1
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Huang CB, Hu L, Wang XQ, Wang W, Yang HB. Inducing and Switching the Handedness of Polyacetylenes with Topologically Chiral [2]Catenane Pendants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408271. [PMID: 38837513 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
To explore the chirality induction and switching of topological chirality, poly[2]catenanes composed of helical poly(phenylacetylenes) (PPAs) main chain and topologically chiral [2]catenane pendants are described for the first time. These poly[2]catenanes with optically active [2]catenanes on side chains were synthesized by polymerization of enantiomerically pure topologically chiral [2]catenanes with ethynyl polymerization site and/or point chiral moiety. The chirality information of [2]catenane pendants was successfully transferred to the main chain of polyene backbones, leading to preferred-handed helical conformations, while the introduction of point chiral units has negligible effect on the overall helices. More interestingly, attributed to unique dynamic feature of the [2]catenane pendants, these polymers revealed dynamic response behaviors to solvents, temperature, and sodium ions, resulting in the fully reversible switching on/off of the chirality induction. This work provides not only new design strategy for novel chiroptical switches with topologically chiral molecules but also novel platforms for the development of smart chiral materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chang-Bo Huang
- Coatings Applied Research Asia Pacific, BASF Advanced Chemicals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Lianrui Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xu-Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Shanghai Center of Brain-inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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2
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Shen YJ, Peng LJ, Diao LN, Yao NT, Chen WK, Yang Y, Qiu M, Zhu WX, Li X, Wang XY, Gong HY. W-Shaped π-Extended Double Undecabenzo[7]helicene. Org Lett 2024; 26:7279-7284. [PMID: 39024649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A chiral W-shaped fully π-extended double [7]helicene (ED7H) has been synthesized and fully characterized. It displays fluorescence emission (λem = 636 nm) with a quantum yield (Φf) of 0.10. In comparison to its X-shaped and monomict π-extended [7]helicene analogues, enantiopure W-shaped ED7H exhibited superior chiral optical characteristics, including distinct circular dichroism signals from 400 to 650 nm, a good dissymmetric emission factor |glum| of 4 × 10-3, and a circularly polarized luminescence brightness value BCPL of 42 M-1 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jia Shen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Diao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Te Yao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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3
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Jamagne R, Power MJ, Zhang ZH, Zango G, Gibber B, Leigh DA. Active template synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39235620 PMCID: PMC11376342 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The active template synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures exploits the dual ability of various structural elements (metals or, in the case of metal-free active template synthesis, particular arrangements of functional groups) to serve as both a template for the organisation of building blocks and as a catalyst to facilitate the formation of covalent bonds between them. This enables the entwined or threaded intermediate structure to be covalently captured under kinetic control. Unlike classical passive template synthesis, the intercomponent interactions transiently used to promote the assembly typically do not 'live on' in the interlocked product, meaning that active template synthesis can be traceless and used for constructing mechanically interlocked molecules that do not feature strong binding interactions between the components. Since its introduction in 2006, active template synthesis has been used to prepare a variety of rotaxanes, catenanes and knots. Amongst the metal-ion-mediated versions of the strategy, the copper(I)-catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) remains the most extensively used transformation, although a broad range of other catalytic reactions and transition metals also provide effective manifolds. In metal-free active template synthesis, the recent discovery of the acceleration of the reaction of primary amines with electrophiles through the cavity of crown ethers has proved effective for forming an array of rotaxanes without recognition elements, including compact rotaxane superbases, dissipatively assembled rotaxanes and molecular pumps. This Review details the active template concept, outlines its advantages and limitations for the synthesis of interlocked molecules, and charts the diverse set of reactions that have been used with this strategy to date. The application of active template synthesis in various domains is discussed, including molecular machinery, mechanical chirality, catalysis, molecular recognition and various aspects of materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Jamagne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Martin J Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Germán Zango
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Benjamin Gibber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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4
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Martí-Rujas J, Famulari A. Polycatenanes Formed of Self-Assembled Metal-Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407626. [PMID: 38837637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Poly-[n]-catenanes (PCs) self-assembled of three-dimensional (3D) metal organic cages (MOCs) (hereafter referred to as PCs-MOCs) are a relatively new class of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) that combine the properties of MOCs and polymers. The synthesis of PCs-MOCs is challenging because of the difficulties associated with interlocking MOCs, the occurrence of multiple weak supramolecular electrostatic interactions between cages, and the importance of solvent templating effects. The high density of mechanical bonds interlocking the MOCs endows the MOCs with mechanical and physical properties such as enhanced stability, responsive dynamic behavior and low solubility, which can unlock new functional properties. In this Minireview, we highlight the benefit of interlocking MOCs in the formation of PCs-MOCs structures as well as the synthetic approaches exploited in their preparation, from thermodynamic to kinetic methods, both in the solution and solid-states. Examples of PCs-MOCs self-assembled from various types of nanosized cages (i.e., tetrahedral, trigonal prismatic, octahedral and icosahedral) are described in this article, providing an overview of the research carried out in this area. The focus is on the structure-property relationship with examples of functional applications such as electron conductivity, X-ray attenuation, gas adsorption and molecular sensing. We believe that the structural and functional aspects of the reviewed PCs-MOCs will attract chemists in this research field with great potential as new functional materials in nanotechnological disciplines such as gas adsorption, sensing and photophysical properties such as X-ray attenuation or electron conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy)
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy)
- INSTM Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, 50121, Florence, Italy
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5
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Goldup SM. The End of the Beginning of Mechanical Stereochemistry. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1696-1708. [PMID: 38830116 PMCID: PMC11191403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusStereochemistry has played a key role in the development of synthetic chemistry for the simple reason that the function and properties of most molecules, from medicine to materials science, depend on their shape and thus the stereoisomer used. However, despite the potential for rotaxanes and catenanes to display unusual forms of stereochemistry being identified as early as 1961, this aspect of the mechanical bond remained underexplored and underexploited; until 2014 it was only possible to access chiral rotaxanes and catenanes whose stereoisomerism is solely attributable to the mechanical bond using chiral stationary phase high performance liquid chromatography, which limited their production on scale and thus inhibited the investigation of their properties and applications. Furthermore, the stereogenic units of such molecules and analogues were often poorly described, which made it hard to fully articulate both what had been achieved in the field and what problems were left to solve. Relatively recently, methods to access rotaxanes and catenanes that display mechanical stereochemistry selectively have been developed, making these intriguing structures available for study in a range of prototypical applications including catalysis, sensing, and as chiral luminophores.In this Account, we briefly discuss the history of mechanical stereochemistry, beginning in 1961 when the potential for mechanical stereoisomerism was first identified, before defining how mechanical stereochemistry arises from a structural point of view. Building on this, using simple stereochemical arguments, we confirm that the complete set of unique stereogenic units of two-component rotaxanes and catenanes have finally been identified and categorized unambiguously, with the last being identified only in 2024. After pausing to discuss some of the stereochemical curiosities that arise when molecules contain both covalent and mechanical stereogenic units, and the potential for stereoisomerism to arise due to co-conformational movement, we use our stereochemical framework to summarize our efforts to develop conceptually general approaches to [2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes containing all of the possible mechanical stereogenic units. In particular, we highlight how the nature of a mechanical stereogenic unit affects the available strategies for their stereoselective synthesis. We finish by highlighting recent prototypical chemical applications of interlocked molecules that rely on their mechanical stereochemistry, before discussing future directions and challenges.Taken together, we propose that the transition of such molecules from being hard to make and poorly described, to being available in high stereopurity using clearly articulated methodological and stereochemical concepts suggests that the field is finally maturing. Thus, we are now coming to the end of the beginning of mechanical stereochemistry. The stage is now set for such molecules to play a functional role in a range of areas, indeed in any chemical or physical application where control over molecular shape is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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6
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Wang X, Wu P, Wang Y, Cui T, Jia M, He X, Wang W, Pan H, Sun Z, Yang HB, Chen J. Unraveling the Origin of Multichannel Circularly Polarized Luminescence in a Pyrene-Functionalized Topologically Chiral [2]Catenane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407929. [PMID: 38837292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) are promising platforms for developing functionalized artificial molecular machines. The construction of chiral MIMs with appealing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties has boosted their potential application in biomedicine and the optical industry. However, there is currently little knowledge about the CPL emission mechanism or the emission dynamics of these related MIMs. Herein, we demonstrate that time-resolved circularly polarized luminescence (TRCPL) spectroscopy combined with transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy offers a feasible approach to elucidate the origins of CPL emission in pyrene-functionalized topologically chiral [2]catenane as well as in a series of pyrene-functionalized chiral molecules. For the first time, direct evidence differentiating the chiroptical signals originating from either topological (local state emission) or Euclidean chirality (excimer state emission) in these pyrene-functionalized chiral molecules has been discovered. Our work not only establishes a novel and ideal approach to study CPL mechanism, but also provides a theoretical foundation for the rational design of novel chiral materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Peicong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes &, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Tong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Menghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes &, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhenrong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes &, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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7
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Chen Q, Zhu K. Advancements and strategic approaches in catenane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5677-5703. [PMID: 38659402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Catenanes, a distinctive category of mechanically interlocked molecules composed of intertwined macrocycles, have undergone significant advancements since their initial stages characterized by inefficient statistical synthesis methods. Through the aid of molecular recognition processes and principles of self-assembly, a diverse array of catenanes with intricate structures can now be readily accessed utilizing template-directed synthetic protocols. The rapid evolution and emergence of this field have catalyzed the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, leading to the development of increasingly integrated functional systems and materials. This review endeavors to explore the pivotal advancements in catenane synthesis from its inception, offering a comprehensive discussion of the synthetic methodologies employed in recent years. By elucidating the progress made in synthetic approaches to catenanes, our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the future challenges in further advancing catenane chemistry from a synthetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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8
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Solra M, Kapila R, Das S, Bhatt P, Rana S. Transient Metallo-Lipidoid Assemblies Amplify Covalent Catalysis of Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400348. [PMID: 38315883 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Dissipative supramolecular assemblies are hallmarks of living systems, contributing to their complex, dynamic structures and emerging functions. Living cells can spatiotemporally control diverse biochemical reactions in membrane compartments and condensates, regulating metabolite levels, signal transduction or remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Herein, we constructed membranous compartments using self-assembly of lipid-like amphiphiles (lipidoid) in aqueous medium. The new double-tailed lipidoid features Cu(II) coordinated with a tetravalent chelator that dictates the binding of two amphiphilic ligands in cis-orientation. Hydrophobic interactions between the lipidoids coupled with intermolecular hydrogen bonding led to a well-defined bilayer vesicle structure. Oil-soluble SNAr reaction is efficiently upregulated in the hydrophobic cavity, acting as a catalytic crucible. The modular system allows easy incorporation of exposed primary amine groups, which augments the catalysis of retro aldol and C-N bond formation reactions. Moreover, a higher-affinity chelator enables consumption of the Cu(II) template leveraging the differential thermodynamic stability, which allows a controllable lifetime of the vesicular assemblies. Concomitant temporal upregulation of the catalytic reactions could be tuned by the metal ion concentration. This work offers new possibilities for metal ion-mediated dynamic supramolecular systems, opening up a massive repertoire of functionally active dynamic "life-like" materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Solra
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Rohit Kapila
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Preeti Bhatt
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Subinoy Rana
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
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9
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Gallagher P, Savoini A, Saady A, Maynard JRJ, Butler PWV, Tizzard GJ, Goldup SM. Facial Selectivity in Mechanical Bond Formation: Axially Chiral Enantiomers and Geometric Isomers from a Simple Prochiral Macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9134-9141. [PMID: 38507717 PMCID: PMC10996000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In 1971, Schill recognized that a prochiral macrocycle encircling an oriented axle led to geometric isomerism in rotaxanes. More recently, we identified an overlooked chiral stereogenic unit in rotaxanes that arises when a prochiral macrocycle encircles a prochiral axle. Here, we show that both stereogenic units can be accessed using equivalent strategies, with a single weak stereodifferentiating interaction sufficient for moderate to excellent stereoselectivity. Using this understanding, we demonstrated the first direct enantioselective (70% ee) synthesis of a mechanically axially chiral rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
R. Gallagher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Andrea Savoini
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Abed Saady
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - John R. J. Maynard
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Patrick W. V. Butler
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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10
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Liao S, Tang J, Ma C, Yu L, Tan Y, Li X, Gan Q. Foldaxane-Based Switchable [c2]Daisy Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315668. [PMID: 38346927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Artificial molecular muscles are highly attractive in the field of molecular machinery due to their unique properties of contraction and stretching motion. However, the synthesis of molecular muscles poses formidable challenges as it is hindered by undesirable yields and poor selectivity. Herein, we present a procedure for the dynamic assembly of foldaxane-based [c2]daisy chains, wherein the hermaphroditic sequences consisting of aromatic helices and peptide rods are interlocked through inter-strand hydrogen-bonding interactions. The binding complementarity facilitates a selective and efficient assembly of [c2]daisy chain structures, inhibiting the creation of by-products. Introducing multiple recognition sites confers the system with contraction and stretching motion actuated by chemical stimuli. The rate of this muscle-like motion is calculated to be 0.8 s-1, which is 107 times faster than that of complex dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmiao Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuanzhu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
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11
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Savoini A, Gallagher PR, Saady A, Goldup SM. The Final Stereogenic Unit of [2]Rotaxanes: Type 2 Geometric Isomers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8472-8479. [PMID: 38499387 PMCID: PMC10979452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical stereochemistry arises when the interlocking of stereochemically trivial covalent subcomponents results in a stereochemically complex object. Although this general concept was identified in 1961, the stereochemical description of these molecules is still under development to the extent that new forms of mechanical stereochemistry are still being identified. Here, we present a simple analysis of rotaxane and catenane stereochemistry that allowed us to identify the final missing simple mechanical stereogenic unit, an overlooked form of rotaxane geometric isomerism, and demonstrate its stereoselective synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Savoini
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Peter R. Gallagher
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Abed Saady
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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12
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Yao Y, Tse YC, Lai SKM, Shi Y, Low KH, Au-Yeung HY. Dynamic mechanostereochemical switching of a co-conformationally flexible [2]catenane controlled by specific ionic guests. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1952. [PMID: 38433258 PMCID: PMC10909852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Responsive synthetic receptors for adaptive recognition of different ionic guests in a competitive environment are valuable molecular tools for not only ion sensing and transport, but also the development of ion-responsive smart materials and related technologies. By virtue of the mechanical chelation and ability to undergo large-amplitude co-conformational changes, described herein is the discovery of a chameleon-like [2]catenane that selectively binds copper(I) or sulfate ions and its associated co-conformational mechanostereochemical switching. This work highlights not only the advantages and versatility of catenane as a molecular skeleton in receptor design, but also its potential in constructing complex responsive systems with multiple inputs and outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuen Cheong Tse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yixiang Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Kauerhof D, Riebe J, Vonnemann CJ, Thiele M, Jansen D, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional rotaxanes featuring two chiral subunits - synthesis and application in asymmetric organocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2393-2396. [PMID: 38323328 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Rotaxanes can serve as scaffolds for the generation of bifunctional catalysts. We have now generated acid-base functionalized rotaxanes featuring two chiral subunits. The mechanical bond leads to increased reaction rates and also to strongly altered enantioselectivites in comparison to the non-interlocked control catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kauerhof
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jan Riebe
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph J Vonnemann
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Maike Thiele
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and Centre of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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14
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Pairault N, Rizzi F, Lozano D, Jamieson EMG, Tizzard GJ, Goldup SM. A catenane that is topologically achiral despite being composed of oriented rings. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01194-1. [PMID: 37169983 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes-molecules comprising two interlocking rings held together like links in a chain-are topologically non-trivial: a catenane is a topological isomer of its separated rings, but the rings cannot be disconnected without bond scission. Catenanes can exist as topological enantiomers if both rings have directionality conferred by a defined atom sequence, but this has led to the assumption that the stereochemistry of chiral catenanes composed of oriented rings is inherently topological in nature. Here we show that this assumption is incorrect by synthesizing an example that contains the same fundamental stereogenic unit but whose stereochemistry is Euclidean. One ring in this chiral catenane is oriented by the geometry of an exocyclic double rather than determined by atom sequence within the ring. Isomerization of the exocyclic double bond results in racemization of the catenane, confirming that the stereochemistry is not topological in nature. Thus, we can unite the stereochemistry of catenanes with that of their topologically trivial cousins, the rotaxanes, enabling a more unified approach to their discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Pairault
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Federica Rizzi
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Lozano
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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15
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Jiang Y, Zeng ZY, Jin T, Peng Z, Xu L. Precision syntheses of molecular necklaces based on coordination interactions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2915-2923. [PMID: 36794450 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular necklaces (MNs) are mechanically interlocked molecules that have attracted considerable attention due to their delicate structures and potential applications, such as in the syntheses of polymeric materials and DNA cleavage. However, complex and lengthy synthetic routes have limited development of further applications. Owing to their dynamic reversibility, strong bond energy and high orientation, coordination interactions were employed to synthesize MNs. In this review, progress in the coordination-based MNs has been summarized, with emphasis on design strategies and potential applications based on coordination interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Tongxia Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Wuhu 241001, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Wuhu 241001, P. R. China
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16
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A chiral macrocycle for the stereoselective synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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17
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Cui Z, Mu QS, Gao X, Jin GX. Stereoselective Construction of Chiral Linear [3]Catenanes and [2]Catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:725-731. [PMID: 36550680 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully constructed a chiral linear [3]catenane stereoselectively by coordination-driven self-assembly using a ditopic monodentate ligand containing l-valine residues with a binuclear half-sandwich organometallic rhodium(III) unit. Furthermore, by increasing the steric hindrance of the amino acid residues in the ligand, a chiral [2]catenane was obtained, which can be regarded as the factor catenane of the chiral linear [3]catenane from a topological viewpoint. Notably, the resulting molecular catenanes all exhibit complex coconformational mechanical helical chirality and planar chirality ascribed to the point chirality of the ligands. Linear [3]catenanes and [2]catenanes with the opposite chirality can be obtained by using ligands containing the corresponding d-amino acid residues, which have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cui
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Shui Mu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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18
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Feng HN, Sun Z, Chen S, Zhang ZH, Li Z, Zhong Z, Sun T, Ma Y, Zhang L. A Star of David [2]catenane of single handedness. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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19
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Ishiwari F, Takata T. Rotaxanes with dynamic mechanical chirality: Systematic studies on synthesis, enantiomer separation, racemization, and chiral-prochiral interconversion. Front Chem 2022; 10:1025977. [PMID: 36386001 PMCID: PMC9650364 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1025977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical chirality of [2]rotaxane consisting of a C s symmetric wheel and a C 2v symmetric axle is discussed via the synthesis, enantiomer separation, racemization, and chiral-prochiral interconversion. This [2]rotaxane is achiral and/or prochiral when its wheel locates at the center of the axle, but becomes chiral when the wheel moves from the center of the axle. These were proved by the experiments on the enantiomer separation and racemization. The racemization energy of the isolated single enantiomers was controlled by the bulkiness of the central substituents on the axle. Furthermore, the chiral-prochiral interconversion was achieved by relative positional control of the components. The present systematic studies will provide new insight into mechanically chiral interlocked compounds as well as the utility as dynamic chiral sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Japan
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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