1
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Lei B, Cao F, Chen M, Wang X, Mo Z. Bisgermylene-Stabilized Stannylone: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide and Nitro Compounds via Element-Ligand Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17817-17826. [PMID: 38780163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic application of a bis(germylene)-stabilized stannylone (2). The reduction of digermylated stannylene (1) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to the formation of stannylone 2 as a green solid in 78% yield. Computational studies showed that stannylone 2 possesses a formal Sn(0) center and a delocalized 3-c-2-e π-bond in the Ge2Sn core, which arises from back-donation of the p-type lone pair electrons on the Sn atom to the vacant orbitals of the Ge atoms. Stannylone 2 can serve as an efficient precatalyst for the selective reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitroarenes (ArNO2) with the formation of dinitrogen (N2) and hydrazines (ArNH-NHAr), respectively. Exposure of 2 with N2O (1 atm) resulted in the insertion of two oxygen atoms into the Ge-Ge and Ge-Sn bonds, yielding the germyl(oxyl)stannylene (3). Moreover, the stoichiometric reaction of 2 with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene afforded an amido(oxyl)stannylene (4) through the complete scission of the N-O bonds of the nitroarene. Stannylenes 3 and 4 serve as catalytically active species for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide and nitroarenes, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cooperation of the low-valent Ge and Sn centers allows for multiple electron transfers to cleave the N-O bonds of N2O and ArNO2. This approach presents a new strategy for catalyzing the deoxygenation of N2O and ArNO2 using a zerovalent tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Liang Y, Efremenko I, Diskin-Posner Y, Avram L, Milstein D. Calcium-Ligand Cooperation Promoted Activation of N 2O, Amine, and H 2 as well as Catalytic Hydrogenation of Imines, Quinoline, and Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401702. [PMID: 38533687 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Bond activation and catalysis using s-block metals are of great significance. Herein, a series of calcium pincer complexes with deprotonated side arms have been prepared using pyridine-based PNP and PNN ligands. The complexes were characterized by NMR and X-ray crystal diffraction. Utilizing the obtained calcium complexes, unprecedented N2O activation by metal-ligand cooperation (MLC) involving dearomatization-aromatization of the pyridine ligand was achieved, generating aromatized calcium diazotate complexes as products. Additionally, the dearomatized calcium complexes were able to activate the N-H bond as well as reversibly activate H2, offering an opportunity for the catalytic hydrogenation of various unsaturated molecules. DFT calculations were applied to analyze the electronic structures of the synthesized complexes and explore possible reaction mechanisms. This study is an important complement to the area of MLC and main-group metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Irena Efremenko
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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3
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Žáková A, Saha P, Paparakis A, Zábranský M, Gastelu G, Kukla J, Uranga JG, Hulla M. Hexacoordinated tin complexes catalyse imine hydrogenation with H 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3287-3290. [PMID: 38421350 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) hydrogenation catalysts predominantly use alkyl- and aryl-substituted Lewis acids (LA) that offer a limited number of combinations of substituents, limiting our ability to tune their properties and, ultimately, their reactivity. Nevertheless, main-group complexes have numerous ligands available for such purposes, which could enable us to broaden the range of FLP catalysis. Supporting this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that hexacoordinated tin complexes with Schiff base ligands catalyse imine hydrogenation via activation of H2(g). As shown by hydrogen-deuterium scrambling, [Sn(tBu2Salen)(OTf)2] activated H2(g) at 25 °C and 10 bar of H2. After tuning the ligands, we found that [Sn(Salen)Cl2] was the most efficient imine hydrogenation catalyst despite having the lowest activity in H2(g) activation. Moreover, various imines were hydrogenated in yields up to 98% thereby opening up opportunities for developing novel FLP hydrogenation catalysts based on hexacoordinated LA of main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Žáková
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pritha Saha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandros Paparakis
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Zábranský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Gastelu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Jaroslav Kukla
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge G Uranga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química Córdoba Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Martin Hulla
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles, University Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
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4
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Kumar R, Mahata B, Gayathridevi S, Vipin Raj K, Vanka K, Sen SS. Lanthanide Mimicking by Magnesium for Oxazolidinone Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303478. [PMID: 37897110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, magnesium complexes have emerged as a viable alternative to transition-metal catalysts for the hydrofunctionalization of unsaturated bonds. However, their potential for advanced catalytic reactions has not been thoroughly investigated. To address this gap, we have developed a novel magnesium amide compound (3) using a PNP framework that is both bulky and flexible. Our research demonstrates that compound 3 can effectively catalyze the synthesis of biologically significant oxazolidinone derivatives. This synthesis involves a tandem reaction of hydroalkoxylation and cyclohydroamination of isocyanate using propargyl alcohol. Furthermore, we conducted comprehensive theoretical calculations to gain insights into the reaction mechanism. It is important to note that these types of transformations have not been reported for magnesium and would significantly enhance the catalytic portfolio of the 7th most abundant element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Biplab Mahata
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - S Gayathridevi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - K Vipin Raj
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Sakya S Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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5
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Chen M, Zhou Q, Zhou R, Wang W, Shao Y, Zhang F. Lanthanide/B(C 6F 5) 3-Promoted Hydroboration Reduction of Indoles and Quinolines with Pinacolborane. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38178689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a lanthanide/B(C6F5)3-promoted hydroboration reduction of indoles and quinolines with pinacolborane (HBpin). This reaction provides streamlined access to a range of nitrogen-containing compounds in moderate to excellent yields. Large-scale synthesis and further transformations to bioactive compounds indicate that the method has potential practical applications. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that amine additives promote the formation of indole-borane intermediates, and the lanthanide/B(C6F5)3-promoted hydroboration reduction proceeds via hydroboration of indole-borane intermediates with HBpin and in situ-formed BH3 species, followed by the protodeborylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yinlin Shao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Institute of New Materials & Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fangjun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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6
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Moon HW, Wang F, Bhattacharyya K, Planas O, Leutzsch M, Nöthling N, Auer AA, Cornella J. Mechanistic Studies on the Bismuth-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Azoarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313578. [PMID: 37769154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Organobismuth-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation has recently been disclosed as an example of low-valent Bi redox catalysis. However, its mechanistic details have remained speculative. Herein, we report experimental and computational studies that provide mechanistic insights into a Bi-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of azoarenes using p-trifluoromethylphenol (4) and pinacolborane (5) as hydrogen sources. A kinetic analysis elucidated the rate orders in all components in the catalytic reaction and determined that 1 a (2,6-bis[N-(tert-butyl)iminomethyl]phenylbismuth) is the resting state. In the transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene using 1 a and 4, an equilibrium between 1 a and 1 a ⋅ [OAr]2 (Ar=p-CF3 -C6 H4 ) is observed, and its thermodynamic parameters are established through variable-temperature NMR studies. Additionally, pKa -gated reactivity is observed, validating the proton-coupled nature of the transformation. The ensuing 1 a ⋅ [OAr]2 is crystallographically characterized, and shown to be rapidly reduced to 1 a in the presence of 5. DFT calculations indicate a rate-limiting transition state in which the initial N-H bond is formed via concerted proton transfer upon nucleophilic addition of 1 a to a hydrogen-bonded adduct of azobenzene and 4. These studies guided the discovery of a second-generation Bi catalyst, the rate-limiting transition state of which is lower in energy, leading to catalytic transfer hydrogenation at lower catalyst loadings and at cryogenic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Feng Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kalishankar Bhattacharyya
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oriol Planas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander A Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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7
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Ren XY, Feng XX, Zhang HY, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Han YP, Liang YM. Lewis Acid Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation of Propargylic Alcohols with 2-Vinylanilines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16007-16017. [PMID: 37906678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
An elegant Lewis acid catalyzed, protection-free, and straightforward synthetic strategy for the assembly of a series of sophisticated polycyclic quinoline skeletons employing propargylic alcohols and 2-vinylanilines as the substrates in the presence of Yb(OTf)3 (10 mol %) and AgOTf (10 mol %) in tetrahydrofuran has been described. This annulation protocol, which proceeds through a sequential Meyer-Schuster rearrangement/nucleophilic substitution/deprotonation sequence, provides a versatile, practical, and atom-economical approach for accessing quinoline derivatives in moderate-to-good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yan Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Xuan Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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