryl ether 4-O-5 linkage models for the synthesis of trivalent phosphines. The H-bond between the newly devised bifunctional NHC and diaryl ethers is responsible for the success of the single electron transfer. Furthermore, this approach demonstrates selective one-electron reduction of unsymmetric diaryl ethers, oligomeric phenylene oxide, and lignin model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Ren
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Xin Tang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong, 256606, China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong, 256606, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huxter VM. Advancing Organic Photoredox Catalysis: Mechanistic Insight through Time-Resolved Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:7945-7953. [PMID: 39074366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of light-activated organic photoredox catalysts has led to the proliferation of powerful synthetic chemical strategies with industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Despite the advancement in synthetic approaches, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms governing these reactions has lagged. Time-resolved optical spectroscopy provides a method to track organic photoredox catalysis processes and reveal the energy pathways that drive reaction mechanisms. These measurements are sensitive to key processes in organic photoredox catalysis such as charge or energy transfer, lifetimes of singlet or triplet states, and solvation dynamics. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrafast spectroscopic measurements can provide a new perspective on the mechanisms of these reactions, including electron-transfer events, the role of solvent, and the short lifetimes of radical intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Huxter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei W, Li C, Fan Y, Chen X, Zhao X, Qiao B, Jiang Z. Catalytic Asymmetric Redox-Neutral [3+2] Photocycloadditions of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Vinylazaarenes Enabled by Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406845. [PMID: 38687326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) is a powerful and atom-economical protocol to overcome the limitations of the intrinsic redox potential of visible light-absorbing photosensitizers, thereby considerably improving the substrate and reaction types. Likely because such an exothermic single-electron transfer (SET) process usually does not require the aid of chiral catalysts, resulting in an inevitable racemic background reaction, notably, no enantioselective manifolds have been reported. Herein, we report on the viability of cooperative ConPET and chiral hydrogen-bonding catalysis for the [3+2] photocycloaddition of cyclopropyl ketones with vinylazaarenes. In addition to enabling the first use of olefins that preferentially interact with chiral catalysts, this catalysis platform paves the way for the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutically and synthetically important cyclopentyl ketones functionalized by azaarenes with high yields, ees and dr. The robust capacity of the method can be further highlighted by the low loading of the chiral catalyst (1.0 mol %), the good compatibility of both 2-azaarene and 3-pyridine-based olefins, and the successful concurrent construction of three stereocenters on cyclopentane rings involving an elusive but important all-carbon quaternary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Baokun Qiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arima Y, Okayasu Y, Yoshioka D, Nagai Y, Kobayashi Y. Multiphoton-Driven Photocatalytic Defluorination of Persistent Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Polymers by Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408687. [PMID: 38896058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and fluorinated polymers (FPs) have been extensively utilized in various industries, whereas their extremely high stability poses environmental persistence and difficulty in waste treatment. Current decomposition approaches of PFASs and FPs typically require harsh conditions such as heating over 400 °C. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop a new technique capable of decomposing them under mild conditions. Here, we demonstrated that perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), known as a "persistent chemical," and Nafion, a widely utilized sulfonated FP for ion-exchange membranes, can be efficiently decomposed into fluorine ions under ambient conditions via the irradiation of visible LED light onto semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). PFOS was completely defluorinated within 8-h irradiation of 405-nm LED light, and the turnover number of the C-F bond dissociation per NC was 17200. Furthermore, 81 % defluorination of Nafion was achieved for 24-h light irradiation, demonstrating the efficient photocatalytic properties under visible light. We revealed that this decomposition is driven by cooperative mechanisms involving light-induced ligand displacements and Auger-induced electron injections via hydrated electrons and higher excited states. This study not only demonstrates the feasibility of efficiently breaking down various PFASs and FPs under mild conditions but also paves the way for advancing toward a sustainable fluorine-recycling society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Arima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okayasu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ji P, Duan K, Li M, Wang Z, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Photochemical dearomative skeletal modifications of heteroaromatics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6600-6624. [PMID: 38817197 PMCID: PMC11181993 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization has emerged as a powerful tool for rapid construction of 3D molecular architectures from simple, abundant, and planar (hetero)arenes. The field has evolved beyond simple dearomatization driven by new synthetic technology development. With the renaissance of photocatalysis and expansion of the activation mode, the last few years have witnessed impressive developments in innovative photochemical dearomatization methodologies, enabling skeletal modifications of dearomatized structures. They offer truly efficient and useful tools for facile construction of highly complex structures, which are viable for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistically insightful overview on these innovations based on the degree of skeletal alteration, categorized into dearomative functionalization and skeletal editing, and to highlight their synthetic utilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Menglong Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pfund B, Gejsnæs-Schaad D, Lazarevski B, Wenger OS. Picosecond reactions of excited radical ion super-reductants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4738. [PMID: 38834625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical photochemistry requires nanosecond excited-state lifetimes for diffusion-controlled reactions. Excited radicals with picosecond lifetimes have been implied by numerous photoredox studies, and controversy has arisen as to whether they can actually be catalytically active. We provide direct evidence for the elusive pre-association between radical ions and substrate molecules, enabling photoinduced electron transfer beyond the diffusion limit. A strategy based on two distinct light absorbers, mimicking the natural photosystems I and II, is used to generate excited radicals, unleashing extreme reduction power and activating C(sp2)-Cl and C(sp2)-F bonds. Our findings provide a long-sought mechanistic understanding for many previous synthetically-oriented works and permit more rational future photoredox reaction development. The newly developed excitation strategy pushes the current limits of reactions based on multi-photon excitation and very short-lived but highly redox active species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruno Lazarevski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu DH, Ma J. Recent Advances in Dearomative Partial Reduction of Benzenoid Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402819. [PMID: 38480464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative partial reduction is an extraordinary approach for transforming benzenoid arenes and has been well-known for many decades, as exemplified by the dehydrogenation of Birch reduction and the hydroarylation of Crich addition. Despite its remarkable importance in synthesis, this field has experienced slow progress over the last half-century. However, a revival has been observed with the recent introduction of electrochemical and photochemical methods. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advancements in dearomative partial reduction of benzenoid arenes, including dihydrogenation, hydroalkylation, arylation, alkenylation, amination, borylation and others. Further, the intriguing utilization of dearomative partial reduction in the synthesis of natural products is also emphasized. It is anticipated that this Minireview will stimulate further progress in arene dearomative transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nallaparaju JV, Satsi R, Merzhyievskyi D, Jarg T, Aav R, Kananovich DG. Mechanochemical Birch Reduction with Low Reactive Alkaline Earth Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319449. [PMID: 38436590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Birch reduction and similar dissolved metal-type transformations hold significant importance in the organic synthesis toolbox. Historically, the field has been dominated by alkali metal reductants. In this study, we report that largely neglected, low-reactive alkaline earth metals can become powerful and affordable reductants when used in a ball mill under essentially solvent-free conditions, in the presence of ethylenediamine and THF as liquid additives. Calcium can reduce both electron-deficient and electron-rich arenes, with yields of products similar to those obtained with lithium metal. Magnesium reveals enhanced reducing power, enabling the reduction of benzoic acids while keeping electron-rich aromatic moieties intact and allows for chemoselective transformations. The developed mechanochemical approach uses readily available and safer-to-handle metals, operates under air and ambient temperature conditions, and can be used for gram-scale preparations. Finally, we demonstrate that the developed conditions can be used for other dissolved metal-type reductive transformations, including reductive amination, deoxygenation, dehalogenation, alkene and alkyne reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Riin Satsi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Danylo Merzhyievskyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-containing Heterocyclic Bases, V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar Str. 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tatsiana Jarg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Dzmitry G Kananovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grotjahn S, Graf C, Zelenka J, Pattanaik A, Müller L, Kutta RJ, Rehbein J, Roithová J, Gschwind RM, Nuernberger P, König B. Reactivity of Superbasic Carbanions Generated via Reductive Radical-Polar Crossover in the Context of Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400815. [PMID: 38408163 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reactions involving a reductive radical-polar crossover (RRPCO) generate intermediates with carbanionic reactivity. Many of these proposed intermediates resemble highly reactive organometallic compounds. However, conditions of their formation are generally not tolerated by their isolated organometallic versions and often a different reactivity is observed. Our investigations on their nature and reactivity under commonly used photocatalytic conditions demonstrate that these intermediates are indeed best described as free, superbasic carbanions capable of deprotonating common polar solvents usually assumed to be inert such as acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide. Their basicity not only towards solvents but also towards electrophiles, such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters, is comparable to the reactivity of isolated carbanions in the gas-phase. Previously unsuccessful transformations thought to result from a lack of reactivity are explained by their high reactivity towards the solvent and weakly acidic protons of reaction partners. An intuitive explanation for the mode of action of photocatalytically generated carbanions is provided, which enables methods to verify reaction mechanisms proposed to involve an RRPCO step and to identify the reasons for the limitations of current methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Grotjahn
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Graf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Zelenka
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aryaman Pattanaik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lea Müller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan Q, Jiang K, Liu B, Jiang H, Cao X, Yin B. Radical-Dearomative Generation of Cyclohexadienyl Pd(II) toward the 3D Transformation of Nonactivated Phenyl Rings. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307074. [PMID: 38102822 PMCID: PMC10916580 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional palladium-catalyzed dearomatization of (hetero)arenes takes place via an ionic pathway and usually requires elevated temperatures to overcome the energy barrier of the dearomative insertion step. Herein, a combination of the radical and two-electron pathways is disclosed, which enables room temperature dearomative 3D transformations of nonactivated phenyl rings with Pd(0) as the catalyst. Experimental results together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate a versatile π-allyl Pd(II) species, cyclohexadienyl Pd(II), possibly is involved in the dearomatization. This species is generated by combining the cyclohexadienyl radical and Pd(I). The cyclohexadienyl Pd(II) provides chemoselective (carboamination and trieneylation), regioselective (1,2-carboamination), and diastereoselective (carbonyl-group directed face selectivity) conversions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical Collegeand State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou510006China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong ProvinceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology (SCUT)Guangzhou510640China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kang WJ, Zhang Y, Li B, Guo H. Electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation of imines and reductive functionalization of aryl halides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:655. [PMID: 38253534 PMCID: PMC10803379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The open-shell catalytically active species, like radical cations or radical anions, generated by one-electron transfer of precatalysts are widely used in energy-consuming redox reactions, but their excited-state lifetimes are usually short. Here, a closed-shell thioxanthone-hydrogen anion species (3), which can be photochemically converted to a potent and long-lived reductant, is generated under electrochemical conditions, enabling the electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation. Notably, TfOH can regulate the redox potential of the active species in this system. In the presence of TfOH, precatalyst (1) reduction can occur at low potential, so that competitive H2 evolution can be inhibited, thus effectively promoting the hydrogenation of imines. In the absence of TfOH, the reducing ability of the system can reach a potency even comparable to that of Na0 or Li0, thereby allowing the hydrogenation, borylation, stannylation and (hetero)arylation of aryl halides to construct C-H, C-B, C-Sn, and C-C bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA.
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang C, Xiao P, Ye ZM, Wang CL, Kang C, Tang S, Wei Z, Cai H. Direct C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Unprotected Benzyl Anilines and Alkylarenes by Organocatalysis under Visible Light. Org Lett 2024; 26:304-309. [PMID: 38165162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is direct C(sp3)-H arylation of unprotected benzyl anilines and alkylarenes via consecutive photoinduced electron transfer by visible light irradiation. Reductive quenching cycles and radical-radical cross-coupling were involved, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments provide evidence for the formation of radical intermediates formed in situ. The protocol highlights transition metal free, external oxidant free, broad substrate scope, and high efficiency (>60 examples, up to 96%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song TT, Mei YK, Liu Y, Wang XY, Guo SY, Ji DW, Wan B, Yuan W, Chen QA. Construction of Bridged Benzazepines via Photo-Induced Dearomatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314304. [PMID: 38009446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Bridged benzazepine scaffolds, possessing unique structural and physicochemical activities, are widespread in various natural products and drugs. The construction of these skeletons often requires elaborate synthetic effort with low efficiency. Herein, we develop a simple and divergent approach for constructing various bridged benzazepines by a photocatalytic intermolecular dearomatization of naphthalene derivatives with readily available α-amino acids. The bridged motif is created via a cascade sequence involving photocatalytic 1,4-hydroaminoalkylation, alkene isomerization and cyclization. Interestingly, the diastereoselectivity can be regulated through different reaction modes in the cyclization step. Moreover, aminohydroxylation and its further bromination have also been demonstrated to access highly functionalized bridged benzazepines. Preliminary mechanistic studies have been performed to get insights into the mechanism. This method provides a divergent synthetic approach for construction of highly functionalized bridged benzazepines, which have been otherwise difficult to access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Song
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yong-Kang Mei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Deore JP, De M. Semiconductor Quantum Dots Act as Photocatalysts for Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation: Selective Functionalization of Xanthene's 9H Position. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16292-16301. [PMID: 37978938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The potential of CdSe, CdS, MoS2, and WS2 QDs as semiconductor photocatalysts for selective functionalization of the xanthene 9H position through carbon-carbon bond formation has been investigated. Our study reveals valuable insights into the energy-transfer and electron-transfer pathways involved in these reactions, as well as the radical polar crossover (RPC) and triplet-to-triplet energy transfer (TTEnT) processes. Notably, this approach offers a range of intriguing features, including visible-light-mediated processes, inexpensive catalytic systems, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, unfunctionalized starting materials, and suitability for gram-scale synthesis. This study makes a significant contribution to the newly emerging field of QD-catalyzed reactions, paving the way for future explorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiteshkumar P Deore
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu DH, Nagashima K, Liang H, Yue XL, Chu YP, Chen S, Ma J. Chemoselective Quinoline and Isoquinoline Reduction by Energy Transfer Catalysis Enabled Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312203. [PMID: 37803457 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
(Hetero)arene reduction is one of the key avenues for synthesizing related cyclic alkenes and alkanes. While catalytic hydrogenation and Birch reduction are the two broadly utilized approaches for (hetero)arene reduction across academia and industry over the last century, both methods have encountered significant chemoselectivity challenges. We hereby introduce a highly chemoselective quinoline and isoquinoline reduction protocol operating through selective energy transfer (EnT) catalysis, which enables subsequent hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The design of this protocol bypasses the conventional metric of reduction reaction, that is, the reductive potential, and instead relies on the triplet energies of the chemical moieties and the kinetic barriers of energy and hydrogen atom transfer events. Many reducing labile functional groups, which were incompatible with previous (hetero)arene reduction reactions, are retained in this reaction. We anticipate that this protocol will trigger the further advancement of chemoselective arene reduction and enable the current arene-rich drug space to escape from flatland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kyogo Nagashima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA
| | - Hui Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Lin Yue
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Chu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, Ohio 44074, USA
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horsewill SJ, Cao C, Dabney N, Yang ES, Faulkner S, Scott DJ. Isolation of the elusive [Ru(bipy) 3] +: a key intermediate in photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37991841 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has flourished in recent years, but due to its widespread utility applications have grown faster than mechanistic understanding. In this report we help to address this deficit by isolating and characterising one of the intermediates of the iconic photocatalyst [Ru(bipy)3]2+, and testing its initial photoreactivity towards common substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Horsewill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Chengyang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Noah Dabney
- Department of Chemistry, Guilford College, 5800 W Friendly Ave., Greensboro, NC 27410, USA
| | - Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
De Luca C, Zanetti D, Battisti T, Ferreira RR, Lopez S, McMillan AH, Lesher-Pérez SC, Maggini L, Bonifazi D. Photoreduction of Anthracenes Catalyzed by peri-Xanthenoxanthene: a Scalable and Sustainable Birch-Type Alternative. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302129. [PMID: 37593905 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The typical Birch reduction transforms arenes into cyclohexa-1,4-dienes by using alkali metals, an alcohol as a proton source, and an amine as solvent. Capitalizing on the strong photoreductive properties of peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX), herein we report the photocatalyzed "Birch-type" reduction of acenes by employing visible blue light irradiation at room temperature in the presence of air. Upon excitation at 405 or 460 nm in the presence of a mixture of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and trifluoromethanesulfonimide (HNTf2 ) in DMSO, PXX photocatalyzes the selective reduction of full-carbon acene derivatives (24-75 %). Immobilization of PXX onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) beads (PXX-PDMS) allowed the use of the catalyst in heterogeneous batch reactions, giving 9-phenyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene in high yield (68 %). The catalyst could easily be recovered and reused, with no notable drop in performance observed after five reaction cycles. Integration of the PXX-PDMS beads into a microreactor enabled the reduction of acenes under continuous-flow conditions, thereby validating the sustainability and scalability of this heterogeneous-phase approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian De Luca
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Zanetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tommaso Battisti
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rúben R Ferreira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofia Lopez
- División Polímeros Nanoestructurados, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), UNMdP-CONICET y Departamento de Química, UNMdP, Av. Cristóbal Colón 10850, Mar del Plata, B7606BWV, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Sasha Cai Lesher-Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex Building 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd, 48109-2800, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura Maggini
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li X, Pan Z, Xia Y, Rui J, Zhu M, Ren H, Huang J. Controlled Radical Polymerization Initiated by Solvated Electrons. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300416. [PMID: 37712327 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Solvated electron (esol - ) is highly reducing species and apt to initiate monomers via one-electron transfer reaction. Herein, utilizing the esol - solution of Na/hexamethylphosphoramide, radical and anionic initiations are observed respectively, which heavily depend on Na concentrations. Interestingly, this initiation system, in states of lower Na concentrations, higher molar conductivities and less paired esol - , give rise to a controlled radical polymerization (CRP) to yield polymers with predictable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (the lowest Ð = 1.25). This CRP presents unique behaviors, like solvent effect, electric field effect, and unusual copolymerization phenomenon. A semi-conjugated radical carrying a negative charge is proposed to be responsible for the CRP. This system gives a distinct way to regulate CRP from current CRPs, and offers new insights into the monomer initiation by esol - .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Rui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - He Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Road (S), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211816, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Žurauskas J, Boháčová S, Wu S, Butera V, Schmid S, Domański M, Slanina T, Barham JP. Electron-Poor Acridones and Acridiniums as Super Photooxidants in Molecular Photoelectrochemistry by Unusual Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307550. [PMID: 37584300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron-deficient acridones and in situ generated acridinium salts are reported as potent, closed-shell photooxidants that undergo surprising mechanisms. When bridging acyclic triarylamine catalysts with a carbonyl group (acridones), this completely diverts their behavior away from open-shell, radical cationic, 'beyond diffusion' photocatalysis to closed-shell, neutral, diffusion-controlled photocatalysis. Brønsted acid activation of acridones dramatically increases excited state oxidation power (by +0.8 V). Upon reduction of protonated acridones, they transform to electron-deficient acridinium salts as even more potent photooxidants (*E1/2 =+2.56-3.05 V vs SCE). These oxidize even electron-deficient arenes where conventional acridinium salt photooxidants have thusfar been limited to electron-rich arenes. Surprisingly, upon photoexcitation these electron-deficient acridinium salts appear to undergo two electron reductive quenching to form acridinide anions, spectroscopically-detected as their protonated forms. This new behaviour is partly enabled by a catalyst preassembly with the arene, and contrasts to conventional SET reductive quenching of acridinium salts. Critically, this study illustrates how redox active chromophoric molecules initially considered photocatalysts can transform during the reaction to catalytically active species with completely different redox and spectroscopic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Žurauskas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Shangze Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC, 61200 Brno (Czech Republic), Department of Science and Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simon Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Halder S, Mandal S, Kundu A, Mandal B, Adhikari D. Super-Reducing Behavior of Benzo[ b]phenothiazine Anion Under Visible-Light Photoredox Condition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22403-22412. [PMID: 37788971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the anion of benzo[b]phenothiazine as a super reductant species upon excitation by visible light. In contrary to N-substituted phenothiazines or benzophenothiazines, this molecule holds extreme reducing power to promote single electron transfer-based reductive cleavage at a potential of -3.51 V vs SCE. As a proof, a plethora of aryl chloride substrates have been reductively cleaved to fabricate molecules of the class isoindolinone and oxindole. Moreover, an aryl-chloride bond has been homolytically cleaved to generate aryl radicals that have been utilized for C-C cross-coupling or C-P bond formation reactions. To prove its extreme reducing ability, some of the aryl fluoride bonds have been cleaved to generate aryl radicals. A detailed photophysical study including steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques explain the molecule's behavior upon light excitation, and that correlates with its reactivity pattern. Theoretical calculations disclose the benzophenothiazine anion to be slightly puckered at the ground state as the molecule is antiaromatic in nature. In contrast, the excited-state geometry is planar, which is also close to that of the intermediate after one electron transfer. Abating the antiaromaticity of the anionic species is partially responsible for its highly reducing behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Halder
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Sourav Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Abhishek Kundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Baishanal Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tan EYK, Mat Lani AS, Sow W, Liu Y, Li H, Chiba S. Dearomatization of (Hetero)arenes through Photodriven Interplay between Polysulfide Anions and Formate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309764. [PMID: 37582050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The facile construction of C(sp3 )-rich carbo- and heterocyclic compounds is a pivotal synthetic strategy to foster contemporary drug discovery programs. The downstream dearomatization of readily accessible two-dimensional (2D) planar arenes represents a direct pathway towards accessing three-dimensional (3D) aliphatic scaffolds. Here, we demonstrate that polysulfide anions are capable of catalyzing a dearomatization process of substituted naphthalenes, indoles, and other related heteroaromatic compounds in the presence of potassium formate and methanol under visible light irradiation. The developed protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, representing a practical and sustainable synthetic tool for the arene dearomatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yew Kun Tan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Amirah S Mat Lani
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wayne Sow
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Haoyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Edgecomb JM, Alektiar SN, Cowper NGW, Sowin JA, Wickens ZK. Ketyl Radical Coupling Enabled by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Electrophotocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20169-20175. [PMID: 37676728 PMCID: PMC10787642 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new class of electrophotocatalysts, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, that promote the reduction of unactivated carbonyl compounds to generate versatile ketyl radical intermediates. This catalytic platform enables previously challenging intermolecular ketyl radical coupling reactions, including those that classic reductants (e.g., SmI2/HMPA) have failed to promote. More broadly, this study outlines an approach to fundamentally expand the array of reactive radical intermediates that can be generated via electrophotocatalysis by obviating the need for rapid mesolytic cleavage following substrate reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Edgecomb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sara N Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas G W Cowper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer A Sowin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Han X, Liu X, Len C, Liu L, Wang D, Zhang Y, Duan XH, Hu M. Photoredox-Catalyzed gem-Difluoromethylenation of Aliphatic Alcohols with 1,1-Difluoroalkenes to Access α,α-Difluoromethylene Ethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12744-12754. [PMID: 37610918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
A switchable synthesis of alcohols and ketones bearing a CF2-OR scaffold using visible-light promotion is described. The method of PDI catalysis is characterized by its ease of operation, broad substrate scopes, and the ability to switch between desired products without the need for transition metal catalysts. The addition or absence of a base plays a key role in controlling the synthesis of the major desired products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Han
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Christophe Len
- CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Université, F-60203 Compiègne, France
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yinbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingyou Hu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lepori M, Schmid S, Barham JP. Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1055-1145. [PMID: 37533877 PMCID: PMC10390843 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) is a cutting-edge frontier for single electron-transfer (SET) reactions, enabling the generation of reactive intermediates for both oxidative and reductive processes via photon activation of a catalyst. Although this represents a significant step towards chemoselective and, more generally, sustainable chemistry, its efficacy is limited by the energy of visible light photons. Nowadays, excellent alternative conditions are available to overcome these limitations, harvesting two different but correlated concepts: the use of multi-photon processes such as consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) and the combination of photo- and electrochemistry in synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC). Herein, we review the most recent contributions to these fields in both oxidative and reductive activations of organic functional groups. New opportunities for organic chemists are captured, such as selective reactions employing super-oxidants and super-reductants to engage unactivated chemical feedstocks, and scalability up to gram scales in continuous flow. This review provides comparisons between the two techniques (multi-photon photoredox catalysis and PEC) to help the reader to fully understand their similarities, differences and potential applications and to therefore choose which method is the most appropriate for a given reaction, scale and purpose of a project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lepori
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmid
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Horsewill S, Hierlmeier G, Farasat Z, Barham JP, Scott DJ. Shining Fresh Light on Complex Photoredox Mechanisms through Isolation of Intermediate Radical Anions. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9392-9403. [PMID: 37497378 PMCID: PMC10367049 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) has gained enormous and wide-ranging interest in recent years but has also been subject to significant mechanistic uncertainty, even controversy. To provide a method by which the missing understanding can begin to be filled in, we demonstrate herein that it is possible to isolate as authentic materials the one-electron reduction products of representative PRC catalysts (PCs). Specifically, KC8 reduction of both 9,10-dicyanoanthracene and a naphthalene monoamide derivative in the presence of a cryptand provides convenient access to the corresponding [K(crypt)+][PC·-] salts as clean materials that can be fully characterized by techniques including EPR and XRD. Because PC·- states are key intermediates in PRC reactions, such isolation allows for highly controlled study of these anions' specific reactivity and hence their mechanistic roles. As a demonstration of this principle, we show that these salts can be used to conveniently interrogate the mechanisms of recent, high-profile "conPET" and "e-PRC" reactions, which are currently the subject of both significant interest and acute controversy. Using very simple experiments, we are able to provide striking insights into these reactions' underlying mechanisms and to observe surprising levels of hidden complexity that would otherwise have been very challenging to identify and that emphasize the care and control that are needed when interrogating and interpreting PRC mechanisms. These studies provide a foundation for the study of a far broader range of questions around conPET, e-PRC, and other PRC reaction mechanisms in the future, using the same strategy of PC·- isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
J. Horsewill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zahra Farasat
- Professor
Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry,
College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars 71467-13565, Iran
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg, Bayern 93053, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tyler JL, Katzenburg F, Glorius F. A focus on sustainable method development for greener synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7408-7410. [PMID: 37449072 PMCID: PMC10337756 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc90120c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the current global climate and health challenges, sustainability and cost-effectiveness are becoming unavoidable factors that must be considered in the development of new synthetic methodologies. In a recent publication, Kavthe et al. (R. D. Kavthe, K. S. Iyer, J. C. Caravez and B. H. Lipshutz, Chem. Sci., 2023, 14, 6399, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SC01699D) have succinctly demonstrated how employing more sustainable methodology can vastly reduce the environmental impact associated with the synthesis of the antimalarial drug candidate MMV688533. The most notable feature of this newly reported synthetic route is the application of aqueous micellar conditions to two Sonogashira coupling reactions that simultaneously improve the yield, catalyst loading and sustainability of these key steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L Tyler
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Munster Germany
| | - Felix Katzenburg
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Munster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 36 48149 Munster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Luo H, Liu FZ, Liu Y, Chu Z, Yan K. Biasing Divergent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Oxidation Pathway by Solvent-Free Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Precise control in reaction selectivity is the goal in modern organic synthesis, and it has been widely studied throughout the synthetic community. In comparison, control of divergent reactivity of a given reagent under different reaction conditions is relatively less explored aspect of chemical selectivity. We herein report an unusual reaction between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and periodic acid H5IO6 (1), where the product outcome is dictated by the choice of reaction conditions. That is, reactions under solution-based condition give preferentially C-H iodination products, while reactions under solvent-free mechanochemical condition provide C-H oxidation quinone products. Control experiments further indicated that the iodination product is not a reaction intermediate toward the oxidation product and vice versa. Mechanistic studies unveiled an in situ crystalline-to-crystalline phase change in 2 during ball-milling treatment, where we assigned it as a polymeric hydrogen-bond network of 1. We believe that this polymeric crystalline phase shields the more embedded electrophilic I═O group of 1 from C-H iodination and bias a divergent C-H oxidation pathway (with I═O) in the solid state. Collectively, this work demonstrates that mechanochemistry can be employed to completely switch a reaction pathway and unmask hidden reactivity of chemical reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zeng L, Zhang T, Liu R, Tian W, Wu K, Zhu J, Wang Z, He C, Feng J, Guo X, Douka AI, Duan C. Chalcogen-bridged coordination polymer for the photocatalytic activation of aryl halides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4002. [PMID: 37414824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to deliver electrons is vital for dye-based photocatalysts. Conventionally, the aromatic stacking-based charge-transfer complex increases photogenerated electron accessibility but decreases the energy of excited-state dyes. To circumvent this dilemma, here we show a strategy by tuning the stacking mode of dyes. By decorating naphthalene diimide with S-bearing branches, the S···S contact-linked naphthalene diimide string is created in coordination polymer, thereby enhancing electron mobility while simultaneously preserving competent excited-state reducing power. This benefit, along with in situ assembly between naphthalene diimide strings and exogenous reagent/reactant, improves the accessibility of short-lived excited states during consecutive photon excitation, resulting in greater efficiency in photoinduced electron-transfer activation of inert bonds in comparison to other coordination polymers with different dye-stacking modes. This heterogeneous approach is successfully applied in the photoreduction of inert aryl halides and the successive formation of CAr-C/S/P/B bonds with potential pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Renhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenming Tian
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhonghe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Abdoulkader Ibro Douka
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shirakawa E, Ota Y, Yonekura K, Okura K, Mizusawa S, Sarkar SK, Abe M. Manipulation of an electron by photoirradiation in the electron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3544. [PMID: 37256951 PMCID: PMC10413655 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An electron has recently been shown to catalyze the cross-coupling reaction of organometallic compounds with aryl halides. In terms of green and sustainable chemistry, the electron catalysis is much more desirable than the inevitably used transition metal catalysis but a high temperature of more than 100°C is required to achieve it. Here, we disclose that visible light photoirradiation accelerates the electron-catalyzed reaction of arylzinc reagents with aryl halides with the aid of a photoredox catalysis. Photoexcitation of a photoredox catalyst and an anion radical intermediate respectively affects the supply and transfer of the electron catalyst, promoting the cross-coupling reaction to proceed at room temperature. The supply of the electron catalyst by the photoredox catalysis makes the scope of aryl halides wider.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shirakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuki Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yonekura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Keisho Okura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizusawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
- Fine Materials Department, Osaka Gas Chemicals, Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-0051, Japan
| | - Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Advanced Patterning Department, Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hartweg S, Barnes J, Yoder BL, Garcia GA, Nahon L, Miliordos E, Signorell R. Solvated dielectrons from optical excitation: An effective source of low-energy electrons. Science 2023:eadh0184. [PMID: 37228229 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy electrons dissolved in liquid ammonia or aqueous media are powerful reducing agents that promote challenging reduction reactions, but can also cause radiation damage to biological tissue. Knowledge of the underlying mechanistic processes remains incomplete, in particular with respect to the details and energetics of the electron transfer steps. Here, we show how ultraviolet (UV) photoexcitation of metal-ammonia clusters could be used to generate tunable low-energy electrons in situ. Specifically, we identified UV light-induced generation of spin-paired solvated dielectrons and their subsequent relaxation by an unconventional electron-transfer-mediated decay as an efficient low-energy electron source. The process is robust and straightforward to induce, with the prospect of improving our understanding of radiation damage and fostering mechanistic studies of solvated electron reduction reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hartweg
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo A Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 St Aubin, France
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Williams OP, Chmiel AF, Mikhael M, Bates DM, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Practical and General Alcohol Deoxygenation Protocol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300178. [PMID: 36840940 PMCID: PMC10121858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a practical protocol for the removal of alcohol functional groups through reductive cleavage of their benzoate ester analogs. This transformation requires a strong single electron transfer (SET) reductant and a means to accelerate slow fragmentation following substrate reduction. To accomplish this, we developed a photocatalytic system that generates a potent reductant from formate salts alongside Brønsted or Lewis acids that promote fragmentation of the reduced intermediate. This deoxygenation procedure is effective across structurally and electronically diverse alcohols and enables a variety of difficult net transformations. This protocol requires no precautions to exclude air or moisture and remains efficient on multigram scale. Finally, the system can be adapted to a one-pot benzoylation-deoxygenation sequence to enable direct alcohol deletion. Mechanistic studies validate that the role of acidic additives is to promote the key C(sp3 )-O bond fragmentation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Myriam Mikhael
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ikeda K, Kojima R, Kawai K, Murakami T, Kikuchi T, Kojima M, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Formation of Isolable Dearomatized [4 + 2] Cycloadducts from Benzenes, Naphthalenes, and N-Heterocycles Using 1,2-Dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-diones as Arenophiles under Visible Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9326-9333. [PMID: 37055373 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
We report that the dearomative [4 + 2] cycloaddition between 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-diones (TETRADs) and benzenes, naphthalenes, or N-heteroaromatic compounds under visible light irradiation affords the corresponding isolable cycloadducts. Several synthetic transformations including transition-metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions using the isolated cycloadducts at room temperature or above were demonstrated. Computational studies revealed that the retro-cycloaddition of the benzene-TETRAD adduct proceeds via an asynchronous concerted mechanism, while that of the benzene-MTAD adduct (MTAD = 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione) proceeds via a synchronous mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Riku Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takayasu Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sheng H, Liu Q, Zhang BB, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Visible-Light-Induced N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Single Electron Reduction of Mono-Fluoroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218468. [PMID: 36633173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroarenes are abundant and readily available feedstocks. However, due to the high reduction potentials of mono-fluoroarenes, their photoreduction remains a continuing challenge, motivating the development of efficient activation modes to address this issue. This report presents the blue light-induced N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed single electron reduction of mono-fluoroarenes for biaryl cross-couplings. We discovered that under blue light irradiation, NHC/tBuOK combination could construct powerful photoactive architectures to promote single electron transfer for Caryl -F bond reduction via forming highly reducing NHC radical anion. Notably, the strategy was also successful to reduce Caryl -O, Caryl -N, and Caryl -S bonds for biaryl cross-couplings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Sheng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou, Shandong Province, 256606, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen L, Qu Q, Ran CK, Wang W, Zhang W, He Y, Liao LL, Ye JH, Yu DG. Photocatalytic Carboxylation of C-N Bonds in Cyclic Amines with CO 2 by Consecutive Visible-Light-Induced Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217918. [PMID: 36680762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalytic carboxylation with CO2 is highly important. However, it still remains challenging for reluctant substrates with low reduction potentials. Herein, we report a novel photocatalytic carboxylation of C-N bonds in cyclic amines with CO2 via consecutive photo-induced electron transfer (ConPET). It is also the first photocatalytic reductive ring-opening reaction of azetidines, pyrrolidines and piperidines. This strategy is practical to transform a variety of easily available cyclic amines to valuable β-, γ-, δ- and ϵ-amino acids in moderate-to-excellent yields. Moreover, the method also features mild and transition-metal-free conditions, high selectivity, good functional-group tolerance, facile scalability and product derivations. Mechanistic studies indicate that the ConPET might be the key to generating highly reactive photocatalysts, which enable the reductive activation of cyclic amines to generate carbon radicals and carbanions as the key intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Quan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang SD, Yang B, Zhang H, Qu JP, Kang YB. Reductive Cleavage of C-X or N-S Bonds Catalyzed by Super Organoreductant CBZ6. Org Lett 2023; 25:816-820. [PMID: 36693162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The reductive cleavage of C(Ar)-X bonds is the key step for the cross coupling of Ar-X with other groups. In this work, under the irradiation of 407 nm LEDs using sodium formate as reductant and thiol as hydrogen atom transfer agent, a variety of (hetero)aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides could be reduced to corresponding (hetero)arenes. The key intermediates, aryl radicals, could be trapped by either hydrogen, phosphite, or borates. The same reduction conditions can be extended to the deprotection of sulfonamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Da Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Solvated electrons are powerful reducing agents capable of driving some of the most energetically expensive reduction reactions. Their generation under mild and sustainable conditions remains challenging though. Using near-ultraviolet irradiation under low-intensity one-photon conditions coupled with electrochemical and optical detection, we show that the yield of solvated electrons in water is increased more than 10 times for nanoparticle-decorated electrodes compared to smooth silver electrodes. Based on the simulations of electric fields and hot carrier distributions, we determine that hot electrons generated by plasmons are injected into water to form solvated electrons. Both yield enhancement and hot carrier production spectrally follow the plasmonic near-field. The ability to enhance solvated electron yields in a controlled manner by tailoring nanoparticle plasmons opens up a promising strategy for exploiting solvated electrons in chemical reactions.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hu C, Vo C, Merchant RR, Chen SJ, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Qin T. Uncanonical Semireduction of Quinolines and Isoquinolines via Regioselective HAT-Promoted Hydrosilylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25-31. [PMID: 36548026 PMCID: PMC9930105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles are the backbone of modern medical chemistry and drug development. The derivatization of "an olefin" inside aromatic rings represents an ideal approach to access functionalized saturated heterocycles from abundant aromatic building blocks. Here, we report an operationally simple, efficient, and practical method to selectively access hydrosilylated and reduced N-heterocycles from bicyclic aromatics via a key diradical intermediate. This approach is expected to facilitate complex heterocycle functionalizations that enable access to novel medicinally relevant scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Cuong Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Rohan R. Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan M. E. Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Byron K. Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Caby S, Marín Oliva L, Bardagi JI. Unravelling the Effect of Water Addition in Consecutive Photocatalysis with Naphthalene Diimide. J Org Chem 2023; 88:711-716. [PMID: 36542788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the effect of water addition in the catalyst performance for a C-H functionalization of benzene. Improved yields and selectivity were achieved in a consecutive photoredox catalysis in contrast to the reaction without water. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated this is due to a better catalyst stability and faster kinetic rather than a change in the different steps of the mechanism. The addition of water constitutes a convenient approach to improve catalyst performance, and it was also observed with other catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caby
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laureano Marín Oliva
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier I Bardagi
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kwon Y, Lee J, Noh Y, Kim D, Lee Y, Yu C, Roldao JC, Feng S, Gierschner J, Wannemacher R, Kwon MS. Formation and degradation of strongly reducing cyanoarene-based radical anions towards efficient radical anion-mediated photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:92. [PMID: 36609499 PMCID: PMC9822901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanoarene-based photocatalysts (PCs) have attracted significant interest owing to their superior catalytic performance for radical anion mediated photoredox catalysis. However, the factors affecting the formation and degradation of cyanoarene-based PC radical anion (PC•‒) are still insufficiently understood. Herein, we therefore investigate the formation and degradation of cyanoarene-based PC•‒ under widely-used photoredox-mediated reaction conditions. By screening various cyanoarene-based PCs, we elucidate strategies to efficiently generate PC•‒ with adequate excited-state reduction potentials (Ered*) via supra-efficient generation of long-lived triplet excited states (T1). To thoroughly investigate the behavior of PC•‒ in actual photoredox-mediated reactions, a reductive dehalogenation is carried out as a model reaction and identified the dominant photodegradation pathways of the PC•‒. Dehalogenation and photodegradation of PC•‒ are coexistent depending on the rate of electron transfer (ET) to the substrate and the photodegradation strongly depends on the electronic and steric properties of the PCs. Based on the understanding of both the formation and photodegradation of PC•‒, we demonstrate that the efficient generation of highly reducing PC•‒ allows for the highly efficient photoredox catalyzed dehalogenation of aryl/alkyl halides at a PC loading as low as 0.001 mol% with a high oxygen tolerance. The present work provides new insights into the reactions of cyanoarene-based PC•‒ in photoredox-mediated reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghwan Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Noh
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Doyon Kim
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Yungyeong Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Yu
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Carlos Roldao
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain ,grid.452382.a0000 0004 1768 3100Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, San Sebastián, 20018 Spain
| | - Siyang Feng
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li R, Landfester K, Ferguson CTJ. Temperature- and pH-Responsive Polymeric Photocatalysts for Enhanced Control and Recovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211132. [PMID: 36112056 PMCID: PMC10099588 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of heterogeneous photocatalysis has facilitated redox reactions with high efficiency, without compromising the recyclability of the photocatalyst. Recently, stimuli-responsive heterogeneous photocatalytic materials have emerged as a powerful synthetic tool, with simple and rapid recovery, as well as an enhanced dynamic control over reactions. Stimuli-responsive polymers are often inexpensive and easy to produce. They can be switched from an active "on" state to an inert "off" state in response to external stimuli, allowing the production of photocatalyst with adaptability, recyclability, and orthogonal control on different chemical reactions. Despite this versatility, the application of artificial smart material in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis has not yet been maximized. In this Minireview, we will examine the recent developments of this emerging class of stimuli-responsive heterogeneous photocatalytic systems. We will discuss the synthesis route of appending photoactive components into different triggerable systems and, in particular, the controlled activation and recovery of the materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Calum T J Ferguson
- Department School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kundu S, Roy L, Maji MS. Development of Carbazole-Cored Organo-Photocatalyst for Visible Light-Driven Reductive Pinacol/Imino-Pinacol Coupling. Org Lett 2022; 24:9001-9006. [PMID: 36469513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Benzoperylenocarbazole (BPC), a unique carbazole-based organophotocatalyst, is reported herein as a potent organo-photoreductant. Lower excited state oxidation potential (-2.0 V vs SCE) and reasonable excited state lifetime (4.61 ns) render BPC an effective photosensitizer. Under irradiation of blue light employing low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %), a plethora of vicinal diols and diamines were synthesized in excellent yields through reductive coupling of carbonyls and imines, respectively. Insight about the electronic structure of BPC was obtained by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mild and metal-free Birch-type hydrogenation of (hetero)arenes with boron carbonitride in water. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
46
|
A room-temperature-stable electride and its reactivity: Reductive benzene/pyridine couplings and solvent-free Birch reductions. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
47
|
Noto N, Saito S. Arylamines as More Strongly Reducing Organic Photoredox Catalysts than fac-[Ir(ppy) 3]. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Noto
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Koide K. Mechanistic and Synthetic Studies of Biaryl Birch Reductions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Birch reduction of biaryls generally converts one of the two arenes into a cyclohexa-1,4-diene. Biaryls are more reactive than monocyclic arenes under the Birch conditions. Unlike the reduction of monocyclic arenes, biaryl reduction proceeds through two consecutive electron transfer steps before the protonation of the dianion intermediate. The biaryl reductions and subsequent alkylations in one pot rapidly increase the molecular complexity and thus have been used in the synthesis of natural products and drug-like molecules.1 Introduction2 The Physical Organic Chemistry of the Birch Reduction of Biaryls3 Biaryls as the Mediators of Electron Transfer4 Methods for the Dissolving-Metal Reduction of Biaryls5 Intercepting the Biaryl Reduction Intermediates with Electrophiles6 Synthetic Applications of the Dissolving-Metal-Mediated Reductions of Biaryls7 Outlook
Collapse
|
49
|
Sagan CR, Anstöter CS, Thodika M, Wilson KD, Matsika S, Garand E. Spectroscopy and Theoretical Modeling of Tetracene Anion Resonances. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10245-10252. [PMID: 36301005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The positions and widths of the optically allowed electronic states of the tetracene radical anion located above the detachment threshold energy (i.e anion resonances) are mapped out using total photodetachment yield spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled ions. The presence of these states is detected via the sharp increase in the photodetachment yield compared to that of the monotonic nonresonant direct photodetachment background. The resolution of the resulting spectrum is limited by the ∼5 cm-1 line width of the tunable laser and thus provides a stringent benchmark for computations of the energies and autodetachment lifetimes of these resonance states. The experimental results are compared to high-level electronic structure computations and line width modeling using the orbital stabilization method. These theoretical results are found to be in near quantitative agreement with the experimental data, highlighting their capability to accurately describe the energies and lifetimes of anion resonances for relatively large molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cole R Sagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Cate S Anstöter
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Mushir Thodika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kenneth D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Etienne Garand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ma C, Tian Y, Wang J, He X, Jiang Y, Yu B. Visible-Light-Driven Transition-Metal-Free Site-Selective Access to Isonicotinamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8265-8270. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xing He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Centre, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|