1
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Huang D, Liu W, Zheng Y, Feng R, Chai Z, Wei J, Zhang WX. Nonplanar Aromaticity of Dinuclear Rare-Earth Metallacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15609-15618. [PMID: 38776637 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
While the concept of metalla-aromaticity has well been extended to transition organometallic compounds in diverse geometries, aromatic rare-earth organometallic complexes are rare due to the special (n - 1)d0 configuration and high-lying (n - 1)d orbitals of rare-earth centers. In particular, nonplanar cases of rare-earth complexes have not been reported so far. Here, we disclose the nonplanar aromaticity of dinuclear scandium and samarium metallacycles characterized by various aromaticity indices (nucleus-independent chemical shift, isochemical shielding surface, anisotropy of induced current density, and isomerization stabilization energy). Bonding analyses (Kohn-Sham molecular orbital, adaptive natural density partitioning, multicenter bond indices, and principal interacting orbital) reveal that three delocalized π orbitals, predominantly contributed by the 2-butene tetraanion ligand, result in the formation of six-electron conjugated systems. Guided by these findings, we predicted that the lutetium and gadolinium analogues of dinuclear rare-earth metallacycles should be aromatic, which have been verified by the successful synthesis of real molecules. This work extends the concept of nonplanar aromaticity to the field of rare-earth metallacycles and illuminates the path for designing and synthesizing various rare-earth metalla-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengqi Chai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Guo D, Hong D, Huang Z, Zhou S, Zhu X, Wang S. Reactivity of Rare Earth Metal Alkyl Complexes with Nitriles or Isonitrile: Versatile Ways toward Multiply Functionalized β-Diketiminato, (Iso)indolyl, and Imidazolyl Chelating Rare Earth Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9539-9551. [PMID: 38380592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of the rare earth metal alkyl complexes LRE(CH2SiMe3)(THF)2 (1RE) [RE = Y (1Y), Yb (1Yb), Lu (1Lu); L = 2,5-[(2-pyrrolyl)CPh2]2(N-methylpyrrole)] with various nitriles and isonitriles has been fully developed. Treatment of the yttrium monoalkyl complex (1Y) with 2 equiv of aromatic nitriles afforded the symmetric trisubstituted β-diketiminato yttrium complexes (2Y(H), 2Y(Me), and 2Y(F)) through successive cyano group insertion into the RE-C bond and 1,3-H shift or the unsymmetric trisubstituted β-diketiminato yttrium complex (3Y) unexpectedly via a 1,3-SiMe3 shift when 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile was used in this reaction under the same conditions. By treating 1Y with 2 equiv of tolyl acetonitrile, an activation of the sp3 C-H bond occurred to form the corresponding β-aryl keteniminato complexes 4Y(p-tol) and 4Y(m-tol). Remarkably, a heteroleptic cleavage of the CO-CN bond took place in the reaction of 1Y with benzoyl nitrile, affording the unsymmetric trinuclear yttrium complex 5Y bridged by three cyanide groups. Dinuclear ytterbium and lutetium complexes 6Yb and 6Lu containing a functionalized isoindole fragment were synthesized from the reactions of 1 with phthalonitrile by tandem insertion and cyclization. Further studies indicated that the temperature and stoichiometric ratio have a great influence on the reactivity patterns between the reactions of 1RE with benzylisonitrile: two tetrasubstituted β-diketiminato complexes 8 and 9 were obtained at -30 °C, and tetrasubstituted imidazolyl yttrium and lutetium complexes 7 were isolated at elevated temperature, respectively. In addition, the tetrasubstituted β-diketiminato complexes 8 and 9 could be irreversibly converted to the cyclization products 7 by elevating the reaction temperature not only on the NMR scale but also on the preparative scale. Notably, when the phenyl isonitrile instead of benzyl isonitrile was reacted with 1Yb, a 2,3-functionalized indolyl ytterbium complex 10Yb was isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Dongjing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Zeming Huang
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Shuangliu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Xiancui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Shaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Hauer S, Horsley Downie TM, Balázs G, Schwedtmann K, Weigand JJ, Wolf R. Cobalt-Mediated [3+1] Fragmentation of White Phosphorus: Access to Acylcyanophosphanides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317170. [PMID: 38059391 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accessibility of numerous transition metal polyphosphido complexes through transition-metal-mediated activation of white phosphorus, the targeted functionalization of Pn ligands to obtain functional monophosphorus species remains challenging. In this study, we introduce a new [3+1] fragmentation procedure for cyclo-P4 ligands, leading to the discovery of acylcyanophosphanides and -phosphines. Treatment of the complex [K(18c-6)][(Ar*BIAN)Co(η4 -P4 )] ([K(18c-6)]3, 18c-6=[18]crown-6, Ar*=2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-isopropylphenyl, BIAN=1,2-bis(arylimino)acenaphthene diimine) with acyl chlorides results in the formation of acylated tetraphosphido complexes [(Ar*BIAN)Co(η4 -P4 C(O)R)] (R=tBu, Cy, 1-Ad, Ph; 4 a-d). Subsequent reactions of 4 a-d with cyanide salts yield acylated cyanophosphanides [RC(O)PCN]- (9 a-d- ) and the cyclo-P3 cobaltate anion [(Ar*BIAN)Co(η3 -P3 )(CN)]- (8- ). Further reactions of 4 a-d with trimethylsilyl cyanide (Me3 SiCN) and isocyanides provide insight into a plausible mechanism of this [3+1] fragmentation reaction, as these reagents partially displace the P4 C(O)R ligand from the cobalt center. Several potential intermediates of the [3+1] fragmentation were characterized. Additionally, the introduction of a second acyl substituent was achieved by treating [K(18c-6)]9b with CyC(O)Cl, resulting in the first bis(acyl)monocyanophosphine (CyC(O))2 PCN (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hauer
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Gábor Balázs
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schwedtmann
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan J Weigand
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Jin PB, Luo QC, Gransbury GK, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Hajdu T, Strashnov I, McInnes EJL, Winpenny REP, Chilton NF, Mills DP, Zheng YZ. Thermally Stable Terbium(II) and Dysprosium(II) Bis-amidinate Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27993-28009. [PMID: 37997752 PMCID: PMC10755703 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The thermostable four-coordinate divalent lanthanide (Ln) bis-amidinate complexes [Ln(Piso)2] (Ln = Tb, Dy; Piso = {(NDipp)2CtBu}, Dipp = C6H3iPr2-2,6) were prepared by the reduction of parent five-coordinate Ln(III) precursors [Ln(Piso)2I] (Ln = Tb, Dy) with KC8; halide abstraction of [Ln(Piso)2I] with [H(SiEt3)2][B(C6F5)] gave the respective Ln(III) complexes [Ln(Piso)2][B(C6F5)]. All complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ICP-MS, elemental analysis, SQUID magnetometry, UV-vis-NIR, ATR-IR, NMR, and EPR spectroscopy and ab initio CASSCF-SO calculations. These data consistently show that [Ln(Piso)2] formally exhibit Ln(II) centers with 4fn5dz21 (Ln = Tb, n = 8; Dy, n = 9) valence electron configurations. We show that simple assignments of the f-d coupling to either L-S or J-s schemes are an oversimplification, especially in the presence of significant crystal field splitting. The coordination geometry of [Ln(Piso)2] is intermediate between square planar and tetrahedral. Projecting from the quaternary carbon atoms of the CN2 ligand backbones shows near-linear C···Ln···C arrangements. This results in strong axial ligand fields to give effective energy barriers to magnetic reversal of 1920(91) K for the Tb(II) analogue and 1964(48) K for Dy(II), the highest values observed for mononuclear Ln(II) single-molecule magnets, eclipsing 1738 K for [Tb(C5iPr5)2]. We tentatively attribute the fast zero-field magnetic relaxation for these complexes at low temperatures to transverse fields, resulting in considerable mixing of mJ states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Bo Jin
- Frontier
Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), State Key Laboratory of
Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, MOE Key Laboratory for
Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Key Laboratory
of Electronic Devices and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Cheng Luo
- Frontier
Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), State Key Laboratory of
Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, MOE Key Laboratory for
Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Key Laboratory
of Electronic Devices and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Gemma K. Gransbury
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | | | - Tomáš Hajdu
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Photon
Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ilya Strashnov
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Eric J. L. McInnes
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Photon
Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Richard E. P. Winpenny
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - David P. Mills
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Yan-Zhen Zheng
- Frontier
Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), State Key Laboratory of
Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, MOE Key Laboratory for
Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Key Laboratory
of Electronic Devices and Materials Chemistry and School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
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5
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Jiang W, Kong F, Del Rosal I, Li M, Wang K, Maron L, Zhang L. A binuclear guanidinate yttrium carbyne complex: unique reactivity toward unsaturated C-N, C-O and C-S bonds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9154-9160. [PMID: 37655032 PMCID: PMC10466373 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03483f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A guanidinato-stabilized binuclear yttrium carbyne complex [(PhCH2)2NC(NC6H3iPr2-2,6)2]2Y2(μ2-Me)(AlMe3)2(μ4-CH) (1) was synthesized via C-H bond activation and its versatile reactivities were investigated. Complex 1 underwent σ-bond metathesis with PhSSPh and nucleophilic addition with PhCN to form the corresponding yttrium thiolate complex 3 and aza-allyl complex 4 respectively. Additionally, the rare yttrium carbide complex 5 was also prepared by treatment of complex 1 with S8. Interestingly, in the reaction with PhNCS, the C[double bond, length as m-dash]S double bond was cleaved, followed by C-H bond activation to give the yttrium sulfide complex 7 with a ketenimine dianion ligand. Unexpectedly, the reaction of complex 1 with CO (1 atm) resulted in deoxygenative coupling of CO, to afford mono- or dioxo-yttrium complexes at different temperatures. The mechanism of the possible formation processes of complexes 3 and 9 was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Feng Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | | | - Meng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | | | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University 2005 Songhu Road, Jiangwan Campus Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
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6
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Zhu M, Chai Z, Lv ZJ, Li T, Liu W, Wei J, Zhang WX. Selective Cleavage of the Strong or Weak C-C Bonds in Biphenylene Enabled by Rare-Earth Metals. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6633-6638. [PMID: 36917557 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective cleavage of C-C bonds within arene rings is of great interest but remains elusive, especially for the molecules possessing the active and inert C-C bonds. Here, we report that the active and inert C-C bonds of biphenylene could be controllably cleaved by the reaction of biphenylene, potassium graphite, and rare-earth complexes with different metal centers. For scandium, the bond activation occurs at the Caryl-Caryl single bond, yielding 9-scandafluorene. For Lu, the reaction goes through ring contraction of the aromatic ring in biphenylene to provide benzopentalene dianionic lutetium. The origin of the selectivity and the reaction mechanism were illustrated by the isolation of intermediates and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengqi Chai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ze-Jie Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare-earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Chai Z, Zhang WX. Dicarbanion Compounds: The Bridge between Organometallic Reagents and Mononuclear Heterocycles. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Chai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Huang KY, Xiu LF, Fang XY, Yang MR, Noreldeen HAA, Chen W, Deng HH. Highly Efficient Luminescence from Charge-Transfer Gold Nanoclusters Enabled by Lewis Acid. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9526-9533. [PMID: 36200978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complicated intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) behaviors of nanomaterials is crucial to the development of high-quality nanoluminophores for various applications. However, the ICT process in molecule-like metal nanoclusters has been rarely explored. Herein, a proton binding-induced enhanced ICT state is discovered in 6-aza-2-thiothymine-protected gold nanoclusters (ATT-AuNCs). Such an excited-state electron transfer process gives rise to the weakened and red-shifted photoluminescence of these nanoclusters. By the joint use of this newfound ICT mechanism and a restriction of intramolecular motion (RIM) strategy, a red shift in the emission maxima of 30 nm with 27.5-fold higher fluorescence quantum efficiency is achieved after introducing rare-earth scandium ion (Sc3+) into ATT-AuNCs. Furthermore, it is found that upon the addition of Sc3+, the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) rate from ATT-AuNCs to minocycline is largely accelerated by forming a donor-bridge-acceptor structure. This paper offers a simple method to modulate the luminescent properties of metal nanoclusters for the rational design of next-generation sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Ling-Fang Xiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Fang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Ming-Rui Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Hamada A A Noreldeen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
| | - Hao-Hua Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou350004, China
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9
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Wang S, Heng Y, Li T, Wang D, Hou G, Zi G, Walter MD. Intrinsic reactivity of [η 5-1,3-(Me 3Si) 2C 5H 3] 2U(η 4-C 4Ph 2) in small molecule activation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11072-11085. [PMID: 35796202 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01730j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The uranium metallacyclocumulene, [η5-1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3]2U(η4-C4Ph2) (3) was isolated from the reaction mixture containing [η5-1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3]2UCl2 (1), potassium graphite (KC8) and 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne (PhCC-CCPh) in good yield. The reactivity of 3 towards various small organic molecules was evaluated. For example, while complex 3 shows no reactivity towards alkynes and 2,2'-bipyridine, it may deliver the [η5-1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3]2U(II) fragment in the presence of Ph2E2 (E = S, Se) and Ph3CN3, or react as a nucleophile in the presence of carbodiimides, isothiocyanates, aldehydes, ketones, and pyridine derivatives, forming five-, seven- or nine-membered heterometallacycles. On the contrary, addition of Ph2CS to 3 induces CS bond cleavage yielding the dithiolate complex [η5-1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3]2U[S2(C12H5Ph5)] (14). In contrast, the closely related, but sterically more encumbered uranium metallacyclocumulene [η5-1,2,4-(Me3Si)3C5H2]2U(η4-C4Ph2) (4) features a more limited reactivity which is restricted to mono- and double insertions with small unsaturated organic molecules such as isothiocyanates, ketones and nitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yi Heng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Tongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Guohua Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Marc D Walter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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10
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Rosenthal U. Take a "Snapshot" of New Syntheses, Reactions, and Characterizations from Unusual Unsaturated Ring Strained Group 4 Metallacycles. Chemistry 2021; 27:17751-17760. [PMID: 34463390 PMCID: PMC9293241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently published syntheses, reactions and characterizations of unusual unsaturated ring strained Group 4 metallocene metallacycles like metalla‐cyclocumulenes, ‐cycloallenes and ‐cycloalkynes with different ring size are updated for the last three years. There exist for some of these metallacycles, depending on the ring size, 7‐, 5‐ and 4‐membered compounds. The new results for these metallacycles are summarized here and considered in addition to the former published results. Additionally, several compounds of this type were now characterized by new reactions. For a better understanding of these compounds, some spectroscopical methods as well as theoretical calculations were published. Despite of these all‐C‐metallacycles, only in some cases the syntheses and reactions for the corresponding hetero‐metallacycles were published too. Examples for these metallaheterocyclic compounds will not be considered in this article. All these unusual ring strained compounds have a great potential for a lot of interesting synthetic applications in the future. Additionally, they are very interesting from the theoretical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29 A, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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Rosenthal U. Latest News: Reactions of Group 4 Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Metallocene Complexes and Applications of the Obtained Products. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1234-1243. [PMID: 34882978 PMCID: PMC8659550 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently published reactions of group 4 metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene (btmsa) complexes from the last two years are reviewed. Complexes like Cp'2 Ti(η2 -Me3 SiC2 SiMe3 ) and Cp2 Zr(py)(η2 -Me3 SiC2 SiMe3 ) with Cp' as Cp (cyclopentadienyl) and Cp* (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) have been considered (py=pyridine). These complexes can liberate a reactive low-valent titanium or zirconium center by dissociation of the ligands and act as ''masked'' MII complexes (M=Ti, Zr). They represent excellent sources for the clean generation of the reactive coordinatively and electronically unsaturated complex fragments [Cp'2 M]. This is the reason why they were used for many synthetic and catalytic reactions during the last years. As an update to several review articles on this topic, this contribution provides an update with recent examples of preparative organometallic and organic chemistry of these complexes, acting as reagents for a wide range of coordinating and coupling reactions. In addition, applications and investigations concerning reaction products derived from this chemistry are mentioned, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29 A18059RostockGermany
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Lv ZJ, Liu W, Zhu M, Chai Z, Wei J, Zhang WX. Insertion Chemistry of Lutetacyclopropene toward Unsaturated C-O/C-N Bonds. Chemistry 2021; 27:16498-16504. [PMID: 34608685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the reaction chemistry of transition metallacyclopropenes has been well-established in the last decades, the reactivity of rare-earth metallacyclopropenes remains elusive. Herein, we report the reaction of lutetacyclopropene 1 toward a series of unsaturated molecules. The reaction of 1 with one equiv. of PhCOMe, Ar1 CHO (Ar1 =2,6-Me2 C6 H3 ), W(CO)6 , and PhCH=NPh provided oxalutetacyclopentenes, metallacyclic lutetoxycarbene, and azalutetacyclopentene via 1,2-insertion of C=O, C≡O, or C=N bonds into Lu-Csp2 bond, respectively. However, the reaction between 1 and Ar2 N=C=NAr2 (Ar2 =4-MeC6 H4 ) gave an acyclic lutetium complex with a diamidinate ligand by the coupling of one molecule of 1 with two carbodiimides, irrespective of the amount of carbodiimide employed. More interestingly, when 1 was treated with two equiv. of Ar1 CHO, the reductive coupling of two C=O bonds was discovered to give a lutetium pinacolate complex along with the release of tolan. Remarkably, the reactivity of 1 is significantly different from that of scandacyclopropenes; these metallacycles derived from 1 all represent the first cases in rare-earth organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jie Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqi Chai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
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Lv ZJ, Zhu M, Liu W, Chai Z, Wei J, Zhang WX. Reactivity of Lutetacyclopropene toward Benzyl, Benzoyl, and Trimethylsilyl Nitriles Affording Diversified Lutetium Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jie Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengqi Chai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications & Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Abstract
Titanium is an attractive metal for catalytic reaction development: it is earth-abundant, inexpensive, and generally nontoxic. However-like most early transition metals-catalytic redox reactions with Ti are difficult because of the stability of the high-valent TiIV state. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms behind Ti redox processes is key for making progress toward potential catalytic applications. This Account details recent progress in Ti-catalyzed (and -mediated) oxidative amination reactions that proceed through formally TiII/TiIV catalytic cycles.This class of reactions is built on our initial discovery of Ti-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] pyrrole synthesis from alkynes and azobenzene, where detailed mechanistic studies have revealed important factors that allow for catalytic turnover despite the inherent difficulty of Ti redox. Two important conclusions from mechanistic studies are that (1) low-valent Ti intermediates in catalysis can be stabilized through coordination of π-acceptor substrates or products, where they can act as "redox-noninnocent" ligands through metal-to-ligand π back-donation, and (2) reductive elimination processes with Ti proceed through π-type electrocyclic (or pericyclic) reaction mechanisms rather than direct σ-bond coupling.The key reactive species in Ti-catalyzed oxidative amination reactions are Ti imidos (Ti≡NR), which can be generated from either aryl diazenes (RN═NR) or organic azides (RN3). These Ti imidos can then undergo [2 + 2] cycloadditions with alkynes, resulting in intermediates that can be coupled to an array of other unsaturated functional groups, including alkynes, alkenes, nitriles, and nitrosos. This basic reactivity pattern has been extended into a broad range of catalytic and stoichiometric oxidative multicomponent coupling reactions of alkynes and other reactive small molecules, leading to multicomponent syntheses of various heterocycles and aminated building blocks.For example, catalytic oxidative coupling of Ti imidos with two different alkynes leads to pyrroles, while stoichiometric oxidative coupling with alkynes and nitriles leads to pyrazoles. These heterocycle syntheses often yield substitution patterns that are complementary to those of classical condensation routes and provide access to new electron-rich, highly substituted heteroaromatic scaffolds. Furthermore, catalytic oxidative alkyne carboamination reactions can be accomplished via reaction of Ti imidos with alkynes and alkenes, yielding α,β-unsaturated imine or cyclopropylimine building blocks. New catalytic and stoichiometric oxidative amination methods such as alkyne α-diimination, isocyanide imination, and ring-opening oxidative amination of strained alkenes are continuously emerging as a result of better mechanistic understanding of Ti redox catalysis.Ultimately, these Ti-catalyzed and -mediated oxidative amination methods demonstrate the importance of examining often-overlooked elements like the early transition metals through the lens of modern catalysis: rather than a lack of utility, these elements frequently have undiscovered potential for new transformations with orthogonal or complementary selectivity to their late transition metal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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