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Xie G, Guo N, Xue X, Yang Q, Liu X, Li H, Li H, Tao Y, Chen R, Huang W. Resonance-Induced Dynamic Triplet Exciton Population for Photoactivated Organic Ultralong Room Temperature Phosphorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20449-20457. [PMID: 38990700 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Dynamically populating triplet excitons under external stimuli is desired to develop smart optoelectronic materials, but it remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report a resonance-induced excited state regulation strategy to dynamically modulate the triplet exciton population by introducing a self-adaptive N-C═O structure to phosphors. The developed phosphors activated under high-power ultraviolet irradiation exhibited enhanced photoactivated organic ultralong room temperature phosphorescence (PA-OURTP) with lifetimes of up to ∼500 ms. The enhanced PA-OURTP was ascribed to activated N-C═O resonance variation-induced intersystem crossing to generate excess triplet excitons. The excellent PA-OURTP performance and ultralong deactivation time under ambient conditions of the developed materials could function as a reusable recorded medium for time-sensitive information encryption through optical printing. This study provides an effective approach to dynamically regulating triplet excitons and offers valuable guidance to develop high-performance PA-OURTP materials for security printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ningning Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xudong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qianxiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shanxi, Xi'an 710072, China
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2
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Williams ML, Coleman AF, Peinkofer KR, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Structure-enabled long-lived charge separation in single crystals of an asymmetric donor-acceptor perylenediimide cyclophane. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11472-11479. [PMID: 39055038 PMCID: PMC11268506 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03359k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a covalently linked asymmetric cyclophane comprising a 1,7-di(pyrrolidin-1'-yl)perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (pyrPDI) and 1,6,7,12-tetra(4'-t-butylphenoxy)perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (tpPDI), which absorbs light from 400-750 nm. Single crystals of pyrPDI-tpPDI were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction and transient absorption microscopy. The crystal structure contains several types of intermolecular donor-acceptor interactions (pyrPDI-pyrPDI, tpPDI-tpPDI, and pyrPDI-tpPDI) in addition to the covalently installed intramolecular interaction. Following photoexcitation of the pyrPDI-tpPDI single crystal, the transient absorption data show that charge separation occurs in τ = 21 ps, which is about nine times faster than in toluene solution, while charge recombination occurs in τ > 2 μs, which is more than 400 times longer than in solution. The faster charge separation in the single crystals results from the intermolecular donor-acceptor pyrPDI-tpPDI interactions, while the greatly enhanced charge-separated state lifetime is a consequence of charge transport through the intermolecular π-stacks. These results demonstrate the utility of pre-organizing donor-acceptor structural motifs to elicit specific crystal morphologies that can lead to enhanced photogenerated charge carrier lifetimes for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Adam F Coleman
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Kathryn R Peinkofer
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
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3
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Zhong D, Liu S, Yue L, Feng Z, Wang H, Yang P, Su B, Yang X, Sun Y, Zhou G. Achieving pure room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in phenoselenazine-based organic emitters through synergism among heavy atom effect, enhanced n → π* transitions and magnified electron coupling by the A-D-A molecular configuration. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9112-9119. [PMID: 38903225 PMCID: PMC11186343 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The weak spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in metal-free organic molecules poses a challenge in achieving phosphorescence emission. To attain pure phosphorescence in RTP organic emitters, a promising molecular design concept has been proposed. This involves incorporating n → π* transitions and leveraging the heavy atomic effect within the spin-orbit charge transfer-induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) mechanism of bipolar molecules. Following this design concept, two bipolar metal-free organic molecules (PhSeB and PhSeDB) with donor-acceptor (D-A) and acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) configurations have been synthesized. When the molecular configuration changes from D-A to A-D-A, PhSeDB exhibits stronger electron coupling and n → π* transitions, which can further enhance the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) together with the heave atom effect from the selenium atom. By the advanced synergism among enhanced n → π* transitions, heavy atom effect and magnified electron coupling to efficiently promote phosphorescence emission, PhSeDB can achieve pure RTP emission in both the solution and doped solid film. Thanks to the higher spin-orbit coupling matrix elements (SOCMEs) for T1 ↔ S0, PhSeDB attains the highest phosphorescence quantum yield (ca. 0.78) among all the RTP organic emitters reported. Consequently, the purely organic phosphorescent light-emitting diodes (POPLEDs) based on PhSeDB achieve the highest external quantum efficiencies of 18.2% and luminance of 3000 cd m-2. These encouraging results underscore the significant potential of this innovative molecular design concept for highly efficient POPLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daokun Zhong
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Ling Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Bochao Su
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhui Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
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4
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Zhao J, Xu J, Huang H, Wang K, Wu D, Jasti R, Xia J. Appending Coronene Diimide with Carbon Nanohoops Allows for Rapid Intersystem Crossing in Neat Film. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400941. [PMID: 38458974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of innovative triplet materials plays a significant role in various applications. Although effective tuning of triplet formation by intersystem crossing (ISC) has been well established in solution, the modulation of ISC processes in the solid state remains a challenge due to the presence of other exciton decay channels through intermolecular interactions. The cyclic structure of cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) offers a unique platform to tune the intermolecular packing, which leads to controllable exciton dynamics in the solid state. Herein, by integrating an electron deficient coronene diimide (CDI) unit into the CPP framework, a donor-acceptor type of conjugated macrocycle (CDI-CPP) featuring intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) interaction was designed and synthesized. Effective intermolecular CT interaction resulting from a slipped herringbone packing was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Transient spectroscopy studies showed that CDI-CPP undergoes ISC in both solution and the film state, with triplet generation time constants of 4.5 ns and 238 ps, respectively. The rapid triplet formation through ISC in the film state can be ascribed to the cooperation between intra- and intermolecular charge-transfer interactions. Our results highlight that intermolecular CT interaction has a pronounced effect on the ISC process in the solid state, and shed light on the use of the characteristic structure of CPPs to manipulate intermolecular CT interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaxi Huang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, 97403, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
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5
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Fisher JM, Williams ML, Palmer JR, Powers-Riggs NE, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Long-Lived Charge Separation in Single Crystals of an Electron Donor Covalently Linked to Four Acceptor Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9911-9919. [PMID: 38530990 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Crystalline donor-acceptor (D-A) systems serve as an excellent platform for studying CT exciton creation, migration, and dissociation into free charge carriers for solar energy conversion. Donor-acceptor cocrystals have been utilized to develop an understanding of CT exciton formation in ordered organic solids; however, the strong electronic coupling of the D and A units can sometimes limit charge separation lifetimes due to their close proximity. Covalent D-A systems that preorganize specific donor-acceptor structures can assist in engineering crystal morphologies that promote long-lived charge separation to overcome this limitation. Here we investigate photogenerated CT exciton formation in a single crystal of a 2,5,8,11-tetraphenylperylene (PerPh4) donor to which four identical naphthalene-(1,4:5,8)-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) electron acceptors are covalently attached at the para positions of the PerPh4 phenyl groups to yield PerPh4-NDI4. X-ray crystallography shows that the four NDIs pack pairwise into two distinct motifs. Two NDI acceptors of one PerPh4-NDI4 are positioned over the PerPh4 donors of adjacent PerPh4-NDI4 molecules with the donor and acceptor π-systems having a large dihedral angle between them, while the other two NDIs of PerPh4-NDI4 form xylene-NDI van der Waals π-stacks with the corresponding NDIs in adjacent PerPh4-NDI4 molecules. Upon selective photoexcitation of PerPh4 in the single crystal, CT exciton formation occurs in <300 fs yielding electron-hole pairs that live for more than ∼16 μs. This demonstrates the effectiveness of covalently linked D-A systems for engineering single crystal structures that promote efficient and long-lived charge separation for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Natalia E Powers-Riggs
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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6
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Wang L, Zhu W. Organic Donor-Acceptor Systems for Photocatalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307227. [PMID: 38145342 PMCID: PMC10933655 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials are considered to be promising photocatalysts due to their excellent light absorption by chromophores, easy molecular structure tuning, and solution-processable properties. In particular, donor-acceptor (D-A) type organic photocatalytic materials synthesized by introducing D and A units intra- or intermolecularly, have made great progress in photocatalytic studies. More and more studies have demonstrated that the D-A type organic photocatalytic materials combine effective carrier separation, tunable bandgap, and sensitive optoelectronic response, and are considered to be an effective strategy for enhancing light absorption, improving exciton dissociation, and optimizing carrier transport. This review provides a thorough overview of D-A strategies aimed at optimizing the photocatalytic performance of organic semiconductors. Initially, essential methods for modifying organic photocatalytic materials, such as interface engineering, crystal engineering, and interaction modulation, are briefly discussed. Subsequently, the review delves into various organic photocatalytic materials based on intramolecular and intermolecular D-A interactions, encompassing small molecules, conjugated polymers, crystalline polymers, supramolecules, and organic heterojunctions. Meanwhile, the energy band structures, exciton dynamics, and redox-active sites of D-A type organic photocatalytic materials under different bonding modes are discussed. Finally, the review highlights the advanced applications of organic photocatalystsand outlines prospective challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated CircuitsMinistry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic SciencesDepartment of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Weigang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated CircuitsMinistry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic SciencesDepartment of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
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7
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Xue T, Ma C, Liu L, Xiao C, Ni SF, Zeng R. Characterization of A π-π stacking cocrystal of 4-nitrophthalonitrile directed toward application in photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1455. [PMID: 38365855 PMCID: PMC10873295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoexcitation of the electron-donor-acceptor complexes have been an effective approach to achieve radicals by triggering electron transfer. However, the catalytic version of electron-donor-acceptor complex photoactivation is quite underdeveloped comparing to the well-established utilization of electronically biased partners. In this work, we utilize 4-nitrophthalonitrile as an electron acceptor to facilitate the efficient π-stacking with electron-rich aromatics to form electron-donor-acceptor complex. The characterization and energy profiles on the cocrystal of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene disclose that the electron transfer is highly favorable under the light irradiation. This electron acceptor catalyst can be efficiently applied in the benzylic C-H bond photoactivation by developing the Giese reaction of alkylanisoles and the oxidation of the benzyl alcohols. A broad scope of electron-rich aromatics can be tolerated and a mechanism is also proposed. Moreover, the corresponding π-anion interaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with potassium formate can further facilitate the hydrocarboxylation of alkenes efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Chunhui Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
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8
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Skhirtladze L, Keruckiene R, Bezvikonnyi O, Mahmoudi M, Volyniuk D, Leitonas K, Ghasemi M, Simokaitiene J, Nasir FHA, Ariffin A, Grazulevicius JV. Switching thermally activated delayed fluorescence to room temperature phosphorescence for oxygen sensing: Effect of donor substituents of trifluoromethylphenyl. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123531. [PMID: 37890326 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Two compounds consisting of electron-accepting trifluoromethylphenyl moiety and electron-donating phenoxazine and phenothiazine moieties were designed and synthesized via Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reaction. Thermal, photophysical, and electrochemical properties of the compounds are discussed. Only compound with phenothiazine form molecular glass, with glass transition temperatures of 90 °C. The geometry and electronic characteristics of the compounds were substantiated within density functional theory (DFT). 10,10'-(2-(Trifluoromethyl)-1,4-phenylene)bis(10H-phenoxazine) shows efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence with high spin-orbit coupling values. 10,10'-(2-(Trifluoromethyl)-1,4-phenylene)bis(10H-phenothiazine) as efficient room-temperature phosphor shows high oxygen sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levani Skhirtladze
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Rasa Keruckiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Oleksandr Bezvikonnyi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu˛ st. 50, LT-51369 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Malek Mahmoudi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Leitonas
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Melika Ghasemi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurate Simokaitiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Farah Hannan Abd Nasir
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre (LDMRC), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Ariffin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juozas V Grazulevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko st. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
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9
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Palmer JR, Williams ML, Young RM, Peinkofer KR, Phelan BT, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Oriented Triplet Excitons as Long-Lived Electron Spin Qutrits in a Molecular Donor-Acceptor Single Cocrystal. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1089-1099. [PMID: 38156609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The photogeneration of multiple unpaired electron spins within molecules is a promising route to applications in quantum information science because they can be initialized into well-defined, multilevel quantum states (S > 1/2) and reproducibly fabricated by chemical synthesis. However, coherent manipulation of these spin states is difficult to realize in typical molecular systems due to the lack of selective addressability and short coherence times of the spin transitions. Here, these challenges are addressed by using donor-acceptor single cocrystals composed of pyrene and naphthalene dianhydride to host spatially oriented triplet excitons, which exhibit promising photogenerated qutrit properties. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy demonstrates that spatially orienting triplet excitons in a single crystal platform imparts narrow, well-resolved, tunable resonances in the triplet EPR spectrum, allowing selective addressability of the spin sublevel transitions. Pulse-EPR spectroscopy reveals that at temperatures above 30 K, spin decoherence of these triplet excitons is driven by exciton diffusion. However, coherence is limited by electronic spin dipolar coupling below 30 K, where T2 varies nonlinearly with the optical excitation density due to exciton annihilation. Overall, an optimized coherence time of T2 = 7.1 μs at 20 K is achieved. These results provide important insights into designing solid-state molecular excitonic materials with improved spin qutrit properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kathryn R Peinkofer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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10
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Clark JA, Kusy D, Vakuliuk O, Krzeszewski M, Kochanowski KJ, Koszarna B, O'Mari O, Jacquemin D, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. The magic of biaryl linkers: the electronic coupling through them defines the propensity for excited-state symmetry breaking in quadrupolar acceptor-donor-acceptor fluorophores. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13537-13550. [PMID: 38033901 PMCID: PMC10685337 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03812b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) is key for molecular photonics, governing the optical properties of chromophores comprising electron-rich and electron-deficient components. In photoexcited dyes with an acceptor-donor-acceptor or donor-acceptor-donor architecture, CT breaks their quadrupolar symmetry and yields dipolar structures manifesting pronounced solvatochromism. Herein, we explore the effects of electronic coupling through biaryl linkers on the excited-state symmetry breaking of such hybrid dyes composed of an electron-rich core, i.e., 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole (DHPP), and pyrene substituents that can act as electron acceptors. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that strengthening the donor-acceptor electronic coupling decreases the CT rates and the propensity for symmetry breaking. We ascribe this unexpected result to effects of electronic coupling on the CT thermodynamics, which in its turn affects the CT kinetics. In cases of intermediate electronic coupling, the pyrene-DHPP conjugates produce fluorescence spectra, spreading over the whole visible range, that in addition to the broad CT emission, show bands from the radiative deactivation of the locally excited states of the donor and the acceptors. Because the radiative deactivation of the low-lying CT states is distinctly slow, fluorescence from upper locally excited states emerge leading to the observed anti-Kasha behaviour. As a result, these dyes exhibit white fluorescence. In addition to demonstrating the multifaceted nature of the effects of electronic coupling on CT dynamics, these chromophores can act as broad-band light sources with practical importance for imaging and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Damian Kusy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Kochanowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Omar O'Mari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 F-44000 Nantes France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) F-75005 Paris France
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
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11
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Meskers SCJ. The Exciton Model for Molecular Materials: Past, Present and Future? Chemphyschem 2023:e202300666. [PMID: 38010974 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In assemblies of identical molecules or chromophores, electronic excitations can be described as excitons, bound electron-hole pairs that can move from site to site as a pair in a coherent manner. The understanding of excitons is crucial when trying to engineer favorable photophysical properties through structuring organic molecular matter. In recent decades, limitations of the concept of an exciton have become clear. The exciton can hybridize with phonon and photons. To clarify these issues, the exciton is discussed within the broader context of the gauge properties of the electromagnetic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven university of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Sunny J, Sebastian E, Sujilkumar S, Würthner F, Engels B, Hariharan M. Unveiling the intersystem crossing dynamics in N-annulated perylene bisimides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28428-28436. [PMID: 37843851 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficient population of the triplet excited states in heavy metal-free organic chromophores has been one of the long-standing research problems to molecular photochemists. The negligible spin-orbit coupling matrix elements in the purely organic chromophores and the large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T) pose a hurdle for ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC). Herein we report the unprecedented population of triplet manifold in a series of nitrogen-annulated perylene bisimide chromophores (NPBI and Br-NPBI). NPBI is found to have a moderate fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 68 ± 5%), whereas Br-NPBI showcased a low fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 2.0 ± 0.6%) in toluene. The femtosecond transient absorption measurements of Br-NPBI revealed ultrafast ISC (kISC = 1.97 × 1010 s-1) from the initially populated singlet excited state to the long-lived triplet excited states. The triplet quantum yields (ΦT = 95.2 ± 4.6% for Br-NPBI, ΦT = 18.7 ± 2.3% for NPBI) calculated from nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements showed the enhancement in triplet population upon bromine substitution. The quantum chemical calculations revealed the explicit role of nitrogen annulation in tuning the excited state energy levels to favor the ISC. The near degeneracy between the singlet and triplet excited states observed in NPBI and Br-NPBI (ΔES-T = -0.01 eV for NPBI, ΔES-T = 0.03 eV for Br-NPBI) facilitates the spin flipping in the molecules. Nitrogen annulation emerges as a design strategy to open up the ISC pathway and the rate of which can be further enhanced by the substitution of a heavier element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswin Sunny
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Ebin Sebastian
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Suvarna Sujilkumar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Strasse 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
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13
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Soldner S, Anhalt O, Sárosi MB, Stolte M, Würthner F. Donor-acceptor complex formation by social self-sorting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and perylene bisimides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11656-11659. [PMID: 37702093 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03704e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly versus complexation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) guest molecules is studied for a series of perylene bisimides (PBIs). Bulky imide substituents at the PBI guide their self-assembly into dimer aggregates with null-type exciton coupling. Host-guest titration experiments with perylene and triphenylene PAHs afford 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes whose properties are studied by single crystal X-ray analysis and UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Soldner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Olga Anhalt
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Menyhárt B Sárosi
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Bhattacharjee S, Neese F, Pantazis DA. Triplet states in the reaction center of Photosystem II. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9503-9516. [PMID: 37712047 PMCID: PMC10498673 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis sunlight is harvested and funneled as excitation energy into the reaction center (RC) of Photosystem II (PSII), the site of primary charge separation that initiates the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. The chlorophyll ChlD1 pigment of the RC is the primary electron donor, forming a charge-separated radical pair with the vicinal pheophytin PheoD1 (ChlD1+PheoD1-). To avert charge recombination, the electron is further transferred to plastoquinone QA, whereas the hole relaxes to a central pair of chlorophylls (PD1PD2), subsequently driving water oxidation. Spin-triplet states can form within the RC when forward electron transfer is inhibited or back reactions are favored. This can lead to formation of singlet dioxygen, with potential deleterious effects. Here we investigate the nature and properties of triplet states within the PSII RC using a multiscale quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) approach. The low-energy spectrum of excited singlet and triplet states, of both local and charge-transfer nature, is compared using range-separated time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). We further compute electron paramagnetic resonance properties (zero-field splitting parameters and hyperfine coupling constants) of relaxed triplet states and compare them with available experimental data. Moreover, the electrostatic modulation of excited state energetics and redox properties of RC pigments by the semiquinone QA- is described. The results provide a detailed electronic-level understanding of triplet states within the PSII RC and form a refined basis for discussing primary and secondary electron transfer, charge recombination pathways, and possible photoprotection mechanisms in PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjini Bhattacharjee
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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15
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Tait CE, Krzyaniak MD, Stoll S. Computational tools for the simulation and analysis of spin-polarized EPR spectra. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 349:107410. [PMID: 36870248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The EPR spectra of paramagnetic species induced by photoexcitation typically exhibit enhanced absorptive and emissive features resulting from sublevel populations that differ from thermal equilibrium. The populations and the resulting spin polarization of the spectra are dictated by the selectivity of the photophysical process generating the observed state. Simulation of the spin-polarized EPR spectra is crucial in the characterization of both the dynamics of formation of the photoexcited state as well as its electronic and structural properties. EasySpin, the simulation toolbox for EPR spectroscopy, now includes extended support for the simulation of the EPR spectra of spin-polarized states of arbitrary spin multiplicity and formed by a variety of different mechanisms, including photoexcited triplet states populated by intersystem crossing, charge recombination or spin polarization transfer, spin-correlated radical pairs created by photoinduced electron transfer, triplet pairs formed by singlet fission and multiplet states arising from photoexcitation in systems containing chromophores and stable radicals. In this paper, we highlight EasySpin's capabilities for the simulation of spin-polarized EPR spectra on the basis of illustrative examples from the literature in a variety of fields ranging across chemistry, biology, material science and quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Tait
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston 60208, IL, United States
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, United States
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16
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Ciuti S, Toninato J, Barbon A, Zarrabi N, Poddutoori PK, van der Est A, Di Valentin M. Solvent dependent triplet state delocalization in a co-facial porphyrin heterodimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:30051-30061. [PMID: 36472461 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04291f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The excited triplet state of a cofacial aluminum(III) porphyrin-phosphorus(V) porphyrin heterodimer is investigated using transient EPR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. In the dimer, the two porphyrins are bound covalently to each other via a μ-oxo bond between the Al and P centres, which results in strong electronic interaction between the porphyrin rings. The spin polarized transient EPR spectrum of the dimer is narrower than the spectra of the constituent monomers and the magnitude of the zero-field splitting parameter D is solvent dependent, decreasing as the polarity of the solvent increases. The quantum chemical calculations show that the spin density of the triplet state is delocalized over both porphyrins, while magnetophotoselection measurements reveal that, in contrast to the value of D, the relative orientation of the ZFS axes and the excitation transition dipole moments are not solvent dependent. Together the results indicate that triplet state wavefunction is delocalized over both porphyrins and has a modest degree of charge-transfer character that increases with increasing solvent polarity. The sign of the spin polarization pattern of the dimer triplet state is opposite to that of the monomers. The positive sign of D predicted for the monomers and dimer by the quantum chemical calculations implies that the different signs of the spin polarization patterns is a result of a difference in the spin selectivity of the intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Ciuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Toninato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
| | - Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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