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Nussbaum S, Tsokkou D, Frei AT, Friedrich D, Moser JE, Banerji N, Yum JH, Sivula K. Free Charge Carrier Generation by Visible-Light-Absorbing Organic Spacers in Ruddlesden-Popper Layered Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27770-27778. [PMID: 39315461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating organic semiconductor building blocks as spacer cations into layered hybrid perovskites provides an opportunity to develop new materials with novel optoelectronic properties, including nanoheterojunctions that afford spatial separation of electron and hole transport. However, identifying organics with suitable structure and electronic energy levels to selectively absorb visible light has been a challenge in the field. In this work, we introduce a new lead-halide-based Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite structure based on a visible-light-absorbing naphthalene-iminoimide cation (NDI-DAE). Thin films of (NDI-DAE)2PbI4 show a quenched photoluminescence and transient absorption dynamics consistent with the formation of a charge transfer state or free charge carriers when either the inorganic or organic layer is photoexcited, suggesting the formation of a type II nanoheterostructure. Time-resolved microwave conductivity analysis supports free charge generation with sum mobilities up to 4 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1. Mixed halide (NDI-DAE)2Pb(IxBr1-x)4 films show modified inorganic layer band gaps and a photoluminescent reversed type I nanoheterostructure with high bromide content (e.g., for x = 0). At x = 0.5, transient absorption and microwave conductivity measurements provide strong evidence that selective visible-light absorbance by the NDI-DAE cation generates separated free carriers via hole transfer to the inorganic layer (leaving photogenerated electrons in the organic layer), which represents an important step toward enhancing light harvesting and affording the spatial separation of charge carrier transport in stable layered perovskite-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nussbaum
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Demetra Tsokkou
- FemtoMat Research Group, Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aaron T Frei
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Friedrich
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 140109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacques-E Moser
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Banerji
- FemtoMat Research Group, Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jun-Ho Yum
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Sun J, Penukula S, Li M, Hosseinzade MR, Tang Y, Dou L, Rolston N. Mechanical and Ionic Characterization for Organic Semiconductor-Incorporated Perovskites for Stable 2D/3D Heterostructure Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2406928. [PMID: 39375987 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202406928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid metal halide perovskite (MHP) materials, while being promising for photovoltaic technology, also encounter challenges related to material stability. Combining 2D MHPs with 3D MHPs offers a viable solution, yet there is a gap in the understanding of the stability among various 2D materials. The mechanical, ionic, and environmental stability of various 2D MHP ligands are reported, and an improvement with the use of a quater-thiophene-based organic cation (4TmI) that forms an organic-semiconductor incorporated MHP structure is demonstrated. It is shown that the best balance of mechanical robustness, environmental stability, ion activation energy, and reduced mobile ion concentration under accelerated aging is achieved with the usage of 4TmI. It is believed that by addressing mechanical and ion-based degradation modes using this built-in barrier concept with a material system that also shows improvements in charge extraction and device performance, MHP solar devices can be designed for both reliability and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaonan Sun
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Saivineeth Penukula
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Muzhi Li
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Mona Rasa Hosseinzade
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yuanhao Tang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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Hooijer R, Wang S, Biewald A, Eckel C, Righetto M, Chen M, Xu Z, Blätte D, Han D, Ebert H, Herz LM, Weitz RT, Hartschuh A, Bein T. Overcoming Intrinsic Quantum Confinement and Ultrafast Self-Trapping in Ag-Bi-I- and Cu-Bi-I-Based 2D Double Perovskites through Electroactive Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26694-26706. [PMID: 39311491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
The possibility to combine organic semiconducting materials with inorganic halide perovskites opens exciting pathways toward tuning optoelectronic properties. Exploring stable and nontoxic, double perovskites as a host for electroactive organic cations to form two-dimensional (2D) hybrid materials is an emerging opportunity to create both functional and lead-free materials for optoelectronic applications. By introducing naphthalene and pyrene moieties into Ag-Bi-I and Cu-Bi-I double perovskite lattices, intrinsic electronic challenges of double perovskites are addressed and the electronic anisotropy of 2D perovskites can be modulated. (POE)4AgBiI8 containing pyrene moieties in the 2D layers was selected from a total of eight new 2D double perovskites, exhibiting a favorable electronic band structure with a type IIb multiple quantum well system based on a layer architecture suitable for out-of-plane conductivity and leading to a photocurrent response ratio of almost 3 orders of magnitude under AM1.5G illumination. Finally, an exclusively parallelly oriented thin film of (POE)4AgBiI8 was integrated into a device to construct the first pure n = 1 Ruddlesden-Popper 2D double perovskite solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Hooijer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Shizhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Alexander Biewald
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Christian Eckel
- First Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen 37073 Germany
| | - Marcello Righetto
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Meizhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Zehua Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Dominic Blätte
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hubert Ebert
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - R Thomas Weitz
- First Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen 37073 Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
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Gan Z, Gloor CJ, Yan L, Zhong X, You W, Moran AM. Elucidating phonon dephasing mechanisms in layered perovskites with coherent Raman spectroscopies. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:074202. [PMID: 39158047 DOI: 10.1063/5.0216472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite quantum wells exhibit electronic structures with properties intermediate between those of inorganic semiconductors and molecular crystals. In these systems, periodic layers of organic spacer molecules occupy the interstitial spaces between perovskite sheets, thereby confining electronic excitations to two dimensions. Here, we investigate spectroscopic line broadening mechanisms for phonons coupled to excitons in lead-iodide layered perovskites with phenyl ethyl ammonium (PEA) and azobenzene ethyl ammonium (AzoEA) spacer cations. Using a modified Elliot line shape analysis for the absorbance and photoluminescence spectra, polaron binding energies of 11.2 and 17.5 meV are calculated for (PEA)2PbI4 and (AzoEA)2PbI4, respectively. To determine whether the polaron stabilization processes influence the dephasing mechanisms of coupled phonons, five-pulse coherent Raman spectroscopies are applied to the two systems under electronically resonant conditions. The prominence of inhomogeneous line broadening mechanisms detected in (AzoEA)2PbI4 suggests that thermal fluctuations involving the deformable organic phase broaden the distributions of phonon frequencies within the quantum wells. In addition, our data indicate that polaron stabilization primarily involves photoinduced reorganization of the organic phases for both systems, whereas the impulsively excited phonons represent less than 10% of the total polaron binding energy. The signal generation mechanisms associated with our fifth-order coherent Raman experiments are explored with a perturbative model in which cumulant expansions are used to account for time-coincident vibrational dephasing and polaron stabilization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Camryn J Gloor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Zhang Y, Abdi-Jalebi M, Larson BW, Zhang F. What Matters for the Charge Transport of 2D Perovskites? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404517. [PMID: 38779825 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Compared to 3D perovskites, 2D perovskites exhibit excellent stability, structural diversity, and tunable bandgaps, making them highly promising for applications in solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. However, the trade-off for worse charge transport is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. This comprehensive review first discusses the structure of 3D and 2D metal halide perovskites, then summarizes the significant factors influencing charge transport in detail and provides a brief overview of the testing methods. Subsequently, various strategies to improve the charge transport are presented, including tuning A'-site organic spacer cations, A-site cations, B-site metal cations, and X-site halide ions. Finally, an outlook on the future development of improving the 2D perovskites' charge transport is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Bryon W Larson
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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Ma K, Sun J, Dou L. Advances and challenges in molecular engineering of 2D/3D perovskite heterostructures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7824-7842. [PMID: 38963168 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have been intensively studied in past decades due to their outstanding performance in solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. Recently, the emergence of two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) heterojunctions have enabled many solar cell devices with >25% power conversion efficiency, driven by advances in our understanding of the structural and photophysical properties of the heterojunctions and our ability to control these properties through organic cation configuration in 2D perovskites. In this feature article, we discuss a fundamental understanding of structural characteristics and the carrier dynamics in the 2D/3D heterojunctions and their impact factors. We further elaborate the design strategies for the molecular configuration of organic cations to achieve thorough management of these properties. Finally, recent advances in 2D/3D heterostructures in solar cells, light-emitting devices and photodetectors are highlighted, which translate fundamental understandings to device applications and also reveal the remaining challenges in ligand design for the next generation of stable devices. Future development prospects and related challenges are also provided, with wide perspectives and insightful thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jiaonan Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Lu H, Fang WH, Long R. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics in Momentum Space Beyond Harmonic Approximation: Hot Electron Relaxation in Photoexcited Black Phosphorus. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19547-19554. [PMID: 38976802 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
We simulated hot-electron relaxation in black phosphorus using the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) approach with a non-Condon effect in momentum space beyond the harmonic approximation. By comparing simulations at the Γ point in a large supercell with those using a few k-points in a smaller supercell─while maintaining the same number of electronic states within the same energy range, we demonstrate that both setups yield remarkably consistent energy relaxation times, regardless of the initial state energy. This consistency arises from the complementary effects of supercell size in real space and the number of k-points in the reciprocal space. This finding confirms that simulations at a single k-point in large size supercells are an effective approximation for NA-MD with a non-Condon effect. This approach offers significant advantages for complex photophysics, such as intervalley scattering and indirect bandgap charge recombination, and is particularly suitable for large systems without the need for a harmonic approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Lu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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Lu H, Long R. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Non-Condon Effect of Charge Carrier Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1167-1173. [PMID: 38127733 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonradiative multiphonon transitions play a crucial role in understanding charge carrier dynamics. To capture the non-Condon effect in nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD), we develop a simple and accurate method to calculate noncrossing and crossing k-point NA coupling in momentum space on an equal footing and implement it with a trajectory surface hopping algorithm. Multiple k-point MD trajectories can provide sufficient nonzero momentum multiphonons coupled to electrons, and the momentum conservation is maintained during nonvertical electron transition. The simulations of indirect bandgap transition in silicon and intra- and intervalley transitions in graphene show that incorporation of the non-Condon effect is needed to correctly depict these types of charge dynamics. In particular, a hidden process is responsible for the delayed nonradiative electron-hole recombination in silicon: the thermal-assisted rapid trapping of an excited electron at the conduction band minimum by a long-lived higher energy state through a nonvertical transition extends charge carrier lifetime, approaching 1 ns, which is about 1.5 times slower than the direct bandgap recombination. For graphene, intervalley scattering takes place within about 225 fs, which can occur only when the intravalley relaxation proceeds to about 50 fs to gain enough phonon momentum. The intra- and intervalley scattering constitute energy relaxation, which completes within sub-500 fs. All the simulated time scales are in excellent agreement with experiments. The study establishes the underlying mechanisms for a long-lived charge carrier in silicon and valley scattering in graphene and underscores the robustness of the non-Condon approximation NA-MD method, which is suitable for rigid, soft, and large defective systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Lu
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Long
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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