1
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Wang T, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Yan W, Li S, Zhuang J, Xie H, Li G, Jiang L. Spectroscopic characterization of carbon monoxide activation by neutral chromium carbides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5962-5968. [PMID: 38293768 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00011k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Spectroscopic characterization of carbon monoxide activation by neutral metal carbides is of essential importance for understanding the structure-reactivity relationships of catalytic sites, but has been proven to be very challenging owing to the difficulty in size selection. Here, we report a size-specific infrared-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic study of the reactions between carbon monoxide with neutral chromium carbides. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out to identify the low-lying structures and to interpret the experimental features. The results reveal that the most stable structure of CrC3(CO)2 consists of a CCO ketenylidene unit and that of CrC4(CO)2 has a semi-bridging CO with a very low CO stretching vibrational frequency at 1821 cm-1. The electron structure analyses show that this semi-bridging CO is highly activated through the delocalized Cr-C-C three-center two-electron (3c-2e) interaction between the antibonding orbitals of CO and the metal carbide skeleton. The formation of these metal carbide carbonyls is found to be both thermodynamically exothermic and kinetically facile in the gas phase. The present findings have important implications for the mechanical understanding of the catalytic processes with isolated metal atoms/clusters dispersed on supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Funaioli T, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. Highly Reduced Ruthenium Carbide Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Reactivity, Electrochemistry, and Computational Investigation of [Ru 6C(CO) 15] 4. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14590-14603. [PMID: 37646082 PMCID: PMC10498495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of [Ru6C(CO)16]2- (1) with NaOH in DMSO resulted in the formation of a highly reduced [Ru6C(CO)15]4- (2), which was readily protonated by acids, such as HBF4·Et2O, to [HRu6C(CO)15]3- (3). Oxidation of 2 with [Cp2Fe][PF6] or [C7H7][BF4] in CH3CN resulted in [Ru6C(CO)15(CH3CN)]2- (5), which was quantitatively converted into 1 after exposure to CO atmosphere. The reaction of 2 with a mild methylating agent such as CH3,I afforded the purported [Ru6C(CO)14(COCH3)]3- (6). By employing a stronger reagent, that is, CF3SO3CH3, a mixture of [HRu6C(CO)16]- (4), [H3Ru6C(CO)15]- (7), and [Ru6C(CO)15(CH3CNCH3)]- (8) was obtained. The molecular structures of 2-5, 7, and 8 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as their [NEt4]4[2]·CH3CN, [NEt4]3[3], [NEt4][4], [NEt4]2[5], [NEt4][7], and [NEt4][8]·solv salts. The carbyne-carbide cluster 6 was partially characterized by IR spectroscopy and ESI-MS, and its structure was computationally predicted using DFT methods. The redox behavior of 2 and 3 was investigated by electrochemical and IR spectroelectrochemical methods. Computational studies were performed in order to unravel structural and thermodynamic aspects of these octahedral Ru-carbide carbonyl clusters displaying miscellaneous ligands and charges in comparison with related iron derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca’
Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi
13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
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3
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Molecular Fe, CO and Ni carbide carbonyl clusters and Nanoclusters†. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Bresciani G, Boni S, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Bortoluzzi M, Marchetti F. Alkyne-alkenyl coupling at a diruthenium complex. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15703-15715. [PMID: 36177843 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02866b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dimetallic complexes are suitable platforms for the assembly of small molecular units, and the reactivity of bridging alkenyl ligands has been widely investigated to model C-C bond forming processes. Here, we report the unusual coupling of an alkenyl ligand, bridging coordinated on a diruthenium scaffold, with a series of alkynes, revealing two possible outcomes. The diruthenium complex [Ru2Cp2(Cl)(CO)(μ-CO){μ-η1:η2-C(Ph)CH(Ph)}], 2, was prepared in two steps from [Ru2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO){μ-η1:η2-C(Ph)CH(Ph)}]BF4, [1]BF4, in 69% yield. Then, the reaction of 2 with C2(CO2Me)2, promoted by AgCF3SO3 in dichloromethane, afforded in 51% yield the complex [Ru2Cp2(CO)2{μ-η3:η2-C(Ph)CH(Ph)C(CO2Me)C(CO2Me)}]CF3SO3, [3]CF3SO3, containing a ruthenacyclopentene-based hydrocarbyl ligand. On the other hand, 2 reacted with other alkynes and AgX salts to give the butadienyl complexes [Ru2Cp2(CO)2{μ-η3:η2-C(R)CH(R')C(Ph)C(Ph)}]X (R = R' = H, [4]BF4; R = R' = Me, [5]CF3SO3; R = R' = Ph, [6]CF3SO3; R = Ph, R' = H, [7]CF3SO3), in 42-56% yields. All products were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and by single crystal X-ray diffraction in the cases of 2, [3]CF3SO3 and [6]BF4. DFT calculations highlighted the higher stability of [4-7]+-like structures with respect to the corresponding [3]+-like isomers. It is presumable that [3]+-like isomers initially form as kinetic intermediates, then undergo H-migration which is disfavoured in the presence of carboxylato substituents on the alkyne. Such hypothesis was supported by the computational optimization of the transition states for H-migration in the cases of R = R' = H and R = R' = CO2Me.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Serena Boni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- University of Venezia "Ca' Foscari", Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Via Torino 155, I-30170 Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Hu C, Wang XF, Wei R, Hu C, Ruiz DA, Chang XY, Liu LL. Crystalline monometal-substituted free carbenes. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Bresciani G, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F. Carbon–Carbon Bond Coupling of Vinyl Molecules with an Allenyl Ligand at a Diruthenium Complex. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bresciani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa I-56124, Italy
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Simler T, McCabe KN, Maron L, Nocton G. CO reductive oligomerization by a divalent thulium complex and CO2-induced functionalization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7449-7461. [PMID: 35919756 PMCID: PMC9241974 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01798a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The divalent thulium complex [Tm(Cpttt)2] (Cpttt = 1,2,4-tris(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl) reacts with CO to afford selective CO reductive dimerization and trimerization into ethynediolate (C2) and ketenecarboxylate (C3) complexes, respectively. DFT calculations were...
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
| | - Karl N McCabe
- LPCNO, UMR 5215, Université de Toulouse-CNRS, INSA, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, UMR 5215, Université de Toulouse-CNRS, INSA, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
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8
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Adams RD, Akter H, Smith MD. C – C Coupling of Ethyne to the Carbido Ligand in Products from Reactions with Ru5(μ5-C)(CO)15. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Takemoto S, Matsuzaka H. Linear Carbon Chain Growth Reactions of Ruthenium Carbide Complexes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuzaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University
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10
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Abstract
Carbide complexes remain a rare class of molecules. Their paucity does not reflect exceptional instability but is rather due to the generally narrow scope of synthetic procedures for constructing carbide complexes. The preparation of carbide complexes typically revolves around generating LnM-CEx fragments, followed by cleavage of the C-E bonds of the coordinated carbon-based ligands (the alternative being direct C atom transfer). Prime examples involve deoxygenation of carbonyl ligands and deprotonation of methyl ligands, but several other p-block fragments can be cleaved off to afford carbide ligands. This Review outlines synthetic strategies toward terminal carbide complexes, bridging carbide complexes, as well as carbide-carbonyl cluster complexes. It then surveys the reactivity of carbide complexes, covering stoichiometric reactions where the carbide ligands act as C1 reagents, engage in cross-coupling reactions, and enact Fischer-Tropsch-like chemistry; in addition, we discuss carbide complexes in the context of catalysis. Finally, we examine spectroscopic features of carbide complexes, which helps to establish the presence of the carbide functionality and address its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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