1
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Tian H, Zhang J, He B, Liu Y, Li W, Zhang F, Wang Z, Lu X, Xin Y, Wang S. An artificial layer enables in situ generation of a homogeneous inorganic/organic composite solid electrolyte interphase for stable lithium metal batteries. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:18066-18075. [PMID: 39257237 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal anodes are considered one of the most promising anodes for high-performance batteries with ultra-high specific energy density. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and the unsuitability of common systems for high voltage hinder the development of Li metal batteries with long cycle life. Herein, we report a rationally designed artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for Li metal anodes, incorporating LiNO3 and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) as additives within a porous poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer skeleton (referred to as PNF). LiNO3 and LiDFOB can release and synergistically react at the electrode surface, leading to the in situ generation of a homogeneously distributed inorganic/organic SEI during the electrochemical process. This SEI improves homogeneity, ionic conductivity and mechanical stability, contributing to the suppression of electrolyte side reactions and Li dendrite growth. Moreover, a uniform CEI with high Li+ conductivity can be constructed on the NCM811 particles, further enhancing the structural integrity of the NCM811 cathode. As a result, the artificial SEI layer on Li metal anodes enables stable cycling of Li-Cu half cells in an ester-based electrolyte and Li-LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 full cell even at a high voltage of 4.5 V. This work provides new insights into designing homogeneous SEIs for Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jianxun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Bijiao He
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Weiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xuewei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System of Ministry of Education and School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of New Energy Storage Technology, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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2
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Zhang F, Zhang P, Zhang W, Gonzalez PR, Tan DQ, Ein-Eli Y. Five Volts Lithium Batteries with Advanced Carbonate-Based Electrolytes: A Rational Design via a Trio-Functional Addon Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2410277. [PMID: 39246136 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202410277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries paired with high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathodes are a promising energy storage source for achieving enhanced high energy density. Forming durable and robust solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) and the ability to withstand oxidation at high potentials are essential for long-lasting performance. Herein, advanced electrolytes are designed via trio-functional additives to carbonate-based electrolytes for 5 V Li||LNMO and graphite||LNMO cells achieving 88.3% capacity retention after 500 charge-discharge cycles. Theoretical calculations reveal that adding adiponitrile facilitates the presence of more hierarchical DFOB- and PF6 - dual anion structure in the solvation sheath, leading to a faster de-solvation of the Li cation. By combining both fluorine and nitrile additives, an efficient synergistic effect is obtained, generating robust thin inorganic SEI and CEI films, respectively. These films enhance microstructural stability; Li dendrite growth on the Li electrode is being suppressed at the anode side and transition-metals dissolution from the cathode is being mitigated, as evidenced by cryo-transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, 399 Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Pedro R Gonzalez
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Daniel Q Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yair Ein-Eli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Israel National Institute of Energy Storage (INIES), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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3
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Martín-Yerga D, Xu X, Valavanis D, West G, Walker M, Unwin PR. High-Throughput Combinatorial Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Nanoscale Lithium Metal Plating. ACS NANO 2024; 18:23032-23046. [PMID: 39136274 PMCID: PMC11363218 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of Li metal batteries requires a detailed understanding of complex nucleation and growth processes during electrodeposition. In situ techniques offer a framework to study these phenomena by visualizing structural dynamics that can inform the design of uniform plating morphologies. Herein, we combine scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) with in situ interference reflection microscopy (IRM) for a comprehensive investigation of Li nucleation and growth on lithiophilic thin-film gold electrodes. This multimicroscopy approach enables nanoscale spatiotemporal monitoring of Li plating and stripping, along with high-throughput capabilities for screening experimental conditions. We reveal the accumulation of inactive Li nanoparticles in specific electrode regions, yet these regions remain functional in subsequent plating cycles, suggesting that growth does not preferentially occur from particle tips. Optical-electrochemical correlations enabled nanoscale mapping of Coulombic Efficiency (CE), showing that regions prone to inactive Li accumulation require more cycles to achieve higher CE. We demonstrate that electrochemical nucleation time (tnuc) is a lagging indicator of nucleation and introduce an optical method to determine tnuc at earlier stages with nanoscale resolution. Plating at higher current densities yielded smaller Li nanoparticles and increased areal density, and was not affected by heterogeneous topographical features, being potentially beneficial to achieve a more uniform plating at longer time scales. These results enhance the understanding of Li plating on lithiophilic surfaces and offer promising strategies for uniform nucleation and growth. Our multimicroscopy approach has broad applicability to study nanoscale metal plating and stripping phenomena, with relevance in the battery and electroplating fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40100, Finland
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Geoff West
- Warwick
Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Marc Walker
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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4
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Kim J, Kim M, Lee J, An J, Yang S, Ahn HC, Yoo DJ, Choi JW. Insights from Li and Zn systems for advancing Mg and Ca metal batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8878-8902. [PMID: 39106108 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The inherent limitations of lithium (Li)-ion batteries have sparked interest in exploring alternative technologies, especially those relying on metallic anodes: monovalent Li and divalent zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) metals. In particular, Mg and Ca metal batteries offer significant advantages based on the natural abundance of their raw materials and high energy-storage capabilities resulting from the bivalency of the carrier ions. Yet, these battery systems are far from commercialization, and the lack of reliable electrolytes constitutes a primary concern. The formation of ion-insulating passivation layers on these metallic anodes and their inferior desolvation kinetics have long been recognized as formidable hurdles in the way of optimizing the electrolyte composition. These impediments call for innovative strategies in electrolyte engineering and an extensive analysis of the resulting solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer. In this review, we introduce recent pioneering studies of divalent Mg and Ca metal batteries that have been concerned with these issues. This review particularly focuses on drawing an analogy with Li and Zn metal batteries in terms of the relative advancement and by benchmarking against the strategies developed for these analogous systems. The areas of interest include a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics and evolution of the morphology of metallic anodes, a correlation between the electrolyte and SEI compositions, state-of-the-art electrolyte strategies to realize reversible (de)plating of Mg and Ca, and new perspectives on the SEI properties and their relevance to corrosion and the calendar life. We finally encourage researchers in the community to delve into these emerging areas by linking with successful stories in the analogous systems, but identifying distinct aspects of Mg and Ca batteries that still require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1-Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minkwan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1-Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jimin Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1-Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiwoo An
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1-Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seonmo Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1-Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Chul Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1-Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Joo Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1-Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wang Q, Wang J, Heringa JR, Bai X, Wagemaker M. High-Entropy Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2024; 9:3796-3806. [PMID: 39144807 PMCID: PMC11320655 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
One of the primary challenges to improving lithium-ion batteries lies in comprehending and controlling the intricate interphases. However, the complexity of interface reactions and the buried nature make it difficult to establish the relationship between the interphase characteristics and electrolyte chemistry. Herein, we employ diverse characterization techniques to investigate the progression of electrode-electrolyte interphases, bringing forward opportunities to improve the interphase properties by what we refer to as high-entropy solvation disordered electrolytes. Through formulating an electrolyte with a regular 1.0 M concentration that includes multiple commercial lithium salts, the solvation interaction with lithium ions alters fundamentally. The participation of several salts can result in a weaker solvation interaction, giving rise to an anion-rich and disordered solvation sheath despite the low salt concentration. This induces a conformal, inorganic-rich interphase that effectively passivates electrodes, preventing solvent co-intercalation. Remarkably, this electrolyte significantly enhances the performance of graphite-containing anodes paired with high-capacity cathodes, offering a promising avenue for tailoring interphase chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Wang
- Department
of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jianlin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jouke R. Heringa
- Department
of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Xuedong Bai
- State
Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department
of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Li Z, Yuan Y, Pu SD, Qi R, Ding S, Qin R, Kareer A, Bruce PG, Robertson AW. Achieving Planar Zn Electroplating in Aqueous Zinc Batteries with Cathode-Compatible Current Densities by Cycling under Pressure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401576. [PMID: 38838065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The value of aqueous zinc-ion rechargeable batteries is held back by the degradation of the Zn metal anode with repeated cycling. While raising the operating current density is shown to alleviate this anode degradation, such high cycling rates are not compatible with full cells, as they cause Zn-host cathodes to undergo capacity decay. A simple approach that improves anode performance while using more modest cathode-compatible current densities is required. This work reports reversible planar Zn deposition under cathode-compatible current densities can instead be achieved by applying external pressure to the cell. Employing multiscale characterization, this work illustrates how cycling under pressure results in denser and more uniform Zn deposition, analogous to that achieved under high cycling rates, even at low areal current densities of 1 to 10 mA cm-2. Microstructural mechanical measurements reveal that Zn structures plated under lower current densities are particularly susceptible to pressure-induced compression. The ability to achieve planar Zn plating at cathode-compatible current densities holds significant promise for enabling high-capacity Zn-ion battery full cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Shengda D Pu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Rui Qi
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Shenghuan Ding
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Runzhi Qin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Anna Kareer
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Peter G Bruce
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Alex W Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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7
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Li Z, Chen X, Li W, Li J, Zhang Y, Lu L, Luo Y, Zhang C, Gao F, Liu J, Zhan C, Qiu X. High-Concentrated Binary-Salt Ether Electrolytes for High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries with Ni-Rich Cathode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37288-37297. [PMID: 38953553 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The incompatibility of ether electrolytes with a cathode dramatically limits its application in high-voltage Li metal batteries. Herein, we report a new highly concentrated binary salt ether-based electrolyte (HCBE, 1.25 M LiTFSI + 2.5 M LiFSI in DME) that enables stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal batteries with the Ni-rich (NCM83, LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2) cathode. Experimental characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the special solvation structure in HCBE. A solvation structure rich in aggregates (AGGs) can effectively broaden the electrochemical window of the ether electrolyte. The anions in HCBE preferentially decompose under high voltage, forming a CEI film rich in inorganic components to protect the electrolyte from degradation. Thus, the high-energy-density Li||NCM83 cell has a capacity retention of ≈95% after 150 cycles. Significantly, the cells in HCBE have a high and stable average Coulombic efficiency of over 99.9%, much larger than that of 1 M LiPF6 + EC + EMC + DMC (99%). The result emphasizes that the anionic-driven formation of a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) can reduce the number of interface side reactions and effectively protect the cathode. Furthermore, the Coulombic efficiency of Li||Cu using the HCBE is 98.5%, underscoring the advantages of using ether-based electrolytes. This work offers novel insights and approaches for the design of high-performance electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Li
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Institute of Tsinghua University Hebei, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lisi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Technology Center of SVOLT Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Technology Center of SVOLT Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Chun Zhan
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Wang J, Wang Y, Lu X, Qian J, Yang C, Manke I, Song H, Liao J, Wang S, Chen R. Ultra-Sleek High Entropy Alloy Tights: Realizing Superior Cyclability for Anode-Free Battery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2308257. [PMID: 38102857 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of Li-free anodes to inhibit Li dendrite formation and provide high energy density Li batteries is highly applauded. However, the lithiophobic interphase and heterogeneous Li deposition hindered the practical application. In this work, a 20 nm ultra-sleek high entropy alloy (HEA, NiCdCuInZn) tights loaded with HEA nanoparticles are developed by a thermodynamically driven phase transition method on the carbon fiber (HEA/C). Multiple Li+ transport paths and abundant active sites are enabled by the cocktail effect of different constituent elements in HEA. These active sites with gradient absorption energies (-3.18 to -2.03 eV) facilitate selective binding, providing a low barrier for homogeneous Li nucleation. Simultaneously, multiple transport paths promote Li diffusion behavior with uniform Li deposition. Thus, the HEA/C achieves high reversibility of Li plating/stripping processes over 2000 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 99.6% at 5 mA cm-2 /1 mAh cm-2 in asymmetric cells, as well as over 7200 h at 60 mA cm-2 /60 mAh cm-2 in symmetric cells. Moreover, the anode-free full cell with the HEA/C host has an average coulombic efficiency of 99.5% at 1 C after 160 cycles. This advanced HEA structure design shows a favorable potential application for anode-free Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (QuZhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, 313001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ji Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haojie Song
- School of materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jiaxuan Liao
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (QuZhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, 313001, China
| | - Sizhe Wang
- School of materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (QuZhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, 313001, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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9
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Tao M, Chen X, Lin H, Jin Y, Shan P, Zhao D, Gao M, Liang Z, Yang Y. Clarifying the Temperature-Dependent Lithium Deposition/Stripping Process and the Evolution of Inactive Li in Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37972379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The deposition/stripping behavior of lithium metal is intriguing, and the associated formation of inactive lithium at various temperatures remains elusive, which hinders the practical application of lithium metal batteries. Here, utilizing the variable-temperature operando solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS NMR) technique, we reveal the temperature effects on the lithium microstructure evolution in a carbonate-based electrolyte system. In addition, the mass spectrometry titration (MST) method is used to quantify the evolution of inactive lithium components, including dead lithium, solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and lithium hydride (LiH). Combined SS NMR and MST results show that the morphology of lithium metal is reasonably correlated to the amount of inactive Li formed. At low/ambient temperature, the lithium microstructure has a similar evolution pattern, and its poor morphology leads to a large amount of dead lithium, which dominates capacity loss; however, at high temperature large and dense lithium deposits form with less dead Li detected, and the intensified electrolyte consumption in SEI formation is the major cause for capacity loss. Our phase-field simulation results reveal that the compact lithium deposition formed at higher temperature is due to the more uniformly distributed electric field and Li+ concentration. Lastly, two strategies in forming a dense Li deposit are proposed and tested that show performance-enhancing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhao Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Danhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbin Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziteng Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- School of Energy Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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10
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Gu Y, Yan H, Wang WW, Zhang XG, Yan J, Mao BW. Unraveling the Mechanism of Very Initial Dendritic Growth Under Lithium Ion Transport Control in Lithium Metal Anodes. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9872-9879. [PMID: 37856869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal deposition is strongly affected by the intrinsic properties of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and working electrolyte, but a relevant understanding is far from complete. Here, by employing multiple electrochemical techniques and the design of SEI and electrolyte, we elucidate the electrochemistry of Li deposition under mass transport control. It is discovered that SEIs with a lower Li ion transference number and/or conductivity induce a distinctive current transition even under moderate potentiostatic polarization, which is associated with the control regime transition of Li ion transport from the SEI to the electrolyte. Furthermore, our findings help reveal the creation of a space-charge layer at the electrode/SEI interface due to the involvement of the diffusion process of Li ions through the SEI, which promotes the formation of dendrite embryos that develop and eventually trigger SEI breakage and the control regime transition of Li ion transport. Our insight into the very initial dendritic growth mechanism offers a bridge toward design and control for superior SEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Huang K, Bi S, Xu H, Wu L, Fang C, Zhang X. Optimizing Li-ion Solvation in Gel Polymer Electrolytes to Stabilize Li-Metal Anode. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300671. [PMID: 37329230 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have potential as substitutes for liquid electrolytes in lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). Their semi-solid state also makes GPEs suitable for various applications, including wearables and flexible electronics. Here, we report the initiation of ring-opening polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) by Lewis acid and the introduction of diluent 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) to regulate electrolyte structure for a more stable interface. This diluent-blended GPE exhibits enhanced electrochemical stability and ion transport properties compared to a blank version without it. FTIR and NMR proved the effectiveness of monomer polymerization and further determined the molecular weight distribution of polymerization by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Experimental and simulation results show that the addition of TTE enhances ion association and tends to distribute on the anode surface to construct a robust and low-impedance SEI. Thus, the polymer battery achieves 5 C charge-discharge at room temperature and 200 cycles at low temperature -20 °C. The study presents an effective approach for regulating solvation structures in GPEs, promoting advancements in the future design of GPE-based LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsheng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Hai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Langyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Chang Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
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Zhao X, Sun M, Ai G, Zhang T, Wei J, Mao W. Ant-Nest-like Lithiophilic Host for Long-Life Lithium Metal Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37381-37389. [PMID: 37494659 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of confined host to tutor Li nucleation and deposition behavior remains a key challenge for the long stability of lithium metal anodes (LMAs), while the scalability and feasibility of the method need to be taken into concern. Herein, a biomimic strategy is designed for tutoring in-depth nucleation and bottom-up Li deposition by composing ant-nest-like lithiophilic hosts for LMAs with light-weight flexible and conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the framework, table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) as the washable porous creator, and homogeneously dispersed nano-Si as the nucleation site. It possesses similar optimized structure as ant nests in nature and can provide large and conductive inner volume for Li storage. Combining with the interconnected passways can ensure effective ion compensation like food transport channels for ants, and the well-designed host can take effect as an individual Li anode (5 mA h cm-2 area Li loading for demonstration) and the record-long stable LMA host can be achieved for over a 2200 h lifespan with minimum volume expansion. Therefore, this biomimic strategy is developed with all commercialized battery materials, and all industry compatible production methods can provide a feasible technical path for the stable, long-cyclability, and reliable host design for LMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Zhao
- Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Guo Ai
- Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Guangzhou Great Bay Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenfeng Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Guangzhou Great Bay Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511458, China
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Wang Z, Che H, Lu W, Chao Y, Wang L, Liang B, Liu J, Xu Q, Cui X. Application of Inorganic Quantum Dots in Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301355. [PMID: 37088862 PMCID: PMC10323660 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have emerged as one of the most attractive alternatives for post-lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, owing to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, the large-scale application of Li-S batteries remains enormously problematic because of the poor cycling life and safety problems, induced by the low conductivity , severe shuttling effect, poor reaction kinetics, and lithium dendrite formation. In recent studies, catalytic techniques are reported to promote the commercial application of Li-S batteries. Compared with the conventional catalytic sites on host materials, quantum dots (QDs) with ultrafine particle size (<10 nm) can provide large accessible surface area and strong polarity to restrict the shuttling effect, excellent catalytic effect to enhance the kinetics of redox reactions, as well as abundant lithiophilic nucleation sites to regulate Li deposition. In this review, the intrinsic hurdles of S conversion and Li stripping/plating reactions are first summarized. More importantly, a comprehensive overview is provided of inorganic QDs, in improving the efficiency and stability of Li-S batteries, with the strategies including composition optimization, defect and morphological engineering, design of heterostructures, and so forth. Finally, the prospects and challenges of QDs in Li-S batteries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuosen Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Haiyun Che
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Lu
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Chao
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Liu Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- High & New Technology Research CenterHenan Academy of SciencesZhengzhou450002P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641P. R. China
| | - Qun Xu
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Cui
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
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Misenan MSM, Hempelmann R, Gallei M, Eren T. Phosphonium-Based Polyelectrolytes: Preparation, Properties, and Usage in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2920. [PMID: 37447565 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorous is an essential element for the life of organisms, and phosphorus-based compounds have many uses in industry, such as flame retardancy reagents, ingredients in fertilizers, pyrotechnics, etc. Ionic liquids are salts with melting points lower than the boiling point of water. The term "polymerized ionic liquids" (PILs) refers to a class of polyelectrolytes that contain an ionic liquid (IL) species in each monomer repeating unit and are connected by a polymeric backbone to form macromolecular structures. PILs provide a new class of polymeric materials by combining some of the distinctive qualities of ILs in the polymer chain. Ionic liquids have been identified as attractive prospects for a variety of applications due to the high stability (thermal, chemical, and electrochemical) and high mobility of their ions, but their practical applicability is constrained because they lack the benefits of both liquids and solids, suffering from both leakage issues and excessive viscosity. PILs are garnering for developing non-volatile and non-flammable solid electrolytes. In this paper, we provide a brief review of phosphonium-based PILs, including their synthesis route, properties, advantages and drawbacks, and the comparison between nitrogen-based and phosphonium-based PILs. As phosphonium PILs can be used as polymer electrolytes in lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications, the conductivity and the thermo-mechanical properties are the most important features for this polymer electrolyte system. The chemical structure of phosphonium-based PILs that was reported in previous literature has been reviewed and summarized in this article. Generally, the phosphonium PILs that have more flexible backbones exhibit better conductivity values compared to the PILs that consist of a rigid backbone. At the end of this section, future directions for research regarding PILs are discussed, including the use of recyclable phosphorus from waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Transfercentre Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene-Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tarik Eren
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Davutpasa Campus, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
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Wang Q, Zhao C, Yao Z, Wang J, Wu F, Kumar SGH, Ganapathy S, Eustace S, Bai X, Li B, Lu J, Wagemaker M. Entropy-Driven Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210677. [PMID: 36718916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing liquid electrolytes with higher kinetics and enhanced interphase stability is one of the key challenges for lithium batteries. However, the poor solubility of lithium salts in solvents sets constraints that compromises the electrolyte properties. Here, it is shown that introducing multiple salts to form a high-entropy solution, alters the solvation structure, which can be used to raise the solubility of specific salts and stabilize electrode-electrolyte interphases. The prepared high-entropy electrolytes significantly enhance the cycling and rate performance of lithium batteries. For lithium-metal anodes the reversibility exceeds 99%, which extends the cycle life of batteries even under aggressive cycling conditions. For commercial batteries, combining a graphite anode with a LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 cathode, more than 1000 charge-discharge cycles are achieved while maintaining a capacity retention of more than 90%. These performance improvements with respect to regular electrolytes are rationalized by the unique features of the solvation structure in high-entropy electrolytes. The weaker solvation interaction induced by the higher disorder results in improved lithium-ion kinetics, and the altered solvation composition leads to stabilized interphases. Finally, the high-entropy, induced by the presence of multiple salts, enables a decrease in melting temperature of the electrolytes and thus enables lower battery operation temperatures without changing the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Wang
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fangting Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, School of Shenzhen International Graduate, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Sai Govind Hari Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Eustace
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Xuedong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, School of Shenzhen International Graduate, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
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Abstract
High-entropy alloys/compounds have large configurational entropy by introducing multiple components, showing improved functional properties that exceed those of conventional materials. However, how increasing entropy impacts the thermodynamic/kinetic properties in liquids that are ambiguous. Here we show this strategy in liquid electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries, demonstrating the substantial impact of raising the entropy of electrolytes by introducing multiple salts. Unlike all liquid electrolytes so far reported, the participation of several anionic groups in this electrolyte induces a larger diversity in solvation structures, unexpectedly decreasing solvation strengths between lithium ions and solvents/anions, facilitating lithium-ion diffusivity and the formation of stable interphase passivation layers. In comparison to the single-salt electrolytes, a low-concentration dimethyl ether electrolyte with four salts shows an enhanced cycling stability and rate capability. These findings, rationalized by the fundamental relationship between entropy-dominated solvation structures and ion transport, bring forward high-entropy electrolytes as a composition-rich and unexplored space for lithium batteries and beyond.
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