1
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Lei X, Wang Y, Ma S, Jiao P. Purple Light-Promoted Coupling of Bromopyridines with Grignard Reagents via SET. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7148-7155. [PMID: 38718346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Alkyl- and arylpyridines and 2,2'-bipyridines are conventionally prepared by Minisci reactions of pyridines and transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions of halopyridines. Herein, purple light-promoted radical coupling reactions of 2- or 4-bromopyridines with Grignard reagents in Et2O or a mixture of Et2O and tetrahydrofuran in regular glassware without the need for a transition metal catalyst were disclosed for the first time. Methyl, primary and secondary alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, pyridyl, and alkynyl Grignard reagents were compatible with the protocol. As a result, alkyl- and arylpyridines and 2,2'-bipyridines were easily prepared. Single electron transfer from the Grignard reagent to bromopyridine was stimulated by purple light. An electron extruded from the dimerization of the Grignard reagent worked as the catalyst. Light on/off experiments indicated that constant irradiation was required for product formation. Studies of radical clock substrates verified the involvement of a pyridyl radical from bromopyridine and the noninvolvement of an alkyl or aryl radical from the Grignard reagent. The available proof supports a photoinduced SRN mechanism for the new coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Institute of Rural Revitalization (Institute of Medicine and Health Care), Dezhou University, No. 566 West University Road, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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2
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Mantry L, Gandeepan P. Visible-Light-Induced PhI(OAc) 2-Mediated Alkylation of Heteroarenes with Simple Alkanes and Ethers. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6539-6544. [PMID: 38642055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The direct alkylation of heteroarenes with alkanes has been successfully achieved through visible-light-induced hypervalent iodine-mediated C-H functionalization of both coupling partners at ambient temperatures. This reaction proceeds via the in situ generation of nucleophilic alkyl radicals from alkanes through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), followed by a Minisci-type reaction with heteroarenes. These mild reaction conditions have demonstrated their suitability for the alkylation of a wide range of heterocycles, including azoles, pyridines, quinolines, isoquinolines, and quinoxalinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusina Mantry
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu - Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu - Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619
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3
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Lei J, Xu ZG. Reaction strategies for the meta-selective functionalization of pyridine through dearomatization. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5. [PMID: 38647989 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is a crucial structural component in various pharmaceuticals. While the direct ortho- and para-functionalization of pyridines is relatively straightforward, the meta-selective C-H functionalization remains a significant challenge. This review highlights dearomatization strategies as a key area of interest in expanding the application of meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines. Dearomatization enables the meta-functionalization through various catalytic methods that directly generate dearomatization products, and some products can be rearomatized back to pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, this article also covers the dearomatization of multiple positions of pyridine in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. It offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in dearomatization at different positions of pyridine, aiming to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this field. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of existing technologies, aiming to inform a broader audience about this important field and foster its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
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4
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Laudadio G, Neigenfind P, Péter Á, Rubel CZ, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Ewing TEH, Palkowitz MD, Sloane JL, Gillman KW, Ridge D, Mandler MD, Bolduc PN, Nicastri MC, Zhang B, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Martín-Gago P, Mykhailiuk P, Engle KM, Baran PS. Nickel-Electrocatalytic Decarboxylative Arylation to Access Quaternary Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314617. [PMID: 38181042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a pressing need, particularly in the field of drug discovery, for general methods that will enable direct coupling of tertiary alkyl fragments to (hetero)aryl halides. Herein a uniquely powerful and simple set of conditions for achieving this transformation with unparalleled generality and chemoselectivity is disclosed. This new protocol is placed in context with other recently reported methods, applied to simplify the routes of known bioactive building blocks molecules, and scaled up in both batch and flow. The role of pyridine additive as well as the mechanism of this reaction are interrogated through Cyclic Voltammetry studies, titration experiments, control reactions with Ni(0) and Ni(II)-complexes, and ligand optimization data. Those studies indicate that the formation of a BINAPNi(0) is minimized and the formation of an active pyridine-stabilized Ni(I) species is sustained during the reaction. Our preliminary mechanistic studies ruled out the involvement of Ni(0) species in this electrochemical cross-coupling, which is mediated by Ni(I) species via a Ni(I)-Ni(II)-Ni(III)-Ni(I) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Áron Péter
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Camille Z Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Kevin W Gillman
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Daniel Ridge
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Pablo Martín-Gago
- Research and Early Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Bartholomew GL, Kraus SL, Karas LJ, Carpaneto F, Bennett R, Sigman MS, Yeung CS, Sarpong R. 14N to 15N Isotopic Exchange of Nitrogen Heteroaromatics through Skeletal Editing. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2950-2958. [PMID: 38286797 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The selective modification of nitrogen heteroaromatics enables the development of new chemical tools and accelerates drug discovery. While methods that focus on expanding or contracting the skeletal structures of heteroaromatics are emerging, methods for the direct exchange of single core atoms remain limited. Here, we present a method for 14N → 15N isotopic exchange for several aromatic nitrogen heterocycles. This nitrogen isotope transmutation occurs through activation of the heteroaromatic substrate by triflylation of a nitrogen atom, followed by a ring-opening/ring-closure sequence mediated by 15N-aspartate to effect the isotopic exchange of the nitrogen atom. Key to the success of this transformation is the formation of an isolable 15N-succinyl intermediate, which undergoes elimination to give the isotopically labeled heterocycle. These transformations occur under mild conditions in high chemical and isotopic yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Logan Bartholomew
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Samantha L Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Filippo Carpaneto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Discovery Analytical Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Deng W, Li X, Li Z, Wen Y, Wang Z, Lin Z, Li Y, Hu J, Huang Y. Electrochemically Driven C4-Selective Decyanoalkylation of Cyanopyridines with Unactivated Alkyl Bromides Enabling C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Coupling. Org Lett 2023; 25:9237-9242. [PMID: 38096030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
With cyanopyridines and alkyl bromides as coupling partners, an electrochemically driven C4-selective decyanoalkylation has been established to access diverse 4-alkylpyridines in one step. The reaction proceeds through the single electron reduction/radical-radical coupling tandem process under mild electrolytic conditions, achieving the cleavage of the C(sp2)-CN bond and the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2). The practicality of this protocol is illustrated by no sacrificial anodes, a broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Deng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinling Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Wen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyin Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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8
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Cao H, Bhattacharya D, Cheng Q, Studer A. C-H Functionalization of Pyridines via Oxazino Pyridine Intermediates: Switching to para-Selectivity under Acidic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
para-Selective C-H functionalization of pyridines holds a significant value but remains underdeveloped. Site-switchable C-H functionalization of pyridines under easily tunable conditions expedites drug development. We recently reported a redox-neutral dearomatization-rearomatization strategy for meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines via oxazino pyridine intermediates. Here, we demonstrate that these oxazino pyridine intermediates undergo highly para-selective functionalization simply by switching to acidic conditions. A broad scope of para-alkylated and arylated pyridines is prepared through radical as well as ionic pathways. These mild and catalyst-free methods are applied to the late-stage para-functionalization of drugs using pyridines as the limiting reagents. Consecutive meta,para-difunctionalization of pyridines is also achieved with complete regiocontrol relying on the pH-dependent reactivity of oxazino pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debkanta Bhattacharya
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
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9
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Pal S, Das S, Chakraborty S, Khanra S, Paul ND. Zn(II)-Catalyzed Multicomponent Sustainable Synthesis of Pyridines in Air. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3650-3665. [PMID: 36854027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a Zn(II)-catalyzed solvent-free sustainable synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines using alcohols as the primary feedstock and NH4OAc as the nitrogen source. Using a well-defined air-stable Zn(II)-catalyst, 1a, featuring a redox-active tridentate azo-aromatic pincer, 2-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (La), a wide variety of unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were prepared by three-component coupling of primary and secondary alcohols with NH4OAc. Catalyst 1a is equally compatible with the four-component coupling. Unsymmetrical 2,4,6-substituted pyridines were also prepared via a four-component coupling of a primary alcohol with two different secondary alcohols and NH4OAc. A series of tetra-substituted pyridines were prepared up to 67% yield by coupling primary and secondary alcohols with 1-phenylpropan-1-one or 1,2-diphenylethan-1-one and NH4OAc. The 1a-catalyzed reactions also proceeded efficiently upon replacing the secondary alcohols with the corresponding ketones, producing the desired tri- and tetra-substituted pyridines in higher yields in a shorter reaction time. A few control experiments were performed to unveil the mechanistic aspects, which indicates that the active participation of the aryl-azo ligand during catalysis enables the Zn(II)-complex to act as an efficient catalyst for the present multicomponent reactions. Aerial oxygen acts as an oxidant during the Zn(II)-catalyzed dehydrogenation of alcohols, producing H2O and H2O2 as byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Siuli Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhajit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhankar Khanra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Nanda D Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
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10
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Anderson JM, Measom ND, Murphy JA, Poole DL. Bridge Heteroarylation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:2053-2057. [PMID: 36929825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the decarboxylative Minisci heteroarylation of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) and 2-oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane (oBCH) derivatives at the bridge positions. In an operationally simple, photocatalyst-free process, free bridge carboxylic acids are directly coupled with nonprefunctionalized heteroarenes to provide rare examples of polysubstituted BCP and oBCH derivatives in synthetically useful yields. Additionally, the impact of the BCP core on the physicochemical properties of a representative example compared to those of its all-aromatic ortho- and meta-substituted analogues is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Anderson
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Nicholas D Measom
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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11
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Xu S, Zhang W, Li C, Li Y, Zeng H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Niu D. Generation and Use of Glycosyl Radicals under Acidic Conditions: Glycosyl Sulfinates as Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218303. [PMID: 36760072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a method that enables the generation of glycosyl radicals under highly acidic conditions. Key to the success is the design and use of glycosyl sulfinates as radical precursors, which are bench-stable solids and can be readily prepared from commercial starting materials. This development allows the installation of glycosyl units onto pyridine rings directly by the Minisci reaction. We further demonstrate the utility of this method in the late-stage modification of complex drug molecules, including the anticancer agent camptothecin. Experimental studies provide insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Xu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Caiyi Li
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanjing Li
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongxin Zeng
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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12
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Oudeyer S, Levacher V, Beucher H, Brière JF. Recent Advances in Catalytic and Technology-Driven Radical Addition to N, N-Disubstituted Iminium Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031071. [PMID: 36770738 PMCID: PMC9921492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, radical chemistry has grown exponentially in the toolbox of organic synthetic chemists. Upon the (re)introduction of modern catalytic and technology-driven strategies, the implementation of highly reactive radical species is currently facilitated while expanding the scope of numerous synthetic methodologies. In this context, this review intends to cover the recent advances in radical-based transformations of N,N-disubstituted iminium substrates that encompass unique reactivities with respect to imines or protonated iminium salts. In particular, we have focused on the literature concerning the dipole type substrates, such as nitrones or azomethine imines, together with the chemistry of N+-X- (X = O, NR) azaarenium dipoles, which proved to be very versatile platforms in that field of research. The N-alkylazaarenium salts were been considered, which demonstrated specific reactivity profiles in radical chemistry.
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13
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Le Saux E, Georgiou E, Dmitriev IA, Hartley WC, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Functionalization of Pyridines via Pyridinyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:47-52. [PMID: 36574031 PMCID: PMC9837848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a photochemical method for the functionalization of pyridines with radicals derived from allylic C-H bonds. Overall, two substrates undergo C-H functionalization to form a new C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond. The chemistry harnesses the unique reactivity of pyridinyl radicals, generated upon single-electron reduction of pyridinium ions, which undergo effective coupling with allylic radicals. This novel mechanism enables distinct positional selectivity for pyridine functionalization that diverges from classical Minisci chemistry. Crucial was the identification of a dithiophosphoric acid that masters three catalytic tasks, sequentially acting as a Brønsted acid for pyridine protonation, a single electron transfer (SET) reductant for pyridinium ion reduction, and a hydrogen atom abstractor for the activation of allylic C(sp3)-H bonds. The resulting pyridinyl and allylic radicals then couple with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Le Saux
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eleni Georgiou
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Igor A. Dmitriev
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain,URV
− Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Will C. Hartley
- ICIQ
− Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avinguda Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy,
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14
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Xu M, Wang Z, Sun Z, Ouyang Y, Ding Z, Yu T, Xu L, Li P. Diboron(4)-Catalyzed Remote [3+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropanes via Dearomative/Rearomative Radical Transmission through Pyridine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214507. [PMID: 36344444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ring structures such as pyridine, cyclopentane or their combinations are important motifs in bioactive molecules. In contrast to previous cycloaddition reactions that necessitated a directly bonded initiating functional group, this work demonstrated a novel through-(hetero)arene radical transmission concept for selective activation of a remote bond. An efficient, metal-free and atom-economical [3+2] cycloaddition between 4-pyridinyl cyclopropanes and alkenes or alkynes has been developed for modular synthesis of pyridine-substituted cyclopentanes, cyclopentenes and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes that are difficult to access using known methods. This complexity-building reaction was catalyzed by a very simple and inexpensive diboron(4) compound and took place via dearomative/rearomative processes. The substrate scope was broad and more than 100 new compounds were prepared in generally high yields. Mechanistic experiments and density function theory (DFT) investigation supported a radical relay catalytic cycle involving alkylidene dihydropyridine radical intermediates and boronyl radical transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Yizhao Ouyang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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15
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Grigolo TA, Smith JM. Regiodivergent Asymmetric Pyridinium Additions: Mechanistic Insight and Synthetic Applications. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202813. [PMID: 36098490 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A practical protocol for the first regiodivergent asymmetric addition of aryl and alkenyl organometallic reagents to substituted N-alkyl pyridinium heterocycles is described. The couplings proceed with high regiochemical and stereochemical selectivities, and provide access to chiral 1,2,3- and 1,3,4-trisubstituted dihydropyridine products, controlled by judicious choice of nitrogen activating agent. To this end, a correlation was found between the parameterized size of the activating group and the C2/C4 regioselectivity in the couplings. The utility of the described chemistry was demonstrated in two concise asymmetric syntheses of (+)-N-methylaspidospermidine and (-)-paroxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Grigolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, 32306 Florida, USA
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, 32306 Florida, USA
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16
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Muta R, Torigoe T, Kuninobu Y. 3-Position-Selective C–H Trifluoromethylation of Pyridine Rings Based on Nucleophilic Activation. Org Lett 2022; 24:8218-8222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Muta
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takeru Torigoe
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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17
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Sanjosé-Orduna J, Silva RC, Raymenants F, Reus B, Thaens J, de Oliveira KT, Noël T. Dual role of benzophenone enables a fast and scalable C-4 selective alkylation of pyridines in flow. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12527-12532. [PMID: 36382292 PMCID: PMC9629060 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient C-4 selective modification of pyridines is a major challenge for the synthetic community. Current strategies are plagued with at least one drawback regarding functional group-tolerant electronic activation of the heteroarene, mild generation of the required alkyl radicals, regioselectivity, safety and/or scalability. Herein, we describe a fast, safe and scalable flow process which allows preparation of said C-4 alkylated pyridines. The process involves a photochemical hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event to generate the carbon-centered radicals needed to alkylate the C-2 blocked pyridine. In a two-step streamlined flow process, this light-mediated alkylation step is combined with a nearly instantaneous inline removal of the blocking group. Notably, cheap benzophenone plays a dual role in the pyridine alkylation mechanism by activating the hydrocarbon feedstock reagents via a HAT mechanism, and by acting as a benign, terminal oxidant. The key role of benzophenone in the operative reaction mechanism has also been revealed through a combination of experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sanjosé-Orduna
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | - Rodrigo C Silva
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | - Bente Reus
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | - Jannik Thaens
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | | | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
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18
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Kim C, Jeong J, Vellakkaran M, Hong S. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Pyridylation of Carboxylic Acids Using In Situ-Generated Amidyl Radicals as Oxidants. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinwook Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mari Vellakkaran
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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19
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Friedrich M, Manolikakes G. Base‐mediated C4‐selective C‐H‐sulfonylation of pyridine. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Friedrich
- University of Kaiserslautern: Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- TU Kaiserslautern fachbereich Chemie Erwin-schrödinger-Str. Geb 54 67663 Kaiserslautern GERMANY
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20
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Xie D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fu Z, Niu D. Alkyl/Glycosyl Sulfoxides as Radical Precursors and Their Use in the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204922. [PMID: 35641436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here the use of simple and readily available alkyl sulfoxides as precursors to radicals and their application in the preparation of pyridine derivatives. We show that alkyl sulfoxides, N-methoxy pyridinium salts and fluoride anions form electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes in solution, which, upon visible light irradiation, undergo a radical chain process to afford various pyridine derivatives smoothly. This reaction displays broad scope with respect to both sulfoxides and N-methoxy pyridiniums. The synthetic versatility of sulfoxides as a handle in chemistry adds to their power as radical precursors. Glycosyl sulfoxides are converted to the corresponding pyridyl C-glycosides with high stereoselectivities. Computational and experimental studies provide insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xie
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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21
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Gao L, Liu X, Li G, Chen S, Cao J, Wang G, Li S. 1,2-Silylpyridylation Reaction of Aryl Alkenes with Silylboronate. Org Lett 2022; 24:5698-5703. [PMID: 35905289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free silyl-pyridylation of alkenes using silyl boronates and B2pin2 through a pyridine-mediated B-interelement activation has been demonstrated, which provides a practical strategy for a variety of C4-silylalkylated pyridines. DFT calculations and control experiments show that the reaction proceeds through a silyl radical addition/radical-radical coupling sequence. This protocol features a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility, and thus it showcases great potential in the late-stage modification of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Guoao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shengda Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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22
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Wang D, Xu L, Zheng S, Yang X. Transition‐Metal‐Free Regioselective Direct C2, C4 Difunctionalization and C2, C4, C6 Trifunctionalization of Pyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shixin Zheng
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology CHINA
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23
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Xie D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fu Z, Niu D. Alkyl/Glycosyl Sulfoxides as Radical Precursors and Their Use in the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xie
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
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24
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Patra K, Reddy MK, Mallik S, Baidya M. Divergent Reaction of Activated Pyridines with α,α-Difluorinated gem-Diols: Regioselective Synthesis of gem-Difluorinated Dihydropyridines and Dihydropyridones. Org Lett 2022; 24:4014-4018. [PMID: 35613433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic reactivity of α,α-difluorinated gem-diols toward activated pyridinium salts has been capitalized in a highly regioselective fashion, offering biologically relevant 1,4-dihydropyridines and 3,4-dihydro-2-pyridones adorned with the valuable gem-difluoromethylene motif. The protocol is scalable as well as high yielding and accommodates a broad range of substrates and functional groups. Additionally, the synthesis of difluorinated oxa-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane frameworks has been showcased through product diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mallu Kesava Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumitava Mallik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Chen W, Ni S, Wang Y, Pan Y. Electrochemical-Promoted Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Allylation of Aryl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:3647-3651. [PMID: 35579336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared with conventional reductive coupling, reductive coupling under electrochemical conditions without external reductants is greener, milder, and more efficient and is of increasing interest to organic chemists. In this work, we report the sacrificial anode, nickel-catalyzed electrochemical allylation reaction of aryl and alkyl halides. The reaction can be applied to a range of allylation reagents such as trifluoroalkenes, oxalates, and acetates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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26
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Choi H, Mathi GR, Hong S, Hong S. Enantioselective functionalization at the C4 position of pyridinium salts through NHC catalysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1776. [PMID: 35365667 PMCID: PMC8975994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A catalytic method for the enantioselective and C4-selective functionalization of pyridine derivatives is yet to be developed. Herein, we report an efficient method for the asymmetric β-pyridylations of enals that involve N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis with excellent control over enantioselectivity and pyridyl C4-selectivity. The key strategy for precise stereocontrol involves enhancing interactions between the chiral NHC-bound homoenolate and pyridinium salt in the presence of hexafluorobenzene, which effectively differentiates the two faces of the homoenolate radical. Room temperature is sufficient for this transformation, and reaction efficiency is further accelerated by photo-mediation. This methodology exhibits broad functional group tolerance and enables facile access to a diverse range of enantioenriched β-pyridyl carbonyl compounds under mild and metal-free conditions. A catalytic method for the enantioselective and C4-selective functionalization of pyridine derivatives is yet to be developed. Here the authors report an efficient method for the asymmetric β-pyridylations of enals that involve N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis with excellent control over enantioselectivity and pyridyl C4-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyeol Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Gangadhar Rao Mathi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seonghyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea. .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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27
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Tayama E, Shimizu G, Nakao R. Base-induced Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement of N-(pyridinylmethyl) tetraalkylammonium salts. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Ye B, Yao J, Wu C, Zhu H, Yao W, Jin L, Dou X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Pyridylation with Pyridylboronic Acids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bihai Ye
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Changhui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huilong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Weijun Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lili Jin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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29
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Vellakkaran M, Kim T, Hong S. Visible-Light-Induced C4-Selective Functionalization of Pyridinium Salts with Cyclopropanols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113658. [PMID: 34734455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective C-H functionalization of heteroarenes is of considerable importance for streamlining the rapid modification of bioactive molecules. Herein, we report a general strategy for visible-light-induced β-carbonyl alkylation at the C4 position of pyridines with high site selectivity using various cyclopropanols and N-amidopyridinium salts. In this process, hydrogen-atom transfer between the generated sulfonamidyl radicals and O-H bonds of cyclopropanols generates β-carbonyl radicals, providing efficient access to synthetically valuable β-pyridylated (aryl)ketones, aldehydes, and esters with broad functional-group tolerance. In addition, the mild method serves as an effective tool for the site-selective late-stage functionalization of complex and medicinally relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Vellakkaran
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS).,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS).,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS).,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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30
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Vellakkaran M, Kim T, Hong S. Visible‐Light‐Induced C4‐Selective Functionalization of Pyridinium Salts with Cyclopropanols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Vellakkaran
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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31
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Zhang Z, He Q, Zhang X, Yang C. Photoredox-Catalysed Regioselective Synthesis of C-4-Alkylated Pyridines with N -(Acyloxy)phthalimides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1969-1973. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method of direct C-4 selective alkylation of pyridine under visible light irradiation at room temperature was reported, using simple maleate-derived pyridinium salts as pyridine precursors, and the readily available...
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32
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Lu J, Tong Y, Hao N, Zhang L, Wei J, Zhang Z, Fu Q, Yi D, Wang J, Mu Y, Pan X, Yang L, Wei S, Zhong L. Photocatalytic redox-neutral arylation of cyclopropanols with cyanoarenes via radical-mediated C–C and C–CN bond cleavage. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01844b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-arylated ketones widely exist in many biologically active molecules and natural products. Herein, we disrcibled a photocatalytic redox-neutral arylation of cyclopropanols with cyanoarenes via radical-mediated C–C and C–CN bond cleavage...
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Lin XL, Yu Y, Zhang L, Leng LJ, Xiao DR, Cai T, Luo QL. Switchable synthesis of 1,4-bridged dihydroisoquinoline-3-ones and isoquinoline-1,3,4-triones through radical oxidation of isoquinolinium salts with phenyliodine( iii) diacetate. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A switchable synthesis of 1,4-bridged dihydroisoquinoline-3-ones and isoquinoline-1,3,4-triones is developed via radical oxidation of isoquinolinium salts with PhI(OAc)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li-Jing Leng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong-Rong Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qun-Li Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Kweon B, Kim C, Kim S, Hong S. Remote C−H Pyridylation of Hydroxamates through Direct Photoexcitation of
O
‐Aryl Oxime Pyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kweon
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyul Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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35
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Kweon B, Kim C, Kim S, Hong S. Remote C-H Pyridylation of Hydroxamates through Direct Photoexcitation of O-Aryl Oxime Pyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26813-26821. [PMID: 34636478 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an efficient strategy for the remote C-H pyridylation of hydroxamates with excellent ortho-selectivity by designing a new class of photon-absorbing O-aryl oxime pyridinium salts generated in situ from the corresponding pyridines and hydroxamates. When irradiated by visible light, the photoexcitation of oxime pyridinium intermediates generates iminyl radicals via the photolytic N-O bond cleavage, which does not require an external photocatalyst. The efficiency of light absorption and N-O bond cleavage of the oxime pyridinium salts can be modulated through the electronic effect of substitution on the O-aryl ring. The resultant iminyl radicals enable the installation of pyridyl rings at the γ-CN position, which yields synthetically valuable C2-substituted pyridyl derivatives. This novel synthetic approach provides significant advantages in terms of both efficiency and simplicity and exhibits broad functional group tolerance in complex settings under mild and metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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36
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Rieder S, Meléndez C, Dénès F, Jangra H, Mulliri K, Zipse H, Renaud P. Radical chain monoalkylation of pyridines. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15362-15373. [PMID: 34976357 PMCID: PMC8635225 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02748d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoalkylation of N-methoxypyridinium salts with alkyl radicals generated from alkenes (via hydroboration with catecholborane), alkyl iodides (via iodine atom transfer) and xanthates is reported. The reaction proceeds under neutral conditions since no acid is needed to activate the heterocycle and no external oxidant is required. A rate constant for the addition of a primary radical to N-methoxylepidinium >107 M-1 s-1 was experimentally determined. This rate constant is more than one order of magnitude larger than the one measured for the addition of primary alkyl radicals to protonated lepidine demonstrating the remarkable reactivity of methoxypyridinium salts towards radicals. The reaction has been used for the preparation of unique pyridinylated terpenoids and was extended to a three-component carbopyridinylation of electron-rich alkenes including enol esters, enol ethers and enamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rieder
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Camilo Meléndez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Dénès
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Kleni Mulliri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
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37
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McConnell DL, Blades AM, Rodrigues DG, Keyes PV, Sonberg JC, Anthony CE, Rachad S, Simone OM, Sullivan CF, Shapiro JD, Williams CC, Schafer BC, Glanzer AM, Hutchinson HL, Thayaparan AB, Krevlin ZA, Bote IC, Haffary YA, Bhandari S, Goodman JA, Majireck MM. Synthesis of Bench-Stable N-Quaternized Ketene N, O-Acetals and Preliminary Evaluation as Reagents in Organic Synthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13025-13040. [PMID: 34498466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Quaternized ketene N,O-acetals are typically an unstable, transient class of compounds most commonly observed as reactive intermediates. In this report, we describe a general synthetic approach to a variety of bench-stable N-quaternized ketene N,O-acetals via treatment of pyridine or aniline bases with acetylenic ethers and an appropriate Brønsted or Lewis acid (triflic acid, triflimide, or scandium(III) triflate). The resulting pyridinium and anilinium salts can be used as reagents or synthetic intermediates in multiple reaction types. For example, N-(1-ethoxyvinyl)pyridinium or anilinium salts can thermally release highly reactive O-ethyl ketenium ions for use in acid catalyst-free electrophilic aromatic substitutions. N-(1-Ethoxyvinyl)-2-halopyridinium salts can be employed in peptide couplings as a derivative of Mukaiyama reagents or react with amines in nucleophilic aromatic substitutions under mild conditions. These preliminary reactions illustrate the broad potential of these currently understudied compounds in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L McConnell
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Alisha M Blades
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Danielle Gomes Rodrigues
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Phoebe V Keyes
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Justin C Sonberg
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Caitlin E Anthony
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Sofia Rachad
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Olivia M Simone
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Caroline F Sullivan
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Jonathan D Shapiro
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Christopher C Williams
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Benjamin C Schafer
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Amy M Glanzer
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Holly L Hutchinson
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Ashley B Thayaparan
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Zoe A Krevlin
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Isabella C Bote
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Yasin A Haffary
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Sambat Bhandari
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Jack A Goodman
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
| | - Max M Majireck
- Chemistry Department, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, New York 13323, United States
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