1
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Albertini PP, Newton MA, Wang M, Segura Lecina O, Green PB, Stoian DC, Oveisi E, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Hybrid oxide coatings generate stable Cu catalysts for CO 2 electroreduction. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:680-687. [PMID: 38366155 PMCID: PMC11068572 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid organic/inorganic materials have contributed to solve important challenges in different areas of science. One of the biggest challenges for a more sustainable society is to have active and stable catalysts that enable the transition from fossil fuel to renewable feedstocks, reduce energy consumption and minimize the environmental footprint. Here we synthesize novel hybrid materials where an amorphous oxide coating with embedded organic ligands surrounds metallic nanocrystals. We demonstrate that the hybrid coating is a powerful means to create electrocatalysts stable against structural reconstruction during the CO2 electroreduction. These electrocatalysts consist of copper nanocrystals encapsulated in a hybrid organic/inorganic alumina shell. This shell locks a fraction of the copper surface into a reduction-resistant Cu2+ state, which inhibits those redox processes responsible for the structural reconstruction of copper. The electrocatalyst activity is preserved, which would not be possible with a conventional dense alumina coating. Varying the shell thickness and the coating morphology yields fundamental insights into the stabilization mechanism and emphasizes the importance of the Lewis acidity of the shell in relation to the retention of catalyst structure. The synthetic tunability of the chemistry developed herein opens new avenues for the design of stable electrocatalysts and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru P Albertini
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Newton
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Min Wang
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ona Segura Lecina
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Philippe B Green
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Dragos C Stoian
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Emad Oveisi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Electron Microscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland.
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2
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Green PB, Segura Lecina O, Albertini PP, Newton MA, Kumar K, Boulanger C, Leemans J, Thompson PBJ, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Colloidal Atomic Layer Deposition on Nanocrystals Using Ligand-Modified Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10708-10715. [PMID: 38579275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a method to grow thin metal oxide layers on a variety of materials for applications spanning from electronics to catalysis. Extending ALD to colloidally stable nanocrystals promises to combine the benefits of thin metal oxide coatings with the solution processability of the nanocrystals. However, challenges persist in applying this method, which relate to finding precursors that promote the growth of the metal oxide while preserving colloidal stability throughout the process. Herein, we introduce a colloidal ALD method to coat nanocrystals with amorphous metal oxide shells using metal and oxygen precursors that act as colloidal stabilizing ligands. Our scheme involves metal-amide precursors modified with solubilizing groups and oleic acid as the oxygen source. The growth of the oxide is self-limiting and proceeds in a layer-by-layer fashion. Our protocol is generalizable and intrinsically scalable. Potential applications in display, light detection, and catalysis are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe B Green
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Ona Segura Lecina
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Petru P Albertini
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Newton
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Coline Boulanger
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Jari Leemans
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Paul B J Thompson
- XMaS beamline, United Kingdom CRG, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, Grenoble Cedex 9 38043, France
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
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3
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Venkatesh A, Casano G, Wei R, Rao Y, Lingua H, Karoui H, Yulikov M, Ouari O, Emsley L. Rational Design of Dinitroxide Polarizing Agents for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to Enhance Overall NMR Sensitivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317337. [PMID: 38193258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We evaluate the overall sensitivity gains provided by a series of eighteen nitroxide biradicals for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR at 9.4 T and 100 K, including eight new biradicals. We find that in the best performing group the factors contributing to the overall sensitivity gains, namely the DNP enhancement, the build-up time, and the contribution factor, often compete with each other leading to very similar overall sensitivity across a range of biradicals. NaphPol and HydroPol are found to provide the best overall sensitivity factors, in organic and aqueous solvents respectively. One of the new biradicals, AMUPolCbm, provides high sensitivity for all three solvent formulations measured here, and can be considered to be a "universal" polarizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Venkatesh
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Current address: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Ran Wei
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Rao
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Lingua
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Cowie B, Mears KL, S’ari M, Lee JK, Briceno de Gutierrez M, Kalha C, Regoutz A, Shaffer MSP, Williams CK. Exploiting Organometallic Chemistry to Functionalize Small Cuprous Oxide Colloidal Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3816-3824. [PMID: 38301241 PMCID: PMC10870705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The ligand chemistry of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals mediates their solubility, band gap, and surface facets. Here, selective organometallic chemistry is used to prepare small, colloidal cuprous oxide nanocrystals and to control their surface chemistry by decorating them with metal complexes. The strategy is demonstrated using small (3-6 nm) cuprous oxide (Cu2O) colloidal nanocrystals (NC), soluble in organic solvents. Organometallic complexes are coordinated by reacting the surface Cu-OH bonds with organometallic reagents, M(C6F5)2, M = Zn(II) and Co(II), at room temperature. These reactions do not disrupt the Cu2O crystallinity or nanoparticle size; rather, they allow for the selective coordination of a specific metal complex at the surface. Subsequently, the surface-coordinated organometallic complex is reacted with three different carboxylic acids to deliver Cu-O-Zn(O2CR') complexes. Selective nanocrystal surface functionalization is established using spectroscopy (IR, 19F NMR), thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, EELS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photoluminescence efficiency increases dramatically upon organometallic surface functionalization relative to that of the parent Cu2O NC, with the effect being most pronounced for Zn(II) decoration. The nanocrystal surfaces are selectively functionalized by both organic ligands and well-defined organometallic complexes; this synthetic strategy may be applicable to many other metal oxides, hydroxides, and semiconductors. In the future, it should allow NC properties to be designed for applications including catalysis, sensing, electronics, and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley
E. Cowie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kristian L. Mears
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Mark S’ari
- Johnson
Matthey, Johnson Matthey, Blounts Court, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Ja Kyung Lee
- Johnson
Matthey, Johnson Matthey, Blounts Court, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | | | - Curran Kalha
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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5
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Segura Lecina O, Newton MA, Green PB, Albertini PP, Leemans J, Marshall KP, Stoian D, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Surface Chemistry Dictates the Enhancement of Luminescence and Stability of InP QDs upon c-ALD ZnO Hybrid Shell Growth. JACS AU 2023; 3:3066-3075. [PMID: 38034959 PMCID: PMC10685429 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) are a promising example of Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive (RoHS)-compliant light-emitting materials. However, they suffer from low quantum yield and instability upon processing under ambient conditions. Colloidal atomic layer deposition (c-ALD) has been recently proposed as a methodology to grow hybrid materials including QDs and organic/inorganic oxide shells, which possess new functions compared to those of the as-synthesized QDs. Here, we demonstrate that ZnO shells can be grown on InP QDs obtained via two synthetic routes, which are the classical sylilphosphine-based route and the more recently developed aminophosphine-based one. We find that the ZnO shell increases the photoluminescence emission only in the case of aminophosphine-based InP QDs. We rationalize this result with the different chemistry involved in the nucleation step of the shell and the resulting surface defect passivation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the ZnO shell prevents degradation of the InP QD suspension under ambient conditions by avoiding moisture-induced displacement of the ligands from their surface. Overall, this study proposes c-ALD as a methodology for the synthesis of alternative InP-based core@shell QDs and provides insight into the surface chemistry that results in both enhanced photoluminescence and stability required for application in optoelectronic devices and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ona Segura Lecina
- Laboratory
of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Mark A. Newton
- Laboratory
of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Philippe B. Green
- Laboratory
of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Petru P. Albertini
- Laboratory
of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jari Leemans
- Laboratory
of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth P. Marshall
- The
Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dragos Stoian
- The
Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory
of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory
of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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6
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Volk AA, Epps RW, Yonemoto DT, Masters BS, Castellano FN, Reyes KG, Abolhasani M. AlphaFlow: autonomous discovery and optimization of multi-step chemistry using a self-driven fluidic lab guided by reinforcement learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1403. [PMID: 36918561 PMCID: PMC10015005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Closed-loop, autonomous experimentation enables accelerated and material-efficient exploration of large reaction spaces without the need for user intervention. However, autonomous exploration of advanced materials with complex, multi-step processes and data sparse environments remains a challenge. In this work, we present AlphaFlow, a self-driven fluidic lab capable of autonomous discovery of complex multi-step chemistries. AlphaFlow uses reinforcement learning integrated with a modular microdroplet reactor capable of performing reaction steps with variable sequence, phase separation, washing, and continuous in-situ spectral monitoring. To demonstrate the power of reinforcement learning toward high dimensionality multi-step chemistries, we use AlphaFlow to discover and optimize synthetic routes for shell-growth of core-shell semiconductor nanoparticles, inspired by colloidal atomic layer deposition (cALD). Without prior knowledge of conventional cALD parameters, AlphaFlow successfully identified and optimized a novel multi-step reaction route, with up to 40 parameters, that outperformed conventional sequences. Through this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of closed-loop, reinforcement learning-guided systems in exploring and solving challenges in multi-step nanoparticle syntheses, while relying solely on in-house generated data from a miniaturized microfluidic platform. Further application of AlphaFlow in multi-step chemistries beyond cALD can lead to accelerated fundamental knowledge generation as well as synthetic route discoveries and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Robert W Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA
| | - Daniel T Yonemoto
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Benjamin S Masters
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Kristofer G Reyes
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA.
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7
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Bulk and Nanoscale Semiconducting Materials: Structural Advances Using Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Mishra A, Hope MA, Almalki M, Pfeifer L, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Emsley L. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enables NMR of Surface Passivating Agents on Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15175-15184. [PMID: 35959925 PMCID: PMC9413210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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Surface and bulk molecular modulators are the key to
improving
the efficiency and stability of hybrid perovskite solar cells. However,
due to their low concentration, heterogeneous environments, and low
sample mass, it remains challenging to characterize their structure
and dynamics at the atomic level, as required to establish structure–activity
relationships. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has revealed
a wealth of information on the atomic-level structure of hybrid perovskites,
but the inherent insensitivity of NMR severely limits its utility
to characterize thin-film samples. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)
can enhance NMR sensitivity by orders of magnitude, but DNP methods
for perovskite materials have so far been limited. Here, we determined
the factors that limit the efficiency of DNP NMR for perovskite samples
by systematically studying layered hybrid perovskite analogues. We
find that the fast-relaxing dynamic cation is the major impediment
to higher DNP efficiency, while microwave absorption and particle
morphology play a secondary role. We then show that the former can
be mitigated by deuteration, enabling 1H DNP enhancement
factors of up to 100, which can be harnessed to enhance signals from
dopants or additives present in very low concentrations. Specifically,
using this new DNP methodology at a high magnetic field and with small
sample volumes, we have recorded the NMR spectrum of the 20 nm (6
μg) passivating layer on a single perovskite thin film, revealing
a two-dimensional (2D) layered perovskite structure at the surface
that resembles the n = 1 homologue but which has
greater disorder than in bulk layered perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mishra
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Hope
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masaud Almalki
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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