1
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Malhotra K, Kumar B, Piunno PAE, Krull UJ. Cellular Uptake of Upconversion Nanoparticles Based on Surface Polymer Coatings and Protein Corona. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35985-36001. [PMID: 38958411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are materials that provide unique advantages for biomedical applications. There are constantly emerging customized UCNPs with varying compositions, coatings, and upconversion mechanisms. Cellular uptake is a key parameter for the biological application of UCNPs. Uptake experiments have yielded highly varying results, and correlating trends between cellular uptake with different types of UCNP coatings remains challenging. In this report, the impact of surface polymer coatings on the formation of protein coronas and subsequent cellular uptake of UCNPs by macrophages and cancer cells was investigated. Luminescence confocal microscopy and elemental analysis techniques were used to evaluate the different coatings for internalization within cells. Pathway inhibitors were used to unravel the specific internalization mechanisms of polymer-coated UCNPs. Coatings were chosen as the most promising for colloidal stability, conjugation chemistry, and biomedical applications. PIMA-PEG (poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic) anhydride with polyethylene glycol)-coated UCNPs were found to have low cytotoxicity, low uptake by macrophages (when compared with PEI, poly(ethylenimine)), and sufficient uptake by tumor cells for surface-loaded drug delivery applications. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) studies revealed that PIMA-coated NPs were preferentially internalized by the clathrin- and caveolar-independent pathways, with a preference for clathrin-mediated uptake at longer time points. PMAO-PEG (poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) with polyethylene glycol)-coated UCNPs were internalized by energy-dependent pathways, while PAA- (poly(acrylic acid)) and PEI-coated NPs were internalized by multifactorial mechanisms of internalization. The results indicate that copolymers of PIMA-PEG coatings on UCNPs were well suited for the next-generation of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga L5L1C6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Balmiki Kumar
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga L5L1C6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A E Piunno
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga L5L1C6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ulrich J Krull
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga L5L1C6, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Duan H, Yang T, Sklyar W, Chen B, Chen Y, Hanson LA, Sun S, Lin Y, He J. Phenylacetylene-Terminated Poly(Ethylene Glycol) as Ligands for Colloidal Noble Metal Nanoparticles: a New Tool for "Grafting to" Approach. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5847-5854. [PMID: 38700109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
We report a new design of polymer phenylacetylene (PA) ligands and the ligand exchange methodology for colloidal noble metal nanoparticles (NPs). PA-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can bind to metal NPs through acetylide (M-C≡C-R) that affords a high grafting density. The ligand-metal interaction can be switched between σ bonding and extended π backbonding by changing grafting conditions. The σ bonding of PEG-PA with NPs is strong and it can compete with other capping ligands including thiols, while the π backbonding is much weaker. The σ bonding is also demonstrated to improve the catalytic performance of Pd for ethanol oxidation and prevent surface absorption of the reaction intermediates. Those unique binding characteristics will enrich the toolbox in the control of colloidal surface chemistry and their applications using polymer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lindsey A Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, United States
| | - Shouheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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3
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Lee J, Soares G, Doty C, Park J, Hovey J, Schrader A, Han HS. Versatile Prepolymer Platform for Controlled Tailoring of Quantum Dot Surface Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:15202-15214. [PMID: 38470982 PMCID: PMC11070902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) hold immense promise for bioimaging, yet technical challenges in surface engineering limit their wider scientific use. We introduce poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (PPFPA) as a user-friendly prepolymer platform for creating precisely controlled multidentate polymeric ligands for QD surface engineering, accessible to researchers without extensive synthetic expertise. PPFPA combines the benefits of both bottom-up and prepolymer approaches, offering minimal susceptibility to hydrolysis and side reactions for controlled chemical composition, along with simple synthetic procedures using commercially available reagents. Live cell imaging experiments highlighted a significant reduction in nonspecific binding when employing PPFPA, owing to its minimal hydrolysis, in contrast to ligands synthesized by using a conventional prepolymer prone to uncontrolled hydrolysis. This observation underscores the distinct advantage of our prepolymer system. Leveraging PPFPA, we synthesized biomolecule-conjugated QDs and performed QD-based immunofluorescence to detect a cytosolic protein. To effectively label cytosolic targets in such a dense and complex environment, probes must exhibit minimal nonspecific binding and be compact. As a result, QD-immunofluorescence has focused primarily on cell surface targets. By creating compact QD-F(ab')2, we sensitively detected alpha-tubulin with a ∼50-fold higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to organic dye-based labeling. PPFPA represents a versatile and accessible platform for tailoring QD surfaces, offering a pathway to realize the full potential of colloidal QDs in various scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuYeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- School of Biological and Environmental Studies, Millikin University, 1184 W. Main Street, Decatur, Illinois 62522, United States
| | - Giselle Soares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Calvin Doty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joonhyuck Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Jack Hovey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alex Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hee-Sun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Liu D, Weng K, Zhao H, Wang S, Qiu H, Luo X, Lu S, Duan L, Bai S, Zhang H, Li J. Nondestructive Direct Optical Patterning of Perovskite Nanocrystals with Carbene-Based Ligand Cross-Linkers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6896-6907. [PMID: 38376996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Microscale patterning of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) is essential for their integration in advanced device platforms, such as high-definition displays. However, perovskite NCs usually show degraded optical and/or electrical properties after patterning with existing approaches, posing a critical challenge for their optoelectronic applications. Here we achieve nondestructive, direct optical patterning of perovskite NCs with rationally designed carbene-based cross-linkers and demonstrate their applications in high-performance light-emitting diodes. We reveal that both the photochemical properties and the electronic structures of cross-linkers need to be carefully tailored to the material properties of perovskite NCs. This method produces high-resolution (∼4000 ppi) NC patterns with preserved photoluminescent quantum efficiencies and charge transport properties. Prototype light-emitting diodes with patterned/cross-linked NC layers show a maximum luminance of over 60000 cd m-2 and a peak external quantum efficiency of 16%, among the highest for patterned perovskite electroluminescent devices. Such a material-adapted patterning method enabled by designs from a photochemistry perspective could foster the applications of perovskite NCs in system-level electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyu Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Bai
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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5
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Mao Z, Zhao Y, Jia J, Xu Y, Li L, Zhou Y. Ultrasensitive Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor to Detect Ampicillin Resistance Gene (ARG AMP) Based on a Novel Near-Infrared Ruthenium Carbene Complex/TPrA/PEI Ternary ECL System. Anal Chem 2024; 96:934-942. [PMID: 38165813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The establishment of rapid target identification and analysis methods for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is urgently needed. In this study, we unprecedently designed a target-catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) electrochemiluminescent (ECL) biosensor for the ultrasensitive detection of ampicillin resistance genes (ARGAMP) based on a novel, efficient near-infrared ruthenium carbene complex/TPrA/PEI ternary ECL system with low oxidation potential. The ternary NIR-ECL system illustrated in this work displayed double ECL intensity in comparison with their corresponding traditional binary ECL system. The as-prepared ECL biosensor illustrated in this work demonstrates highly selective and sensitive determination of ARGAMP from 1 fM to 1 nM and a low detection limit of 0.23 fM. Importantly, it also exhibits good accuracy and stabilities to identify ARGAMP in plasmid and bacterial genome DNA, which demonstrates its excellent reliability and great potential in detecting ARGAMP in real environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwang Mao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoyao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yuyang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
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6
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Arabzadeh Nosratabad N, Jin Z, Arabzadeh H, Chen B, Huang C, Mattoussi H. Molar excess of coordinating N-heterocyclic carbene ligands triggers kinetic digestion of gold nanocrystals. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:467-483. [PMID: 38078852 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
There has been much interest in evaluating the strength of the coordination interactions between N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) molecules and transition metal ions, nanocolloids and surfaces. We implement a top-down core digestion test of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) triggered by incubation with a large molar excess of poly(ethylene glycol)-appended NHC molecules, where kinetic dislodging of surface atoms and formation of NHC-Au complexes progressively take place. We characterize the structure and chemical nature of the generated PEG-NHC-Au complexes using 1D and 2D 1H-13C NMR spectroscopy, supplemented with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. We further apply the same test using thiol-modified molecules and find that though etching can be measured the kinetics are substantially slower. We discuss our findings within the classic digestion of transition metal ores and colloids induced by interactions with sodium cyanide, which provides an insight into the strength of coordination between the strong σ-donating (soft Lewis base) NHC and Au surfaces (having a soft Lewis acid character), as compared to gold-to-gold covalent binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Arabzadeh Nosratabad
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Hesam Arabzadeh
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Banghao Chen
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Florida State University, Department of Scientific Computing, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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7
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Malhotra K, Fuku R, Kumar B, Hrovat D, Van Houten J, Piunno PAE, Gunning PT, Krull UJ. Unlocking Long-Term Stability of Upconversion Nanoparticles with Biocompatible Phosphonate-Based Polymer Coatings. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7285-7293. [PMID: 36067362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Achieving long-term (>3 months) colloidal stability of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in biologically relevant buffers has been a major challenge, which has severely limited practical implementation of UCNPs in bioimaging and nanomedicine applications. To address this challenge, nine unique copolymers formulations were prepared and evaluated as UCNP overcoatings. These polymers consisted of a poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PIMA) backbone functionalized with different ratios and types of phosphonate anchoring groups and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moieties. The syntheses were done as simple, one-pot nucleophilic addition reactions. These copolymers were subsequently coated onto NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs, and colloidal stability was evaluated in 1 × PBS, 10 × PBS, and other buffers. UCNP colloidal stability improved (up to 4 months) when coated with copolymers containing greater proportions of anchoring groups and higher phosphonate valences. Furthermore, small molecules could be conjugated to these overcoated UCNPs by use of copper-free click chemistry, as was done to demonstrate suitability for sensor and bioprobe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Richard Fuku
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Balmiki Kumar
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - David Hrovat
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
- Gunning Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Justin Van Houten
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Paul A E Piunno
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Patrick Thomas Gunning
- Gunning Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Ulrich J Krull
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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8
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Tang B, Liu BH, Liu ZY, Luo MY, Shi XH, Pang DW. Quantum Dots with a Compact Amphiphilic Zwitterionic Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28097-28104. [PMID: 35686447 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Generally speaking, it is difficult to keep nanomaterials encapsulated in amphiphilic polymers like octylamine-grafted poly(acrylic acid) (OPA) compact in coating-layer, with a small hydrodynamic size. Here, we prepared stable hydrophilic quantum dots (QDs) via encapsulation in ∼3 nm-long amphiphilic and zwitterionic (AZ) molecules. After encapsulation with AZ molecules, the coated QDs are only 2.1 nm thicker in coating, instead of 5.4 nm with OPA. Meanwhile, the hydrodynamic sizes of CdSe/CdS, ZnCdSeS, ZnCdSe/ZnS, and CdSe/ZnS QDs encapsulated in AZ molecules (AZ-QDs) are less than 15 nm, and 6-7 nm smaller than those of QDs in OPA (OPA-QDs). Notably, both extracellular and intracellular nonspecific binding of AZ-QDs is approximately 100-folds lower than that of OPA-QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Bing-Hua Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ya Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Meng-Yao Luo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xue-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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9
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Lu S, Fu Z, Li F, Weng K, Zhou L, Zhang L, Yang Y, Qiu H, Liu D, Qing W, Ding H, Sheng X, Chen M, Tang X, Duan L, Liu W, Wu L, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li J. Beyond a Linker: The Role of Photochemistry of Crosslinkers in the Direct Optical Patterning of Colloidal Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202633. [PMID: 35319804 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Surface chemistry mediated direct optical patterning represents an emerging strategy for incorporating colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) in integrated optoelectronic platforms including displays and image sensors. However, the role of photochemistry of crosslinkers and other photoactive species in patterning remains elusive. Here we show the design of nitrene- and carbene-based photocrosslinkers can strongly affect the patterning capabilities and photophysical properties of NCs, especially quantum dots (QDs). Their role beyond physical linkers stems from structure-dictated electronic configuration, energy alignment and associated reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. Patterned QD layers with designed carbene-based crosslinkers fully preserve their photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties. Patterned light emitting diodes (QLEDs) show a maximum external quantum efficiency of ≈12 % and lifetime over 4800 h, among the highest for reported patterned QLEDs. These results would guide the rational design of photoactive species in NC patterning and create new possibilities in the monolithic integration of NCs in high-performance device platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Likuan Zhou
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518067, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenyue Qing
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - He Ding
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Menglu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenyong Liu
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518067, China
| | - Longjia Wu
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518067, China
| | - Yixing Yang
- TCL Research, No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518067, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Flexible Electronic Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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10
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Han Z, Vaidya RM, Arogundade OH, Ma L, Zahid MU, Sarkar S, Kuo CW, Selvin PR, Smith AM. Structural Design of Multidentate Copolymers as Compact Quantum Dot Coatings for Live-Cell Single-Particle Imaging. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:4621-4632. [PMID: 36968145 PMCID: PMC10038122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a class of semiconductor nanocrystal used broadly as fluorescent emitters for analytical studies in the life sciences. These nanomaterials are particularly valuable for single-particle imaging and tracking applications in cells and tissues. An ongoing technological goal is to reduce the hydrodynamic size of QDs to enhance access to sterically hindered biological targets. Multidentate polymer coatings are a focus of these efforts and have resulted in compact and stable QDs with hydrodynamic diameters near 10 nm. New developments are needed to reach smaller sizes to further enhance transport through pores in cells and tissues. Here, we describe how structural characteristics of linear multidentate copolymers determine hydrodynamic size, colloidal stability, and biomolecular interactions of coated QDs. We tune copolymer composition, degree of polymerization, and hydrophilic group length, and coat polymers on CdSe and (core)shell (HgCdSe)CdZnS QDs. We find that a broad range of polymer structures and compositions yield stable colloidal dispersions; however, hydrodynamic size minimization and nonspecific binding resistance can only be simultaneously achieved within a narrow range of properties, requiring short polymers, balanced compositions, and small nanocrystals. In quantitative single-molecule imaging assays in synapses of live neurons, size reduction progressively increases labeling specificity of neurotransmitter receptors. Our findings provide a design roadmap to next-generation QDs with sizes approaching fluorescent protein labels that are the standard of many live-cell biomolecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit M Vaidya
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Opeyemi H Arogundade
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mohammad U Zahid
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Suresh Sarkar
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chia-Wei Kuo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul R Selvin
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Center for the Physics of Living Cells, and Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States-8163
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Center at Illinois, and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Lu S, Fu Z, Li F, Weng K, Zhou L, Zhang L, Yang Y, Qiu H, Liu D, Qing W, Ding H, Sheng X, Chen M, Tang X, Duan L, Liu W, Wu L, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li J. Beyond a Linker: The Role of Photochemistry of Crosslinkers in the Direct Optical Patterning of Colloidal Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Likuan Zhou
- TCL Research No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518067 China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wenyue Qing
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - He Ding
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display School of Optics and Photonics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Flexible Electronic Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Menglu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology School of Optics and Photonics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xin Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology School of Optics and Photonics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Flexible Electronic Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wenyong Liu
- TCL Research No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518067 China
| | - Longjia Wu
- TCL Research No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518067 China
| | - Yixing Yang
- TCL Research No. 1001 Zhongshan Park Road Shenzhen Guangdong 518067 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Flexible Electronic Technology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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12
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Westmoreland DE, López-Arteaga R, Kantt LP, Wasielewski MR, Weiss EA. Dynamic Tuning of the Bandgap of CdSe Quantum Dots through Redox-Active Exciton-Delocalizing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4300-4304. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana E. Westmoreland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Rafael López-Arteaga
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Leanna Page Kantt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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13
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Angove E, Grillo F, Früchtl HA, Veinot AJ, Singh I, Horton JH, Crudden CM, Baddeley CJ. Highly Ordered N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Cu(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2051-2056. [PMID: 35200016 PMCID: PMC9007529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The benzannulated N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dibenzylbenzimidazolylidene (NHCDBZ) forms large, highly ordered domains when adsorbed on Cu(111) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the overlayer consists of vertical benzannulated NHC moieties coordinating to Cu adatoms. Long-range order results from the placement of the two benzyl substituents on opposite sides of the benzimidazole moiety, with their aromatic rings approximately parallel to the surface. The organization of three surface-bound benzyl substituents from three different NHCs into a triangular array controls the formation of a highly ordered Kagome-like surface lattice. By comparison with earlier studies of NHCs on Cu(111), we show that the binding geometry and self-assembly of NHCDBZ are influenced by intermolecular and adsorbate-substrate interactions and facilitated by the flexibility of the methylene linkage between the N-heterocycle and the aromatic wingtip substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Angove
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Grillo
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert A. Früchtl
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - J. Hugh Horton
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Chikusa 464-8601, Japan
| | - Christopher J. Baddeley
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
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14
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Greytak AB, Abiodun SL, Burrell JM, Cook EN, Jayaweera NP, Islam MM, Shaker AE. Thermodynamics of nanocrystal–ligand binding through isothermal titration calorimetry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13037-13058. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Manipulations of nanocrystal (NC) surfaces have propelled the applications of colloidal NCs across various fields such as bioimaging, catalysis, electronics, and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Sakiru L. Abiodun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Jennii M. Burrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Emily N. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Nuwanthaka P. Jayaweera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Md Moinul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Abdulla E Shaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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15
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Lin Z, Zhou J, Qu Y, Pan S, Han Y, Lafleur RPM, Chen J, Cortez-Jugo C, Richardson JJ, Caruso F. Luminescent Metal-Phenolic Networks for Multicolor Particle Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24968-24975. [PMID: 34528750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of fluorescence labeling techniques has attracted widespread interest in various fields, including biomedical science as it can facilitate high-resolution imaging and the spatiotemporal understanding of various biological processes. We report a supramolecular fluorescence labeling strategy using luminescent metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) constructed from metal ions, phenolic ligands, and common and commercially available dyes. The rapid labeling process (<5 min) produces ultrathin coatings (≈10 nm) on diverse particles (e.g., organic, inorganic, and biological entities) with customized luminescence (e.g., red, blue, multichromatic, and white light) simply through the selection of fluorophores. The fluorescent coatings are stable at pH values from 1 to 8 and in complex biological media owing to the dominant π interactions between the dyes and MPNs. These coatings exhibit negligible cytotoxicity and their strong fluorescence is retained even when internalized into intracellular compartments. This strategy is expected to provide a versatile approach for fluorescence labeling with potential in diverse fields across the physical and life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Yijiao Qu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Shuaijun Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Yiyuan Han
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - René P M Lafleur
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jingqu Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph J Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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16
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Lin Z, Zhou J, Qu Y, Pan S, Han Y, Lafleur RPM, Chen J, Cortez‐Jugo C, Richardson JJ, Caruso F. Luminescent Metal‐Phenolic Networks for Multicolor Particle Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Yijiao Qu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shuaijun Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Yiyuan Han
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - René P. M. Lafleur
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jingqu Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Christina Cortez‐Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joseph J. Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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17
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Dominique NL, Strausser SL, Olson JE, Boggess WC, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. Probing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Surfaces with Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13534-13538. [PMID: 34582180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces stems from their exceptional stability compared to conventional thiol-SAMs. The prospect of biological applications for NHC-SAMs on gold shows the need for biocompatible techniques (e.g., large biomolecule detection and high throughput) that assesses SAM molecular composition. Herein, we demonstrate that laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) is a powerful and facile probe of NHC surface chemistry. LDI-MS of prototypical imidazole-NHC- and benzimidazole-NHC-functionalized AuNPs yields exclusively [NHC2Au]+ ions and not larger gold clusters. Employing benzimidazole-NHC isotopologues, we explore how monolayers pack on a single AuNP and the lability of the NHCs once ligated. Quantitative analysis of the homoleptic and heteroleptic [NHC2Au]+ ions is performed by comparing to a binomial model representative of a randomized monolayer. Lastly, the reduction of nitro-NHC-AuNPs to amine-NHC-AuNPs is tracked via LDI-MS signals, illustrating the ability of LDI-MS to probe postsynthetic modifications of the anchored NHCs, which is critical for current and future applications of NHC surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Dominique
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shelby L Strausser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob E Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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18
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Low oxidation potential electrochemiluminescence from novel Iridium(III) complexes comprising N-heterocyclic carbene main ligands containing dibenzothiophene motif. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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