1
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De Oliveira Silva A, Masand SA, Farah AO, Laddusaw J, Urbina K, Rodríguez-Alvarado M, Lalancette RA, Cheong PHY, Brenner-Moyer SE. Organocatalytic Enantioselective [1,2]-Stevens Rearrangement of Azetidinium Salts. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9063-9067. [PMID: 38847523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The first organocatalyzed enantioselective [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement is reported. 4-Alkylideneproline derivatives are produced in up to 86% yield and in up to 90:10 er, with recrystallization enhancing er up to >99.5:0.5. Product configuration was opposite that predicted by existing stereochemical models for this organocatalyst class, and DFT calculations revealed a novel mode of asymmetric induction. The adaptability of this catalytic strategy for asymmetric [1,2]-Stevens rearrangements of other heterocyclic amines was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana De Oliveira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Shruti A Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Abdikani Omar Farah
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jacqueline Laddusaw
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kelvin Urbina
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | | | - Roger A Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Stacey E Brenner-Moyer
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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2
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Su J, Guo Y, Li C, Song Q. Difluorocarbene-induced [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangement of tertiary amines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4794. [PMID: 38839757 PMCID: PMC11153565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangements are one of the most fascinating chemical bond reorganization strategies in organic chemistry, and they have been demonstrated in a wide range of applications, representing a fundamental reaction tactic for the synthesis of nitrogen compounds in chemical community. However, their applicabilities are limited by the scarcity of efficient, general, and straightforward methods for generating ammonium ylides. Herein, we report a general difluorocarbene-induced tertiary amine-involved [1,2]- and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangements stemmed from in situ generated difluoromethyl ammonium ylides, which allows for the rearrangements of versatile tertiary amines bearing either allyl, benzyl, or propargyl groups, resulting in the corresponding products in one reaction under the same reaction conditions with a general way. Broad substrate scope, simple operation, mild reaction conditions and late-stage modification of natural products highlight the advantages of this strategy, meanwhile, this general rearrangement reaction is believed to bring opportunities for the transformations of nitrogen ylides and the assembly of valuable tertiary amines and amino acids. This will further enrich the reaction repertoire of difluorocarbene species, facilitate the development of reactions involving difluoromethyl ammonium salts, and provide an avenue for the development of this type of rearrangement reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianke Su
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Chengbo Li
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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3
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Fansher D, Besna JN, Fendri A, Pelletier JN. Choose Your Own Adventure: A Comprehensive Database of Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5560-5592. [PMID: 38660610 PMCID: PMC11036407 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase is the topic of extensive research as many researchers have evolved this enzyme to generate a variety of products. However, the abundance of information on increasingly diversified variants of P450 BM3 that catalyze a broad array of chemistry is not in a format that enables easy extraction and interpretation. We present a database that categorizes variants by their catalyzed reactions and includes details about substrates to provide reaction context. This database of >1500 P450 BM3 variants is downloadable and machine-readable and includes instructions to maximize ease of gathering information. The database allows rapid identification of commonly reported substitutions, aiding researchers who are unfamiliar with the enzyme in identifying starting points for enzyme engineering. For those actively engaged in engineering P450 BM3, the database, along with this review, provides a powerful and user-friendly platform to understand, predict, and identify the attributes of P450 BM3 variants, encouraging the further engineering of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
J. Fansher
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Jonathan N. Besna
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Ali Fendri
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
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4
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Xu H, Yuan Z, Yang S, Su Z, Hou XD, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Discovery of a Fungal P450 with an Unusual Two-Step Mechanism for Constructing a Bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane Skeleton. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8716-8726. [PMID: 38484171 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The successful biomimetic or chemoenzymatic synthesis of target natural products (NPs) and their derivatives relies on enzyme discovery. Herein, we discover a fungal P450 BTG5 that can catalyze the formation of a bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane structure through an unusual two-step mechanism of dimerization and cyclization in the biosynthesis of beticolin 1, whose bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane skeleton connects an anthraquinone moiety and a xanthone moiety. Further investigation reveals that BTG5-T318 not only determines the substrate selectivity but also alters the catalytic reactions, which allows the separation of the reaction to two individual steps, thereby understanding its catalytic mechanism. It reveals that the first heterodimerization undergoes the common oxidation process for P450s, while the second uncommon formal redox-neutral cyclization step is proved as a redox-mediated reaction, which has never been reported. Therefore, this work advances our understanding of P450-catalyzed reactions and paves the way for expansion of the diversity of this class of NPs through synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Sai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zengping Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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5
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Ning Y, Chen H, Ning Y, Zhang J, Bi X. Rhodium-Catalyzed One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines with Vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones for the Synthesis of 2-Vinyl Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318072. [PMID: 38282137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Azetidines, being four-membered N-heterocycles, possess significant potential in contemporary medicinal chemistry owing to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Regrettably, the incorporation of functionalized azetidines into pharmaceutical lead structures has been impeded by the absence of efficient synthetic methods for their synthesis. In this study, a Rh-catalyzed one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines with vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones is presented, which facilitates the synthesis of high value-added 2-alkenyl azetidine products. This research represents the first example of ring expansion of aziridines enabled by vinyl carbenes. Additionally, a one-pot two-step protocol, initiated from cinnamaldehyde, was successfully achieved, offering a step-economical and facile approach for the synthesis of these compounds. The pivotal aspect of this successful transformation lies in the in situ formation of an alkenyl aziridinium ylide intermediate. Experimental investigations, coupled with computational studies, suggest that a diradical pathway is involved in the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Hongzhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Yongyue Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
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6
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Yin HN, Wang PC, Liu Z. Recent advances in biocatalytic C-N bond-forming reactions. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107108. [PMID: 38244379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecules containing C-N bonds are of paramount importance in a diverse array of organic-based materials, natural products, pharmaceutical compounds, and agricultural chemicals. Biocatalytic C-N bond-forming reactions represent powerful strategies for producing these valuable targets, and their significance in the field of synthetic chemistry has steadily increased over the past decade. In this review, we provide a concise overview of recent advancements in the development of C-N bond-forming enzymes, with a particular emphasis on the inherent chemistry involved in these enzymatic processes. Overall, these enzymatic systems have proven their potential in addressing long-standing challenges in traditional small-molecule catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ning Yin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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7
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Bhattacharjee S, Hajra A. Skeletal Editing through Molecular Recombination of 2H-Indazoles to Azo-Linked-Quinazolinones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303240. [PMID: 38019105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A new protocol by the combinatory use of two equivalent of indazoles starting material with one being the carbon source via its C3-reactivity and the other, the coupling partner has been developed for the selectfluor-mediated single atom skeletal editing of 2H-indazoles. The azo-linked-2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4-one derivatives were obtained through a carbon atom insertion between the two nitrogens of the indazole ring and simultaneous oxidation at C3 position of both indazole moieties. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the amidic carbonyl oxygen of the product is derived from water and the reaction proceeds through in-situ generated N-centred indazolone radical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvam Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
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8
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Liu X, Zhu F, Ajitha MJ, Zhang Y, Huang KW, Li D, Wang D. Organocatalyzed Enantioselective [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of C, N-Cyclic Ketimines and Allenoates. Org Lett 2024; 26:225-230. [PMID: 38147459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel enantioselective and regioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition of allenoate and C,N-cyclic ketimine catalyzed by a quinidine derivative. The methodology enables the synthesis of fused tricyclic azetidines with a quaternary stereogenic center exhibiting high enantioselectivities. The broad range of substrates demonstrates the generality of the protocol, and the resulting functional products can be easily converted to a variety of valuable synthons. To elucidate the plausible reaction mechanism and how the catalyst affects absolute stereocontrol over the products, we conducted the corresponding density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Manjaly J Ajitha
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - De Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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9
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Xu Y, Zhao N, Li F, Wang C, Xie H, Wu J, Cheng L, Wang L, Wang Z. Application of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin as a Green and Efficient Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Benzoxazoles in Water. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300609. [PMID: 37877236 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient and eco-friendly method for the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb)-catalyzed synthesis of benzoxazoles in water at room temperature. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy were used as oxidant and radical scavenger, respectively. A total of 27 functionally diverse benzoxazoles were prepared in moderate to high yields (62 %-94 %) by the annulation reaction of phenols with amines in the presence of VHb in 1 h. Thus, this method is highly viable for practical applications. This work broadens the application of hemoglobin to organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Fengxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
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10
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Shen W, Lu X, Shen Y, Li J, Jia A, Tang S. Synthesis of Azepino[4,5- b]indole via Ring Expansion of Tetrahydro-β-carbolines Ammonium Ylide. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38156631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The formal cyclization strategy was generally used to construct azepino[4,5-b]indole. Herein, we reported a novel and expeditious protocol for the synthesis of quaternary carbon azepino[4,5-b]indole via ring expansion of ammonium ylide, which was formed by the reaction of tetrahydro-β-carbolines with the diazo compound. The easily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, and broad functional tolerance rendered this method a practical strategy that may significantly afford an efficient method of scaffold hopping in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xiyao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Junjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Aiqun Jia
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, P. R. China
| | - Shi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
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11
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Orłowska K, Łuczak K, Krajewski P, Santiago JV, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Gryko D. Unlocking the reactivity of diazo compounds in red light with the use of photochemical tools. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37997166 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Structurally diversified diazoalkanes can be activated under red light irradiation relying on direct photolysis, photosensitization or photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Orłowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Łuczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Krajewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - João V Santiago
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Zhang X, Wang D, Chang M, Wang W, Shen Z, Xu X. CuBr-mediated synthesis of 1,4-naphthoquinones via ring expansion of 2-aryl-1,3-indandiones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12326-12329. [PMID: 37753616 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03753c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A CuBr-mediated direct insertion of alkenes into unstrained ring 2-aryl-1,3-indandiones is reported, which provides a one-carbon ring expansion strategy for the synthesis of 1,4-naphthoquinones. Entirely differing from the existing reports, the alkenes herein behave as C1 units to participate in annulation reactions. This transformation provides a facile route to access a class of highly functionalized 1,4-naphthoquinones with good yields, good functional-group tolerance and high atom-economy. Further research on the application of this reaction is currently underway in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Di Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Mengfan Chang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Wanya Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Zhi Shen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
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13
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Zhou X, Huang Q, Guo J, Dai L, Lu Y. Molecular Editing of Pyrroles via a Skeletal Recasting Strategy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1758-1767. [PMID: 37780359 PMCID: PMC10540293 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic scaffolds are commonly found in numerous biologically active molecules, therapeutic agents, and agrochemicals. To probe chemical space around heterocycles, many powerful molecular editing strategies have been devised. Versatile C-H functionalization strategies allow for peripheral modifications of heterocyclic motifs, often being specific and taking place at multiple sites. The past few years have seen the quick emergence of exciting "single-atom skeletal editing" strategies, through one-atom deletion or addition, enabling ring contraction/expansion and structural diversification, as well as scaffold hopping. The construction of heterocycles via deconstruction of simple heterocycles is unknown. Herein, we disclose a new molecular editing method which we name the skeletal recasting strategy. Specifically, by tapping on the 1,3-dipolar property of azoalkenes, we recast simple pyrroles to fully substituted pyrroles, through a simple phosphoric acid-promoted one-pot reaction consisting of dearomative deconstruction and rearomative reconstruction steps. The reaction allows for easy access to synthetically challenging tetra-substituted pyrroles which are otherwise difficult to synthesize. Furthermore, we construct N-N axial chirality on our pyrrole products, as well as accomplish a facile synthesis of the anticancer drug, Sutent. The potential application of this method to other heterocycles has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhou
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qingqin Huang
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiami Guo
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lei Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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14
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Simões MMQ, Cavaleiro JAS, Ferreira VF. Recent Synthetic Advances on the Use of Diazo Compounds Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins. Molecules 2023; 28:6683. [PMID: 37764459 PMCID: PMC10537418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazo compounds are organic substances that are often used as precursors in organic synthesis like cyclization reactions, olefinations, cyclopropanations, cyclopropenations, rearrangements, and carbene or metallocarbene insertions into C-H, N-H, O-H, S-H, and Si-H bonds. Typically, reactions from diazo compounds are catalyzed by transition metals with various ligands that modulate the capacity and selectivity of the catalyst. These ligands can modify and enhance chemoselectivity in the substrate, regioselectivity and enantioselectivity by reflecting these preferences in the products. Porphyrins have been used as catalysts in several important reactions for organic synthesis and also in several medicinal applications. In the chemistry of diazo compounds, porphyrins are very efficient as catalysts when complexed with low-cost metals (e.g., Fe and Co) and, therefore, in recent years, this has been the subject of significant research. This review will summarize the advances in the studies involving the field of diazo compounds catalyzed by metalloporphyrins (M-Porph, M = Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir) in the last five years to provide a clear overview and possible opportunities for future applications. Also, at the end of this review, the properties of artificial metalloenzymes and hemoproteins as biocatalysts for a broad range of applications, namely those concerning carbene-transfer reactions, will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário M. Q. Simões
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.Q.S.); (J.A.S.C.)
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.Q.S.); (J.A.S.C.)
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24241-002, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Park SH, Bae G, Choi A, Shin S, Shin K, Choi CH, Kim H. Electrocatalytic Access to Azetidines via Intramolecular Allylic Hydroamination: Scrutinizing Key Oxidation Steps through Electrochemical Kinetic Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37428820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Azetidines are prominent structural scaffolds in bioactive molecules, medicinal chemistry, and ligand design for transition metals. However, state-of-the-art methods cannot be applied to intramolecular hydroamination of allylic amine derivatives despite their underlying potential as one of the most prevalent synthetic precursors to azetidines. Herein, we report an electrocatalytic method for intramolecular hydroamination of allylic sulfonamides to access azetidines for the first time. The merger of cobalt catalysis and electricity enables the regioselective generation of key carbocationic intermediates, which could directly undergo intramolecular C-N bond formation. The mechanistic investigations including electrochemical kinetic analysis suggest that either the catalyst regeneration by nucleophilic cyclization or the second electrochemical oxidation to access the carbocationic intermediate is involved in the rate-determining step (RDS) of our electrochemical protocol and highlight the ability of electrochemistry in providing ideal means to mediate catalyst oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve H Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahhyeon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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16
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Gao Q, Ma B, Wang Q, Zhang H, Fushinobu S, Yang J, Lin S, Sun K, Han BN, Xu LH. Improved 2α-Hydroxylation Efficiency of Steroids by CYP154C2 Using Structure-Guided Rational Design. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0218622. [PMID: 36847541 PMCID: PMC10056965 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02186-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are promising biocatalysts for industrial use because they catalyze site-selective C-H oxidation and have diverse catalytic reactions and a broad substrate range. In this study, the 2α-hydroxylation activity of CYP154C2 from Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680T toward androstenedione (ASD) was identified by an in vitro conversion assay. The testosterone (TES)-bound structure of CYP154C2 was solved at 1.42 Å, and this structure was used to design eight mutants, including single, double, and triple mutants, to improve the conversion efficiency. Mutants L88F/M191F and M191F/V285L were found to enhance the conversion rates significantly (i.e., 8.9-fold and 7.4-fold for TES, 46.5-fold and 19.5-fold for ASD, respectively) compared with the wild-type (WT) enzyme while retaining high 2α-position selectivity. The substrate binding affinity of the L88F/M191F mutant toward TES and ASD was enhanced compared with that of WT CYP154C2, supporting the measured increase in the conversion efficiencies. Moreover, the total turnover number and kcat/Km of the L88F/M191F and M191F/V285L mutants increased significantly. Interestingly, all mutants containing L88F generated 16α-hydroxylation products, suggesting that L88 in CYP154C2 plays a vital role in substrate selectivity and that the amino acid corresponding to L88 in the 154C subfamily affects the orientation of steroid binding and substrate selectivity. IMPORTANCE Hydroxylated derivatives of steroids play essential roles in medicine. Cytochrome P450 enzymes selectively hydroxylate methyne groups on steroids, which can dramatically change their polarity, biological activity and toxicity. There is a paucity of reports on the 2α-hydroxylation of steroids, and documented 2α-hydroxylate P450s show extremely low conversion efficiency and/or low regio- and stereoselectivity. This study conducted crystal structure analysis and structure-guided rational engineering of CYP154C2 and efficiently enhanced the conversion efficiency of TES and ASD with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Our results provide an effective strategy and theoretical basis for the 2α-hydroxylation of steroids, and the structure-guided rational design of P450s should facilitate P450 applications in the biosynthesis of steroid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susu Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keke Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Nan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Hua Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Danelius E, Porter NJ, Unge J, Arnold FH, Gonen T. MicroED Structure of a Protoglobin Reactive Carbene Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7159-7165. [PMID: 36948184 PMCID: PMC10080679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) is an emerging technique that has shown great potential for describing new chemical and biological molecular structures. Several important structures of small molecules, natural products, and peptides have been determined using ab initio methods. However, only a couple of novel protein structures have thus far been derived by MicroED. Taking advantage of recent technological advances, including higher acceleration voltage and using a low-noise detector in counting mode, we have determined the first structure of an Aeropyrum pernix protoglobin (ApePgb) variant by MicroED using an AlphaFold2 model for phasing. The structure revealed that mutations introduced during directed evolution enhance carbene transfer activity by reorienting an α helix of ApePgb into a dynamic loop, making the catalytic active site more readily accessible. After exposing the tiny crystals to the substrate, we also trapped the reactive iron-carbenoid intermediate involved in this engineered ApePgb's new-to-nature activity, a challenging carbene transfer from a diazirine via a putative metallo-carbene. The bound structure discloses how an enlarged active site pocket stabilizes the carbene bound to the heme iron and, presumably, the transition state for the formation of this key intermediate. This work demonstrates that improved MicroED technology and the advancement in protein structure prediction now enable investigation of structures that was previously beyond reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Danelius
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nicholas J Porter
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Johan Unge
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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18
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Efficient synthesis of 2-aryl benzothiazoles mediated by Vitreoscilla hemoglobin. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Alfonzo E, Das A, Arnold FH. New Additions to the Arsenal of Biocatalysts for Noncanonical Amino Acid Synthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2022; 38:100701. [PMID: 36561208 PMCID: PMC9770695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) merge the conformational behavior and native interactions of proteinogenic amino acids with nonnative chemical motifs and have proven invaluable in developing modern therapeutics. This blending of native and nonnative characteristics has resulted in essential drugs like nirmatrelvir, which comprises three ncAAs and is used to treat COVID-19. Enzymes are appearing prominently in recent syntheses of ncAAs, where they demonstrate impressive control over the stereocenters and functional groups found therein. Here we review recent efforts to expand the biocatalyst arsenal for synthesizing ncAAs with natural enzymes. We also discuss how new-to-nature enzymes can contribute to this effort by catalyzing reactions inspired by the vast repertoire of chemical catalysis and acting on substrates that would otherwise not be used in synthesizing ncAAs. Abiotic enzyme-catalyzed reactions exploit the selectivity afforded by a macromolecular catalyst to access molecules not available to natural enzymes and perhaps not even chemical catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Alfonzo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anuvab Das
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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20
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de Gonzalo G, Alcántara AR, Domínguez de María P, Sánchez-Montero JM. Biocatalysis for the asymmetric synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs): this time is for real. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1159-1171. [PMID: 36045591 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2114453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful and useful strategy for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The outstanding developments in molecular biology techniques allow nowadays the screening, large-scale production, and designing of biocatalysts, adapting them to desired reactions. Many enzymes can perform reactions both in aqueous and non-aqueous media, broadening even further the opportunities to integrate them in complex pharmaceutical multi-step syntheses. AREAS COVERED This paper showcases several examples of biocatalysis in the pharmaceutical industry, covering examples of different enzymes, such as lipases, oxidoreductases, and transaminases, to deliver active drugs through complex synthetic routes. Examples are critically discussed in terms of reaction conditions, motivation for using an enzyme, and how biocatalysts can be integrated in multi-step syntheses. When possible, biocatalytic routes are benchmarked with chemical reactions. EXPERT OPINION The reported enzymatic examples are performed with high substrate loadings (>100 g L-1) and with excellent selectivity, making them inspiring strategies for present and future industrial applications. The combination of powerful molecular biology techniques with the needs of the pharmaceutical industry can be aligned, creating promising platforms for synthesis under more sustainable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José María Sánchez-Montero
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Ding Y, Perez-Ortiz G, Peate J, Barry SM. Redesigning Enzymes for Biocatalysis: Exploiting Structural Understanding for Improved Selectivity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:908285. [PMID: 35936784 PMCID: PMC9355150 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.908285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new enzymes, alongside the push to make chemical processes more sustainable, has resulted in increased industrial interest in the use of biocatalytic processes to produce high-value and chiral precursor chemicals. Huge strides in protein engineering methodology and in silico tools have facilitated significant progress in the discovery and production of enzymes for biocatalytic processes. However, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the relationship between enzyme structure and function. This has demonstrated the need for improved computational methods to model mechanisms and understand structure dynamics. Here, we explore efforts to rationally modify enzymes toward changing aspects of their catalyzed chemistry. We highlight examples of enzymes where links between enzyme function and structure have been made, thus enabling rational changes to the enzyme structure to give predictable chemical outcomes. We look at future directions the field could take and the technologies that will enable it.
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22
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Co-Crystal Structure-Guided Optimization of Dual-Functional Small Molecules for Improving the Peroxygenase Activity of Cytochrome P450BM3. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147901. [PMID: 35887253 PMCID: PMC9317928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed an artificial P450–H2O2 system assisted by dual-functional small molecules (DFSMs) to modify the P450BM3 monooxygenase into its peroxygenase mode, which could be widely used for the oxidation of non-native substrates. Aiming to further improve the DFSM-facilitated P450–H2O2 system, a series of novel DFSMs having various unnatural amino acid groups was designed and synthesized, based on the co-crystal structure of P450BM3 and a typical DFSM, N-(ω-imidazolyl)-hexanoyl-L-phenylalanine, in this study. The size and hydrophobicity of the amino acid residue in the DFSM drastically affected the catalytic activity (up to 5-fold), stereoselectivity, and regioselectivity of the epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions. Docking simulations illustrated that the differential catalytic ability among the DFSMs is closely related to the binding affinity and the distance between the catalytic group and heme iron. This study not only enriches the DFSM toolbox to provide more options for utilizing the peroxide-shunt pathway of cytochrome P450BM3, but also sheds light on the great potential of the DFSM-driven P450 peroxygenase system in catalytic applications based on DFSM tunability.
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23
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Hill RA, Sutherland A. Hot off the Press. Nat Prod Rep 2022. [PMID: 35708284 DOI: 10.1039/d2np90019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as chevalinulin A from Aspergillus chevalieri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
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