1
|
Ma Z, Zhang Y, Xue Z, Fan Y, Wang L, Wang H, Zhong A, Xu J. Thermodynamically and Kinetically Enhanced Benzene Vapor Sensor Based on the Cu-TCPP-Cu MOF with Extremely Low Limit of Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1906-1915. [PMID: 38565844 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
As a carcinogenic and highly neurotoxic hazardous gas, benzene vapor is particularly difficult to be distinguished in BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) atmosphere and be detected in low concentrations due to its chemical inertness. Herein, we develop a depth-related pore structure in Cu-TCPP-Cu to thermodynamically and kinetically enhance the adsorption of benzene vapor and realize the detection of ultralow-temperature benzene gas. We find that the in-plane π electronic nature and proper pore sizes in Cu-TCPP-Cu can selectively induce the adsorption and diffusion of BTEX. Interestingly, the theoretical calculations (including density functional theory (DFT) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations) exhibit that benzene molecules are preferred to adsorb and array as a consecutive arrangement mode in the Cu-TCPP-Cu pore, while the TEX (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) dominate the jumping arrangement model. The differences in distribution behaviors can allow adsorption and diffusion of more benzene molecules within limited room. Furthermore, the optimal pore-depth range (60-65 nm) of Cu-TCPP-Cu allows more exposure of active sites and hinders the gas-blocking process. The optimized sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity to benzene vapor (155 Hz/μg@1 ppm), fast response time (less than 10 s), extremely low limit of detection (65 ppb), and excellent selectivity (83%). Our research thus provides a fundamental understanding to design and optimize two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF)-based gas sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Ma
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhenggang Xue
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Fan
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - He Wang
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Aihua Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin J, Xie Z, Hu Y, Li G, Zhong Q. Flower-like calix[6]arene-based covalent organic framework for membrane extraction of sulfonamides in animal-derived food through host-guest interaction prior to determination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464499. [PMID: 37983987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular macrocycle-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising adsorbents for adsorption of hazards due to their host-guest recognition property. However, most supramolecular macrocycles are conformationally flexible, making them challenging to introduce into COFs. In this work, a calix[6]arene-based COF (CX6-BD COF) was fabricated with a unique flower-like morphology and high crystallinity. Especially, the cavity of CX6 exhibited host-guest inclusion interaction for sulfonamides (SAs), which was verified by quantum chemistry calculation. The integration of the porosity of COFs with the recognition cavity of CX6 made CX6-BD COF display excellent enrichment performance for SAs, with good enrichment factors (EFs) between 77 and 96. The material was employed as an adsorbent for COF membrane filter extraction, coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously enrich and determine seven SAs in animal-derived food. The analytical method showed a wide linear range (0.01-100 µg/L and 0.05-100 µg/L) and low detection limits (3-10 ng/L). The established method was successfully applied to sensitively determine SAs in chicken, pork and beef samples, which achieved satisfactory recoveries (73.8-113%). These results demonstrated CX6-BD COF has good application potential in determination of trace and ultra-trace SAs in complex food matrices as an adsorbent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiana Lin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Zenghui Xie
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510656, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Davis F, Higson SPJ. Synthetic Receptors for Early Detection and Treatment of Cancer. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:953. [PMID: 37998127 PMCID: PMC10669836 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, synthetic macrocyclic compounds have attracted interest from the scientific community due to their ability to selectively and reversibly form complexes with a huge variety of guest moieties. These molecules have been studied within a wide range of sensing and other fields. Within this review, we will give an overview of the most common synthetic macrocyclic compounds including cyclodextrins, calixarenes, calixresorcinarenes, pillarenes and cucurbiturils. These species all display the ability to form a wide range of complexes. This makes these compounds suitable in the field of cancer detection since they can bind to either cancer cell surfaces or indeed to marker compounds for a wide variety of cancers. The formation of such complexes allows sensitive and selective detection and quantification of such guests. Many of these compounds also show potential for the detection and encapsulation of environmental carcinogens. Furthermore, many anti-cancer drugs, although effective in in vitro tests, are not suitable for use directly for cancer treatment due to low solubility, inherent instability in in vivo environments or an inability to be adsorbed by or transported to the required sites for treatment. The reversible encapsulation of these species in a macrocyclic compound can greatly improve their solubility, stability and transport to required sites where they can be released for maximum therapeutic effect. Within this review, we intend to present the use of these species both in cancer sensing and treatment. The various macrocyclic compound families will be described, along with brief descriptions of their synthesis and properties, with an outline of their use in cancer detection and usage as therapeutic agents. Their use in the sensing of environmental carcinogens as well as their potential utilisation in the clean-up of some of these species will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Séamus P. J. Higson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia T, Pan N, Song X, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Xu H, Zhao C. Preparation and Characterization of Insecticide/Calix[4]arene Complexes and Their Enhanced Insecticidal Activities against Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5576-5584. [PMID: 37014048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Applications of supramolecular materials in plant protection have attracted significant interest in recent years. To develop a feasible method to improve the efficacy and reduce the usage of chemical pesticides, the effect of calix[4]arene (C4A) inclusion on enhancing the insecticidal activity of commercial insecticides was investigated. Results showed that all three tested insecticides (chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, and abamectin) with distinct molecular sizes and modes of action were able to form stable 1:1 host-guest complexes with C4A through simple preparation steps. The insecticidal activities of the complexes against Plutella xylostella were effectively enhanced compared to the guest molecule, with the synergism ratio being up to 3.05 (for indoxacarb). An obvious correlation was found between the enhanced insecticidal activity and the high binding affinity between insecticide and C4A, while the improvement in water solubility may not be a determining factor. The work would provide hints for the further development of functional supramolecular hosts as synergists in pesticide formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nianyou Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangmin Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongchao Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trampuž M, Žnidarič M, Gallou F, Časar Z. Does the Red Shift in UV-Vis Spectra Really Provide a Sensing Option for Detection of N-Nitrosamines Using Metalloporphyrins? ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1154-1167. [PMID: 36643536 PMCID: PMC9835193 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are widespread cancerogenic compounds in human environment, including water, tobacco products, food, and medicinal products. Their presence in pharmaceuticals has recently led to several recalls of important medicines from the market, and strict controls and tight limits of N-nitrosamines are now required. Analytical determination of N-nitrosamines is expensive, laborious, and time-inefficient making development of simpler and faster techniques for their detection crucial. Several reports published in the previous decade have demonstrated that cobalt porphyrin-based chemosensors selectively bind N-nitrosamines, which produces a red shift of characteristic Soret band in UV-Vis spectra. In this study, a thorough re-evaluation of metalloporphyrin/N-nitrosamine adducts was performed using various characterization methods. Herein, we demonstrate that while N-nitrosamines can interact directly with cobalt-based porphyrin complexes, the red shift in UV-Vis spectra is not selectively assured and might also result from the interaction between impurities in N-nitrosamines and porphyrin skeleton or interaction of other functional groups within the N-nitrosamine structure and the metal ion within the porphyrin. We show that pyridine nitrogen is the interacting atom in tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), as pyridine itself is an active ligand and not the N-nitrosamine moiety. When using Co(II) porphyrins as chemosensors, acidic and basic impurities in dialkyl N-nitrosamines (e.g., formic acid, dimethylamine) are also UV-Vis spectra red shift-producing species. Treatment of these N-nitrosamines with K2CO3 prevents the observed UV-Vis phenomena. These results imply that cobalt-based metalloporphyrins cannot be considered as selective chemosensors for UV-Vis detection of N-nitrosamine moiety-containing species. Therefore, special caution in interpretation of UV-Vis red shift for chemical sensors is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Trampuž
- Lek
Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development
Center Slovenia, Kolodvorska
27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Žnidarič
- Lek
Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development
Center Slovenia, Kolodvorska
27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical
and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma
AG, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek
Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development
Center Slovenia, Kolodvorska
27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
- Chair
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu RQ, Yuan W, Feng H, Lennon Luo SX, Mason Wu YC, Etkind SI, Kumar M, Swager TM. Porous Polymers Containing Metallocalix[4]arene for the Extraction of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:10623-10630. [PMID: 37323159 PMCID: PMC10262809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We designed porous polymers with a tungsten-calix[4]arene imido complex as the nitrosamine receptor for the efficient extraction of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) from water. The interaction between the metallocalix[4]arene and the TSNA, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone, NNK) was investigated. We found that the incorporation of the nitrosamine receptor into porous polymers increased their selectivity toward NNK over nicotine. The polymer with an optimal ratio of calixarene-containing and porosity-inducing building blocks showed a high maximum adsorption capacity of up to 203 mg/g toward NNK under sonication, which was among the highest values reported. The adsorbed NNK could be removed from the polymer by soaking it in acetonitrile, enabling the adsorbent to be reused. A similar extraction efficiency to that under sonication could be achieved using the polymer-coated magnetic particles under stirring. We also proved that the material could efficiently extract TSNAs from real tobacco extract. This work not only provides an efficient material for the extraction of TSNAs but also offers a design strategy for efficient adsorbents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Qiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weize Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haosheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - You-Chi Mason Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samuel I Etkind
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohanraja Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vallejos S, Trigo-López M, Arnaiz A, Miguel Á, Muñoz A, Mendía A, García JM. From Classical to Advanced Use of Polymers in Food and Beverage Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4954. [PMID: 36433081 PMCID: PMC9699061 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are extensively used in food and beverage packaging to shield against contaminants and external damage due to their barrier properties, protecting the goods inside and reducing waste. However, current trends in polymers for food, water, and beverage applications are moving forward into the design and preparation of advanced polymers, which can act as active packaging, bearing active ingredients in their formulation, or controlling the head-space composition to extend the shelf-life of the goods inside. In addition, polymers can serve as sensory polymers to detect and indicate the presence of target species, including contaminants of food quality indicators, or even to remove or separate target species for later quantification. Polymers are nowadays essential materials for both food safety and the extension of food shelf-life, which are key goals of the food industry, and the irruption of smart materials is opening new opportunities for going even further in these goals. This review describes the state of the art following the last 10 years of research within the field of food and beverage polymer's applications, covering present applications, perspectives, and concerns related to waste generation and the circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Vallejos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Miriam Trigo-López
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Miguel
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Muñoz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Mendía
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José Miguel García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Bottom-up materials design by the conceiving of new molecular building blocks is powerful and chemists are uniquely qualified to innovate. Liquid crystals (LCs) and related soft crystals, collectively called mesophases, naturally create materials with dynamic properties. The thermotropic LC state has a liquid-like intermolecular disorder, but the cooperative nature of these materials facilitates a long-range directional order (alignment) that couples strongly to applied electric/magnetic fields and interfaces. Thermotropic LCs are held together by mesogen cores, which are often unsaturated with anisotropic polarizability, and are appended with flexible (often n-alkane) side chains. Thermal excitation of the side chains produces large amplitude motions that drive a melting transition, and the anisotropic attractions between mesogenic cores produce a directional organization that produces the LC order. LCs are liquids as defined by thermodynamics and may not contain three-dimensional (3D) organization. However, in many cases there are 3D ordered phases below the melting temperatures, which are soft (deformable) plastic materials. Unconventional mesogens offer opportunities to create responsive molecular assemblies with optical, electronic, or magnetic activity. I will detail in this account my efforts to control these dynamic states with the goal of creating polar organizations in columnar LCs. The use of molecular shape, dative bonding, and dynamic correlations between molecules in fluid/plastic phases will be highlighted and how applied electric fields can polarize select materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Swager TM, Etkind SI, Ichii S, Romero NA. Thiapillar[6]arene: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Properties. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe design and synthesis of new macrocycles with well-defined cavities represent a promising avenue for the development of new supramolecular hosts. Moreover, the ability to diversify a macrocycle through chemical manipulations enables the fine-tuning and tailoring of properties. In this report, the synthesis and functionalization of thiapillar[6]arene, a pillar[6]arene analogue in which the bridging methylene groups are replaced by sulfurs, are described. First, we demonstrate the scalable synthesis of the parent thiapillar[6]arene. Next, the diversification of thiapillar[6]arene is demonstrated via functionalization of the phenols and oxidation of the sulfur atoms. The solid-state structures of two thiapillar[6]arene derivatives are reported, and the effect of sulfur oxidation state on the macrocyclic conformation is discussed. All sulfone derivatives described were found to demonstrate high luminescence quantum yields (ΦF = 0.43–0.66) in CH2Cl2 with emission maxima between λ = 404 and 462 nm. Lastly, assessment of the electrochemical properties of the sulfone derivatives by square-wave voltammetry revealed electron-accepting ability owing to the oxidation of the sulfur atoms, with four reduction events observed for the analogues surveyed. Overall, this work implicates thiapillar[6]arene as a modular scaffold amenable for further applications in host–guest chemistry and sensing.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang KC, Chen CY, Hsu CY, Lee LW, Chung WS. A highly selective chromogenic and fluorogenic chemodosimeter for dual detection of Cu 2+ based on a redox-active calix[4]arene with isoxazolylchloroanthracene. Analyst 2022; 147:5105-5112. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arene 1 with 25,27-diisoxazolylchloroanthryl groups is a chromogenic and fluorogenic sensor for Cu2+ with a LOD of 1.67 μM by fluorescence. Calix[4]diquinone was obtained in high yield through the redox reaction of ligand 1 with Cu(ClO4)2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chi Chang
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Yu Chen
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yun Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Lee
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Chung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|