1
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Cai CY, Chen SJ, Merchant RR, Kanda Y, Qin T. C3 Selective Hydroxylation of Pyridines via Photochemical Valence Isomerization of Pyridine N-Oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39172734 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The C-H hydroxylation of the pyridine C3 position is a highly desirable transformation but remains a great challenge due to the inherent electronic properties of this heterocycle core which bring difficulties in chemical reactivity and regioselectivity. Herein we present an efficient method for formal C3 selective hydroxylation of pyridines via photochemical valence isomerization of pyridine N-oxides. This metal-free transformation features operational simplicity and compatibility with a diverse array of functional groups, and the resulting hydroxylated products are amenable to further elaboration to synthetically useful building blocks. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the effective late-stage functionalization of pyridine-containing medicinally relevant molecules and versatile derivatizations of 3-pyridinols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuzuru Kanda
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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2
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Boswell BR, Zhao Z, Gonciarz RL, Pandya KM. Regioselective Pyridine to Benzene Edit Inspired by Water-Displacement. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19660-19666. [PMID: 38996188 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Late-stage derivatization of drug-like functional groups can accelerate drug discovery efforts by swiftly exchanging hydrogen-bond donors with acceptors, or by modulating key physicochemical properties like logP, solubility, or polar surface area. A proven derivatization strategy to improve ligand potency is to extend the ligand to displace water molecules that are mediating the interactions with a receptor. Inspired by this application, we developed a method to regioselectively transmute the nitrogen atom from pyridine into carbon bearing an ester, a flexible functional group handle. We applied this method to a variety of substituted pyridines, as well as late-stage transformation of FDA-approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Boswell
- Discovery Chemistry, Exelixis Inc., Alameda, California 94502, United States
| | - Zhensheng Zhao
- Discovery Chemistry, Exelixis Inc., Alameda, California 94502, United States
| | - Ryan L Gonciarz
- Discovery Chemistry, Exelixis Inc., Alameda, California 94502, United States
| | - Keyur M Pandya
- Pharmaceutical Operations & Supply Chain, Exelixis Inc., Alameda, California 94502, United States
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3
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Giricheva MA, Vorobiev IG, Belikov AA, Fukin GK, Budruev AV. Synthesis of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Azepines via Photoinitiated Reactions of Aryl Azides with Carbon-Based Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10283-10292. [PMID: 38981920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A photoinduced one-pot method for the synthesis of azepines by the reaction of aryl azides with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds under weakly basic conditions is described. This method offers a simple route for the synthesis of 1,3-dicarbonyl-substituted azepines in good to excellent yields and high regioselectivity and was tested on 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with different acidity levels. The resulting azepines have electrophilic and nucleophilic centers of varying degrees of activity, which facilitate reactions leading to further structural transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Giricheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Ivan G Vorobiev
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Alexey A Belikov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina str, Nizhny Novgorod GSP-445, Russia
| | - Georgy K Fukin
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina str, Nizhny Novgorod GSP-445, Russia
| | - Andrei V Budruev
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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4
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Zhang Z, Li Q, Cheng Z, Jiao N, Zhang C. Selective nitrogen insertion into aryl alkanes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6016. [PMID: 39019881 PMCID: PMC11255249 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular structure-editing through nitrogen insertion offers more efficient and ingenious pathways for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds, which could benefit the development of synthetic chemistry, pharmaceutical research, and materials science. Substituted amines, especially nitrogen-containing alkyl heterocyclic compounds, are widely found in nature products and drugs. Generally, accessing these compounds requires multiple steps, which could result in low efficiency. In this work, a molecular editing strategy is used to realize the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds using aryl alkanes as starting materials. Using derivatives of O-tosylhydroxylamine as the nitrogen source, this method enables precise nitrogen insertion into the Csp2-Csp3 bond of aryl alkanes. Notably, further synthetic applications demonstrate that this method could be used to prepare bioactive molecules with good efficiency and modify the molecular skeleton of drugs. Furthermore, a plausible reaction mechanism involving the transformation of carbocation and imine intermediates has been proposed based on the results of control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Villa-Reyna AL, Perez-Velazquez M, González-Félix ML, Gálvez-Ruiz JC, Gonzalez-Mosquera DM, Valencia D, Ballesteros-Monreal MG, Aguilar-Martínez M, Leyva-Peralta MA. The Structure-Antiproliferative Activity Relationship of Pyridine Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7640. [PMID: 39062883 PMCID: PMC11276865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyridine, a compound with a heterocyclic structure, is a key player in medicinal chemistry and drug design. It is widely used as a framework for the design of biologically active molecules and is the second most common heterocycle in FDA-approved drugs. Pyridine is known for its diverse biological activity, including antituberculosis, antitumor, anticoagulant, antiviral, antimalarial, antileishmania, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, vasodilatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative effects. This review, spanning from 2022 to 2012, involved the meticulous identification of pyridine derivatives with antiproliferative activity, as indicated by their minimum inhibitory concentration values (IC50) against various cancerous cell lines. The aim was to determine the most favorable structural characteristics for their antiproliferative activity. Using computer programs, we constructed and calculated the molecular descriptors and analyzed the electrostatic potential maps of the selected pyridine derivatives. The study found that the presence and positions of the -OMe, -OH, -C=O, and NH2 groups in the pyridine derivatives enhanced their antiproliferative activity over the cancerous cellular lines studied. Conversely, pyridine derivatives with halogen atoms or bulky groups in their structures exhibited lower antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Laura Villa-Reyna
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Caborca, Caborca 83600, Mexico; (A.-L.V.-R.); (D.V.); (M.G.B.-M.)
| | - Martin Perez-Velazquez
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (M.P.-V.); (M.L.G.-F.)
| | - Mayra Lizett González-Félix
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico; (M.P.-V.); (M.L.G.-F.)
| | - Juan-Carlos Gálvez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico;
| | - Dulce María Gonzalez-Mosquera
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química-Farmacia, Universidad Central Marta Abreu Las Villitas, Santa Clara, Cuba;
| | - Dora Valencia
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Caborca, Caborca 83600, Mexico; (A.-L.V.-R.); (D.V.); (M.G.B.-M.)
| | - Manuel G. Ballesteros-Monreal
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Caborca, Caborca 83600, Mexico; (A.-L.V.-R.); (D.V.); (M.G.B.-M.)
| | - Milagros Aguilar-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Caborca, Caborca 83600, Mexico; (A.-L.V.-R.); (D.V.); (M.G.B.-M.)
| | - Mario-Alberto Leyva-Peralta
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad Interdisiplinaria de Ciencias Biológicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Caborca, Caborca 83600, Mexico; (A.-L.V.-R.); (D.V.); (M.G.B.-M.)
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6
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Zhang BS, Homölle SL, Bauch T, Oliveira JCA, Warratz S, Yuan B, Gou XY, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Skeletal Indole Editing via Nitrogen Atom Insertion by Sustainable Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407384. [PMID: 38959168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal molecular editing gained considerable recent momentum and emerged as a uniquely powerful tool for late-stage diversifications. Thus far, superstoichiometric amounts of costly hypervalent iodine(III) reagents were largely required for skeletal indole editing. In contrast, we herein show that electricity enables sustainable nitrogen atom insertion reactions to give bio-relevant quinazoline scaffolds without stoichiometric chemical redox-waste product. The transition metal-free electro-editing was enabled by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and proved robust on scale, while tolerating a variety of valuable functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Zhang
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bauch
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Rentería-Gómez Á, Gutierrez O. Atom-swap chemistry speeds synthesis of compounds for drug discovery. Nature 2024; 631:30-31. [PMID: 38961157 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-02017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
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8
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Uhlenbruck BJH, Josephitis CM, de Lescure L, Paton RS, McNally A. A deconstruction-reconstruction strategy for pyrimidine diversification. Nature 2024; 631:87-93. [PMID: 38697196 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies are fundamental to drug and agrochemical development, yet only a few synthetic strategies apply to the nitrogen heteroaromatics frequently encountered in small molecule candidates1-3. Here we present an alternative approach in which we convert pyrimidine-containing compounds into various other nitrogen heteroaromatics. Transforming pyrimidines into their corresponding N-arylpyrimidinium salts enables cleavage into a three-carbon iminoenamine building block, used for various heterocycle-forming reactions. This deconstruction-reconstruction sequence diversifies the initial pyrimidine core and enables access to various heterocycles, such as azoles4. In effect, this approach allows heterocycle formation on complex molecules, resulting in analogues that would be challenging to obtain by other methods. We anticipate that this deconstruction-reconstruction strategy will extend to other heterocycle classes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis de Lescure
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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9
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Botlik BB, Weber M, Ruepp F, Kawanaka K, Finkelstein P, Morandi B. Streamlining the Synthesis of Pyridones through Oxidative Amination of Cyclopentenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408230. [PMID: 38934574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of an oxidative amination process for the streamlined synthesis of pyridones from cyclopentenones. Cyclopentenone building blocks can undergo in situ silyl enol ether formation, followed by the introduction of a nitrogen atom into the carbon skeleton with successive aromatisation to yield pyridones. The reaction sequence is operationally simple, rapid, and carried out in one pot. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, exhibits broad functional group tolerance, complete regioselectivity, and is well scalable. The developed method provides facile access to the synthesis of 15N-labelled targets, industrially relevant pyridone products and their derivatives in a fast and efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence B Botlik
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Micha Weber
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruepp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kazuki Kawanaka
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Finkelstein
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Li L, Wang D, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang H, Luan X. Diversification of Naphthol Skeletons Triggered by Aminative Dearomatization. Org Lett 2024; 26:4910-4915. [PMID: 38818971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed aminative dearomatization of naphthols has been developed and integrated into a stepwise approach for subsequent skeletal diversifications including ring expansion, ring opening, ring contraction, and atom transmutation of aryl scaffolds. This approach enables the synthesis of a diverse array of azepinones, unsaturated amides, isoquinolines, and indenones from naphthol substrates. Its application in the synthesis of bioactive and functional molecules as well as the conversion of complex molecular skeletons underscores its broad potential applicability. Mechanistic investigations suggest the intermediacy of the dearomatized intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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11
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Liu S, Yang Y, Song Q, Liu Z, Lu Y, Wang Z, Sivaguru P, Bi X. Tunable molecular editing of indoles with fluoroalkyl carbenes. Nat Chem 2024; 16:988-997. [PMID: 38443494 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Building molecular complexity from simple feedstocks through precise peripheral and skeletal modifications is central to modern organic synthesis. Nevertheless, a controllable strategy through which both the core skeleton and the periphery of an aromatic heterocycle can be modified with a common substrate remains elusive, despite its potential to maximize structural diversity and applications. Here we report a carbene-initiated chemodivergent molecular editing of indoles that allows both skeletal and peripheral editing by trapping an electrophilic fluoroalkyl carbene generated in situ from fluoroalkyl N-triftosylhydrazones. A variety of fluorine-containing N-heterocyclic scaffolds have been efficiently achieved through tunable chemoselective editing reactions at the skeleton or periphery of indoles, including one-carbon insertion, C3 gem-difluoroolefination, tandem cyclopropanation and N1 gem-difluoroolefination, and cyclopropanation. The power of this chemodivergent molecular editing strategy has been highlighted through the modification of the skeleton or periphery of natural products in a controllable and chemoselective manner. The reaction mechanism and origins of the chemo- and regioselectivity have been probed by both experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Falcone NA, He S, Hoskin JF, Mangat S, Sorensen EJ. N-Oxide-to-Carbon Transmutations of Azaarene N-Oxides. Org Lett 2024; 26:4280-4285. [PMID: 38739528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Reactions that change the identity of an atom within a ring system are emerging as valuable tools for the site-selective editing of molecular structures. Herein, we describe the expansion of an underdeveloped transformation that directly converts azaarene-derived N-oxides to all-carbon arenes. This ring transmutation exhibits good functional group tolerance and replaces the N-oxide moiety with either unsubstituted, substituted, or isotopically labeled carbon atoms in a single laboratory operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sam He
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John F Hoskin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sandeep Mangat
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Erik J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4926-4975. [PMID: 38596901 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicchio
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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14
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Lu H, Zhang Y, Wang XH, Zhang R, Xu PF, Wei H. Carbon-nitrogen transmutation in polycyclic arenol skeletons to access N-heteroarenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3772. [PMID: 38704373 PMCID: PMC11069502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing skeletal editing tools is not a trivial task, and realizing the corresponding single-atom transmutation in a ring system without altering the ring size is even more challenging. Here, we introduce a skeletal editing strategy that enables polycyclic arenols, a highly prevalent motif in bioactive molecules, to be readily converted into N-heteroarenes through carbon-nitrogen transmutation. The reaction features selective nitrogen insertion into the C-C bond of the arenol frameworks by azidative dearomatization and aryl migration, followed by ring-opening, and ring-closing (ANRORC) to achieve carbon-to-nitrogen transmutation in the aromatic framework of the arenol. Using widely available arenols as N-heteroarene precursors, this alternative approach allows the streamlined assembly of complex polycyclic heteroaromatics with broad functional group tolerance. Finally, pertinent transformations of the products, including synthesis complex biheteroarene skeletons, were conducted and exhibited significant potential in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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15
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Cheng Q, Bhattacharya D, Haring M, Cao H, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Studer A. Skeletal editing of pyridines through atom-pair swap from CN to CC. Nat Chem 2024; 16:741-748. [PMID: 38238464 PMCID: PMC11087273 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal editing is a straightforward synthetic strategy for precise substitution or rearrangement of atoms in core ring structures of complex molecules; it enables quick diversification of compounds that is not possible by applying peripheral editing strategies. Previously reported skeletal editing of common arenes mainly relies on carbene- or nitrene-type insertion reactions or rearrangements. Although powerful, efficient and applicable to late-stage heteroarene core structure modification, these strategies cannot be used for skeletal editing of pyridines. Here we report the direct skeletal editing of pyridines through atom-pair swap from CN to CC to generate benzenes and naphthalenes in a modular fashion. Specifically, we use sequential dearomatization, cycloaddition and rearomatizing retrocycloaddition reactions in a one-pot sequence to transform the parent pyridines into benzenes and naphthalenes bearing diversified substituents at specific sites, as defined by the cycloaddition reaction components. Applications to late-stage skeletal diversification of pyridine cores in several drugs are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | | | - Malte Haring
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hui Cao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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16
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Mykura R, Sánchez-Bento R, Matador E, Duong VK, Varela A, Angelini L, Carbajo RJ, Llaveria J, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. Synthesis of polysubstituted azepanes by dearomative ring expansion of nitroarenes. Nat Chem 2024; 16:771-779. [PMID: 38273027 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of functionalized nitrogen heterocycles is integral to discovering, manufacturing and evolving high-value materials. The availability of effective strategies for heterocycle synthesis often biases the frequency of specific ring systems over others in the core structures of bioactive leads. For example, while the six- and five-membered piperidine and pyrrolidine are widespread in medicinal chemistry libraries, the seven-membered azepane is essentially absent and this leaves open a substantial area of three-dimensional chemical space. Here we report a strategy to prepare complex azepanes from simple nitroarenes by photochemical dearomative ring expansion centred on the conversion of the nitro group into a singlet nitrene. This process is mediated by blue light, occurs at room temperature and transforms the six-membered benzenoid framework into a seven-membered ring system. A following hydrogenolysis provides the azepanes in just two steps. We have demonstrated the utility of the strategy with the synthesis of several azepane analogues of piperidine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Mykura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Esteban Matador
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vincent K Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ana Varela
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- In Silico Discovery, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Toledo, Spain
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Toledo, Spain
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Niu C, Zhang Z, Li Q, Cheng Z, Jiao N, Zhang C. Selective Ring-Opening Amination of Isochromans and Tetrahydroisoquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401318. [PMID: 38459760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The molecular structure-editing through selective C-C bond cleavage allows for the precise modification of molecular structures and opens up new possibilities in chemical synthesis. By strategically cleaving C-C bonds and editing the molecular structure, more efficient and versatile pathways for the synthesis of complex compounds could be designed, which brings significant implications for drug development and materials science. o-Aminophenethyl alcohols and amines are the essential key motifs in bioactive and functional material molecules. The traditional synthesis of these compounds usually requires multiple steps which could generate inseparable isomers and induce low efficiencies. By leveraging a molecular editing strategy, we herein reported a selective ring-opening amination of isochromans and tetrahydroisoquinolines for the efficient synthesis of o-aminophenethyl alcohols and amines. This innovative chemistry allows for the precise cleavage of C-C bonds under mild transition metal-free conditions. Notably, further synthetic application demonstrated that our method could provide an efficient approach to essential components of diverse bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Niu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China
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18
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Xu X, Zhu YK, Dai CM, Xu J, Jian J. Synthesis and characterization of azaborepin radicals in solid neon through boron-mediated C-N bond cleavage of pyridine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11048-11055. [PMID: 38528841 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of pyridine is a complex topic due to its unique electronic structure. The reactions of atomic boron with pyridine molecules in solid neon have been investigated using matrix isolation infrared absorption spectroscopy. Three products (marked as A, B, and C) were observed and characterized through 10B, D and 15N isotopic substitution pyridine regents as well as quantum chemical calculations. In the reaction, the ground-state boron atom can attack the lone pair electrons of the nitrogen atom in the pyridine molecule, resulting in the formation of a 1-boropyridinyl radical (A). Alternatively, addition to the aromatic π-system of pyridine can occur in a [1,4] type, leading to the formation of a B[η2(1,4)-C5H5N] complex (B). Under UV-visible light (280 < λ < 580 nm) irradiation, these two compounds can further undergo photo-isomerization to form BN-embedded seven-membered azaborepin compounds (C). The observation of species A, B, and the subsequent photo-isomerization to species C is consistent with theoretical predictions, indicating that these reactions are kinetically favorable. This research provides valuable insights into the future design and synthesis of corresponding BN heterocyclic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311231, China.
| | - Yi-Kang Zhu
- Xiaoshan Campus, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311231, China
| | - Chuan-Ming Dai
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311231, China.
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311231, China.
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311231, China.
- Xiaoshan Campus, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311231, China
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19
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Eberle L, Ballmann J. Synthesis of Collidine from Dinitrogen via a Tungsten Nitride. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7979-7984. [PMID: 38489245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of pyridines from dinitrogen in homogeneous solution is known to be challenging considering that an N2 cleavage step needs to be combined with two N-C coupling steps. Herein, a tungsten complex bearing a tailor-made 2,2'-(tBu2As)2-substituted tolane ligand scaffold was shown to split N2 to afford the corresponding tungsten nitride, which is not the case for the corresponding (iPr2As)2-substituted derivative. The former nitride was then reacted with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium triflate, which led to the formation of a tungsten oxo complex, along with collidine. Over the course of this reaction, the O atom of the pyrylium starting material was replaced with an N atom via a hitherto unprecedented skeletal editing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Eberle
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
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20
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Nan J, Huang Q, Men X, Yang S, Wang J, Ma Y. Palladium-catalyzed denitrogenation/vinylation of benzotriazinones with vinylene carbonate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3571-3574. [PMID: 38469678 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00059e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel Pd-catalyzed denitrogenation/vinylation of benzotriazinones using vinylene carbonate as the vinylation reagent is reported. This transformation demonstrates an unprecedented skeletal editing approach, effectively converting NN to CC fragments in situ and synthesizing a collection of isoquinolinones with broad-spectrum functional group tolerance. Moreover, the quite concise reaction system and late-stage modification of bioactive molecules comprehensively underscore the practical potential of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Nan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Therapeutics Research, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Xinran Men
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yangmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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21
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Zhang Y, Xue JY, Su XC, Xiao WJ, Lv JY, Shi WX, Zou Y, Yan M, Zhang XJ. Skeletal Editing of Benzene Motif: Photopromoted Transannulation for Synthesis of DNA-Encoded Seven-Membered Rings. Org Lett 2024; 26:2212-2217. [PMID: 38452132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In this report, we present a photopromoted, metal-free transannulation of phenyl azides for the synthesis of DNA-encoded seven-membered rings. The transformation is efficiently achieved through a skeletal editing strategy targeting the benzene motif coupled with a Reversible Adsorption to Solid Support (RASS) strategy. A variety of valuable DNA-encoded seven-membered ring compounds, including DNA-encoded 3H-azepines, azepinones, and unnatural amino acids, are now accessible. Crucially, this DNA-compatible protocol can also be applied for the introduction of complex molecules, as exemplified by Lorcaserin and Betahistine. The selective conversion of readily available phenyl rings into high-value seven-membered rings offers a promising avenue for the construction of diversified and drug-like DNA-encoded library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Ying Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Can Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing-Yi Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xia Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue-Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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22
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Alexander BW, Bartfield NM, Gupta V, Mercado BQ, Del Campo M, Herzon SB. An oxidative photocyclization approach to the synthesis of Securiflustra securifrons alkaloids. Science 2024; 383:849-854. [PMID: 38386756 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl6163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Securines and securamines are cytotoxic alkaloids that contain reactive alkene and heterocyclic residues embedded in skeletons comprising four to six oxidized rings. This structural complexity imparts a rich chemistry to the isolates but has impeded synthetic access to the structures in the nearly three decades since their isolation. We present a flexible route to eight isolates that exemplify the three skeletal classes of metabolites. The route proceeds by the modular assembly of the advanced azides 38 and 49 (13 steps, 6 to 10% yield), sequential oxidative photocyclizations, and late-stage functional group manipulations. With this approach, the targets were obtained in 17 to 19 steps, 12 to 13 purifications, and 0.5 to 3.5% overall yield. The structure of an advanced intermediate was elucidated by microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) analysis. The route will support structure-function and target identification studies of the securamines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noah M Bartfield
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Vaani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Chemical and Biological Instrumentation Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mark Del Campo
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Seth B Herzon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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23
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He Y, Wang J, Zhu T, Zheng Z, Wei H. Nitrogen atom insertion into arenols to access benzazepines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2612-2617. [PMID: 38362409 PMCID: PMC10866339 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in site-selective molecular editing have enabled structural modification on complex molecules. However, thus far, their applications have been restricted to C-H functionalization chemistry. The modification of the underlying molecular skeleton remains limited. Here, we describe a skeletal editing approach that provides access to benzazepine structures through direct nitrogen atom insertion into arenols. Using widely available arenols as benzazepine precursors, this alternative approach allowed the streamlined assembly of benzazepines with broad functional group tolerance. Experimental mechanistic studies support a reaction pathway involving dearomatizative azidation and then aryl migration. This study further highlights the potential for carbon-nitrogen transmutation sequences through combinations with oxidative carbon atom deletion, providing an alternative for the development of N-heteroarenes and demonstrating significant potential in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Zhaojing Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of the Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
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24
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Kotwal N, Chauhan P. Accessing Pyridines via a Nitrene Internalization Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317228. [PMID: 38116832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyridines are valuable pharmacophores, and their access via direct and selective transmutation of carbon atom with desired nitrogen could become crucial in drug discovery processes. However, only scarce examples can be found when it comes C-to-N-transmutation reactions of aromatics that could lead to the facile synthesis of pyridines or other azaarenes. In this context, Levin and co-workers recently disclosed a process leading to pyridines from the corresponding aryl azides via the regioselective nitrene internalization process. Notably, the transformation did not lead to any further modification of the rest of the aromatic skeleton. This innovative work enabled selectively accessing various pyridine derivatives through direct nitrogen scan operations on benzene derivatives, which were otherwise not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kotwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
| | - Pankaj Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
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25
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Bartholomew GL, Kraus SL, Karas LJ, Carpaneto F, Bennett R, Sigman MS, Yeung CS, Sarpong R. 14N to 15N Isotopic Exchange of Nitrogen Heteroaromatics through Skeletal Editing. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2950-2958. [PMID: 38286797 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The selective modification of nitrogen heteroaromatics enables the development of new chemical tools and accelerates drug discovery. While methods that focus on expanding or contracting the skeletal structures of heteroaromatics are emerging, methods for the direct exchange of single core atoms remain limited. Here, we present a method for 14N → 15N isotopic exchange for several aromatic nitrogen heterocycles. This nitrogen isotope transmutation occurs through activation of the heteroaromatic substrate by triflylation of a nitrogen atom, followed by a ring-opening/ring-closure sequence mediated by 15N-aspartate to effect the isotopic exchange of the nitrogen atom. Key to the success of this transformation is the formation of an isolable 15N-succinyl intermediate, which undergoes elimination to give the isotopically labeled heterocycle. These transformations occur under mild conditions in high chemical and isotopic yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Logan Bartholomew
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Samantha L Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Filippo Carpaneto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Discovery Analytical Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Boudry E, Bourdreux F, Marrot J, Moreau X, Ghiazza C. Dearomatization of Pyridines: Photochemical Skeletal Enlargement for the Synthesis of 1,2-Diazepines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2845-2854. [PMID: 38235671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In this report, we developed a unified and standardized one-pot sequence that converts pyridine derivatives into 1,2-diazepines by inserting a nitrogen atom. This skeletal transformation capitalizes on the in situ generation of 1-aminopyridinium ylides, which rearrange under UV light irradiation. A thorough evaluation of the key parameters (wavelength, reaction conditions, activating agent) allowed us to elaborate on a simple, mild, and user-friendly protocol. The model reaction was extrapolated to more than 40 examples, including drug derivatives, affording unique 7-membered structures. Mechanistic evidence supports the transient presence of a diazanorcaradiene species. Finally, pertinent transformations of the products, including ring contraction reactions to form pyrazoles, were conducted and paved the way to a broad application of the developed protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Boudry
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Flavien Bourdreux
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Moreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Clément Ghiazza
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
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27
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Li B, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. A Photochemical Strategy for ortho-Aminophenol Synthesis via Dearomative-Rearomative Coupling Between Aryl Azides and Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310540. [PMID: 37926921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
ortho-Aminophenols are aromatic derivatives featuring vicinal N- and O-based functionalities commonly found in the structures of many high-value materials. These molecules are generally prepared using multistep strategies that follow the rules of electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) chemistry. Despite their high fidelity, such approaches cannot target substrates featuring a "contra-SE Ar" arrangement of N- and O-groups. Here we report an alternative strategy for the preparation of such ortho-aminophenols using aryl azides as the precursors. The process utilizes low-energy photoexcitation to trigger the decomposition of aryl azides into singlet nitrenes that undergo a dearomative-rearomative sequence. This allows the incorporation of alcoholic nucleophiles into a seven-membered ring azepine intermediate via temporary disruption of aromaticity, followed by electrophile-induced re-aromatization. The net retrosynthetic logic is that the alcohol displaces the azide, which, in turn, moves to its ortho position and furthermore is converted into an amide. The synthetic value and complementarity of this strategy has been demonstrated by the coupling of aryl azides with complex, drug-like alcohols and phenols as well as amines, thiols and thiophenols, which provides a general platform for the fast and selective heterofunctionalization of aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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28
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Matador E, Tilby MJ, Saridakis I, Pedrón M, Tomczak D, Llaveria J, Atodiresei I, Merino P, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. A Photochemical Strategy for the Conversion of Nitroarenes into Rigidified Pyrrolidine Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27810-27820. [PMID: 38059920 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclic amines are important motifs for the preparation of bioactive materials. These species have well-defined exit vectors that enable accurate disposition of substituents toward specific areas of chemical space. Of all possible skeletons, the 2-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane framework is virtually absent from MedChem libraries due to a paucity of synthetic methods for its preparation. Here, we report a modular synthetic strategy that utilizes nitroarenes as flat and easy-to-functionalize feedstocks for the assembly of these sp3-rich materials. Mechanistically, this approach exploits two concomitant photochemical processes that sequentially ring-expand the nitroarene into an azepine and then fold it into a rigid bicycle pyrroline by means of singlet nitrene-mediated nitrogen insertion and excited-state-4π electrocyclization. A following hydrogenolysis provides, with full diastereocontrol, the desired bicyclic amine derivatives whereby the aromatic substitution pattern has been translated into the one of the three-dimensional heterocycle. These molecules can be considered rigid pyrrolidine analogues with a well-defined orientation of their substituents. Furthermore, unsupervised clustering of an expansive virtual database of saturated N-heterocycles revealed these derivatives as effective isosteres of rigidified piperidines. Overall, this platform enables the conversion of nitroarene feedstocks into complex sp3-rich heterocycles of potential interest to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Matador
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), C/Prof. García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michael J Tilby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, U.K
| | - Iakovos Saridakis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Pedrón
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dawid Tomczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Iuliana Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pedro Merino
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Saha A, Ali W, Werz DB, Maiti D. Highly scalable photoinduced synthesis of silanols via untraversed pathway for chlorine radical (Cl •) generation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8173. [PMID: 38071374 PMCID: PMC10710510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of visible light-mediated synthetic transformations has transpired as a promising approach to redefine traditional organic synthesis in a sustainable way. In this genre, transition metal-mediated photoredox catalysis has led the way and recreated a plethora of organic transformations. However, the use of photochemical energy solely to initiate the reaction is underexplored. With the direct utilization of photochemical energy herein, we have established a general and practical protocol for the synthesis of diversely functionalized organosilanols, silanediols, and polymeric siloxanol engaging a wide spectrum of hydrosilanes under ambient reaction conditions. Streamlined synthesis of bio-active silanols via late-stage functionalization underscores the importance of this sustainable protocol. Interestingly, this work also reveals photoinduced non-classical chlorine radical (Cl•) generation from a readily available chlorinated solvent under aerobic conditions. The intriguing factors of the proposed mechanism involving chlorine and silyl radicals as intermediates were supported by a series of mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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30
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Bousch C, Vreulz B, Kansal K, El-Husseini A, Cecioni S. Fluorogenic Photo-Crosslinking of Glycan-Binding Protein Recognition Using a Fluorinated Azido-Coumarin Fucoside. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314248. [PMID: 37847865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycan recognition by glycan-binding proteins is central to the biology of all living organisms. The efficient capture and characterization of relatively weak non-covalent interactions remains an important challenge in various fields of research. Photoaffinity labeling strategies can create covalent bonds between interacting partners, and photoactive scaffolds such as benzophenone, diazirines and aryl azides have proved widely useful. Since their first introduction, relatively few improvements have been advanced and products of photoaffinity labeling remain difficult to detect. We report a fluorinated azido-coumarin scaffold which enables photolabeling under fast and mild activation, and which can leave a fluorescent tag on crosslinked species. Coupling this scaffold to an α-fucoside, we demonstrate fluorogenic photolabeling of glycan-protein interactions over a wide range of affinities. We expect this strategy to be broadly applicable to other chromophores and we envision that such "fluoro-crosslinkers" could become important tools for the traceable capture of non-covalent binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bousch
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Brandon Vreulz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Kartikey Kansal
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Ali El-Husseini
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Samy Cecioni
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
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31
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Davydov DA, Giricheva MA, Malysheva YB, Fukin GK, Budruev AV. Photoinitiated Rearrangement of Aromatic Azides to 2-Aminonicotinates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14998-15006. [PMID: 37857349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a one-pot photoinduced method for azepine synthesis and their subsequent rearrangement into pyridines. The rearrangement of the azepine, formed during photolysis, occurs due to both thermal and photochemical activation of the reaction. This requires an electron-donating substituent at the second position of the azepine and an electron-withdrawing substituent at the third position of the azepine. A reaction mechanism has been proposed to explain the role of water and the nature of the azepine substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Prosp., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina A Giricheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Prosp., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Yulia B Malysheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Prosp., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Georgy K Fukin
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Str., GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrei V Budruev
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Prosp., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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32
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Ficarra F, Silvi M. Atom-swap chemistry could aid drug discovery. Nature 2023; 623:36-37. [PMID: 37914944 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
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33
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Woo J, Stein C, Christian AH, Levin MD. Carbon-to-nitrogen single-atom transmutation of azaarenes. Nature 2023; 623:77-82. [PMID: 37914946 PMCID: PMC10907950 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
When searching for the ideal molecule to fill a particular functional role (for example, a medicine), the difference between success and failure can often come down to a single atom1. Replacing an aromatic carbon atom with a nitrogen atom would be enabling in the discovery of potential medicines2, but only indirect means exist to make such C-to-N transmutations, typically by parallel synthesis3. Here, we report a transformation that enables the direct conversion of a heteroaromatic carbon atom into a nitrogen atom, turning quinolines into quinazolines. Oxidative restructuring of the parent azaarene gives a ring-opened intermediate bearing electrophilic sites primed for ring reclosure and expulsion of a carbon-based leaving group. Such a 'sticky end' approach subverts existing atom insertion-deletion approaches and as a result avoids skeleton-rotation and substituent-perturbation pitfalls common in stepwise skeletal editing. We show a broad scope of quinolines and related azaarenes, all of which can be converted into the corresponding quinazolines by replacement of the C3 carbon with a nitrogen atom. Mechanistic experiments support the critical role of the activated intermediate and indicate a more general strategy for the development of C-to-N transmutation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colin Stein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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34
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Shennan BA, Sánchez-Alonso S, Rossini G, Dixon DJ. 1,2-Redox Transpositions of Tertiary Amides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21745-21751. [PMID: 37756523 PMCID: PMC10571086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactions capable of transposing the oxidation levels of adjacent carbon atoms enable rapid and fundamental alteration of a molecule's reactivity. Herein, we report the 1,2-transposition of the carbon atom oxidation level in cyclic and acyclic tertiary amides, resulting in the one-pot synthesis of 1,2- and 1,3-oxygenated tertiary amines. This oxidation level transfer was facilitated by the careful orchestration of an iridium-catalyzed reduction with the functionalization of transiently formed enamine intermediates. A novel 1,2-carbonyl transposition is described, and the breadth of this redox transposition strategy has been further explored by the development of aminoalcohol and enaminone syntheses. The diverse β-functionalized amine products were shown to be multifaceted and valuable synthetic intermediates, accessing challenging biologically relevant motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
D. A. Shennan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Alonso
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Gabriele Rossini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemical
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
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35
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Pearson TJ, Shimazumi R, Driscoll JL, Dherange BD, Park DI, Levin MD. Aromatic nitrogen scanning by ipso-selective nitrene internalization. Science 2023; 381:1474-1479. [PMID: 37769067 PMCID: PMC10910605 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen scanning in aryl fragments is a valuable aspect of the drug discovery process, but current strategies require time-intensive, parallel, bottom-up synthesis of each pyridyl isomer because of a lack of direct carbon-to-nitrogen (C-to-N) replacement reactions. We report a site-directable aryl C-to-N replacement reaction allowing unified access to various pyridine isomers through a nitrene-internalization process. In a two-step, one-pot procedure, aryl azides are first photochemically converted to 3H-azepines, which then undergo an oxidatively triggered C2-selective cheletropic carbon extrusion through a spirocyclic azanorcaradiene intermediate to afford the pyridine products. Because the ipso carbon of the aryl nitrene is excised from the molecule, the reaction proceeds regioselectively without perturbation of the remainder of the substrate. Applications are demonstrated in the abbreviated synthesis of a pyridyl derivative of estrone, as well as in a prototypical nitrogen scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ryoma Shimazumi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Julia L. Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dong-Il Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark D. Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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36
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Lu L, Lu P. Enantioselective [3+2]-cycloaddition of 2,3-disubstituted cyclobutenones: vicinal quaternary stereocenters construction and skeletal functionalization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8355-8359. [PMID: 37564417 PMCID: PMC10411620 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycloaddition is a fundamental transformation, featuring the assembly of complex cyclic molecules with multiple stereocenters. We report here a silver-catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition of 2,3-disubstituted cyclobutenones with an array of azomethine ylide precursors iminoesters, furnishing azabicycles in good yields and enantioselectivities. Up to three contiguous all-carbon quaternary centers, including two angular stereocenters, could be constructed efficiently, due to high reactivity of strained cyclobutenones. Subsequent skeletal remodeling provided versatile molecules with distinct structural characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 220 Handan Lu Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University 220 Handan Lu Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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37
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38
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Converting benzene to pyridine. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:71. [PMID: 37117918 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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39
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Morofuji T, Nagai S, Watanabe A, Inagawa K, Kano N. Streptocyanine as an activation mode of amine catalysis for the conversion of pyridine rings to benzene rings. Chem Sci 2023; 14:485-490. [PMID: 36741523 PMCID: PMC9847661 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amine catalysts have emerged as an invaluable tool in organic synthesis. Iminium, enamine, and enamine radical cation species are representative activation modes of amine catalysis. However, the development of new amine catalysis activation modes that enable novel synthetic strategies remains highly desirable. Herein, we report streptocyanine as a new amine catalysis activation mode, which enables the skeletal editing of pyridine rings to benzene rings. N-Arylation of pyridines bearing an alkenyl substituent at the 3-position generates the corresponding N-arylpyridiniums. The resulting pyridinum reacts with a catalytic amount of piperidine to afford a streptocyanine intermediate. Catalytically generated streptocyanine forms a benzene ring via a ring-closing reaction, thereby releasing the amine catalyst. Consequently, the alkene moiety in the starting pyridines is incorporated into the benzene ring of the products. Pyridiniums bearing various alkene moieties were efficiently converted to formyl-substituted benzene derivatives. Mechanistic studies support the postulation that the present catalytic process was intermediated by streptocyanine. In this reaction system, streptocyanine could be regarded as a new activation mode of amine catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University1-5-1 MejiroToshima-kuTokyo 171-8588Japan
| | - Shota Nagai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University1-5-1 MejiroToshima-kuTokyo 171-8588Japan
| | - Airi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University1-5-1 MejiroToshima-kuTokyo 171-8588Japan
| | - Kota Inagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University1-5-1 MejiroToshima-kuTokyo 171-8588Japan
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University1-5-1 MejiroToshima-kuTokyo 171-8588Japan
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40
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Li G, Lavagnino MN, Ali SZ, Hu S, Radosevich AT. Tandem C/N-Difunctionalization of Nitroarenes: Reductive Amination and Annulation by a Ring Expansion/Contraction Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:41-46. [PMID: 36562776 PMCID: PMC9839621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic method for the reductive transformation of nitroarenes into ortho-aminated and -annulated products is reported. The method operates via the exhaustive deoxygenation of nitroarenes by an organophosphorus catalyst and a mild terminal reductant to access aryl nitrenes, which after ring expansion, are trapped by amine nucleophiles to give dearomatized 2-amino-3H-azepines. Treatment of these ring-expanded intermediates with acyl electrophiles triggers 6π electrocyclization to extrude the nitrogen atom and restore aromaticity of the phenyl ring, which delivers via C-H functionalization 2-aminoanilide and benzimidazole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Marissa N. Lavagnino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Siraj Z. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Shicheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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