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Martínez-Gómez F, Rezende MC, Rodríguez-Huenchún V. The Solvatomagnetism of E T(33) Betaine and of Its Phenolic Precursor. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024. [PMID: 39192563 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the N-(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)- 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium perchlorate and of its deprotonated betaine 4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinio)-2,6-dichlorophenolate (Wolfbeis's ET(33) dye) were recorded in various solvents and analyzed in search of solvent-dependent shifts that characterize their solvatomagnetism, which was compared with the well-known UV-vis spectral behavior of this important solvatochromic dye. Although the NMR spectra of ET(33) and its phenolic precursor in different solvents correlated only poorly with their UV-vis spectral responses, they provided valuable information on specific structural features and solute-solvent interactions that are not available from their UV-vis spectra.
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2
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Zaier R, Bancerek M, Kluczyk-Korch K, Antosiewicz TJ. Influence of molecular structure on the coupling strength to a plasmonic nanoparticle and hot carrier generation. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12163-12173. [PMID: 38835327 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Strong coupling between metal nanoparticles and molecules mixes their excitations, creating new eigenstates with modified properties such as altered chemical reactivity, different relaxation pathways or modified phase transitions. Here, we explore excited state plasmon-molecule coupling and discuss how strong coupling together with a changed orientation and number of an asymmetric molecule affects the generation of hot carriers in the system. We used a promising plasmonic material, magnesium, for the nanoparticle and coupled it with CPDT molecules, which are used in organic optoelectronic materials for organic electronic applications due to their facile modification, electron-rich structure, low band gap, high electrical conductivity and good charge transport properties. By employing computational quantum electronic tools we demonstrate the existence of a strong coupling mediated charge transfer plasmon whose direction, magnitude, and spectral position can be tuned. We find that the orientation of CPDT changes the nanoparticle-molecule gap for which maximum charge separation occurs, while larger gaps result in trapping hot carriers within the moieties due to weaker interactions. This research highlights the potential for tuning hot carrier generation in strongly coupled plasmon-molecule systems for enhanced energy generation or excited state chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Zaier
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Bancerek
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Thomas PA, Barnes WL. Strong coupling-induced frequency shifts of highly detuned photonic modes in multimode cavities. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204303. [PMID: 38804495 DOI: 10.1063/5.0208379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong coupling between light and molecules is a fascinating topic exploring the implications of the hybridization of photonic and molecular states. For example, many recent experiments have explored the possibility that strong coupling of photonic and vibrational modes might modify chemical reaction rates. In these experiments, reactants are introduced into a planar cavity, and the vibrational mode of a chemical bond strongly couples to one of the many photonic modes supported by the cavity. Some experiments quantify reaction rates by tracking the spectral shift of higher-order cavity modes that are highly detuned from the vibrational mode of the reactant. Here, we show that the spectral position of these cavity modes, even though they are highly detuned, can still be influenced by strong coupling. We highlight the need to consider this strong coupling-induced frequency shift of cavity modes if one is to avoid underestimating cavity-induced reaction rate changes. We anticipate that our work will assist in the re-analysis of several high-profile results and has implications for the design of future strong coupling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - William L Barnes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
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4
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Joseph K, de Waal B, Jansen SAH, van der Tol JJB, Vantomme G, Meijer EW. Consequences of Vibrational Strong Coupling on Supramolecular Polymerization of Porphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12130-12137. [PMID: 38642054 PMCID: PMC11066862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers display interesting optoelectronic properties and, thus, deploy multiple applications based on their molecular arrangement. However, controlling supramolecular interactions to achieve a desirable molecular organization is not straightforward. Over the past decade, light-matter strong coupling has emerged as a new tool for modifying chemical and material properties. This novel approach has also been shown to alter the morphology of supramolecular organization by coupling the vibrational bands of solute and solvent to the optical modes of a Fabry-Perot cavity (vibrational strong coupling, VSC). Here, we study the effect of VSC on the supramolecular polymerization of chiral zinc-porphyrins (S-Zn) via a cooperative effect. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) measurements indicate that the elongation temperature (Te) of the supramolecular polymerization is lowered by ∼10 °C under VSC. We have also generalized this effect by exploring other supramolecular systems under strong coupling conditions. The results indicate that the solute-solvent interactions are modified under VSC, which destabilizes the nuclei of the supramolecular polymer at higher temperatures. These findings demonstrate that the VSC can indeed be used as a tool to control the energy landscape of supramolecular polymerization. Furthermore, we use this unique approach to switch between the states formed under ON- and OFF-resonance conditions, achieved by simply tuning the optical cavity in and out of resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Joseph
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Waal
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stef A. H. Jansen
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J. B. van der Tol
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Schäfer C, Fojt J, Lindgren E, Erhart P. Machine Learning for Polaritonic Chemistry: Accessing Chemical Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5402-5413. [PMID: 38354223 PMCID: PMC10910569 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Altering chemical reactivity and material structure in confined optical environments is on the rise, and yet, a conclusive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms remains elusive. This originates mostly from the fact that accurately predicting vibrational and reactive dynamics for soluted ensembles of realistic molecules is no small endeavor, and adding (collective) strong light-matter interaction does not simplify matters. Here, we establish a framework based on a combination of machine learning (ML) models, trained using density-functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics to accelerate such simulations. We then apply this approach to evaluate strong coupling, changes in reaction rate constant, and their influence on enthalpy and entropy for the deprotection reaction of 1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilylacetylene, which has been studied previously both experimentally and using ab initio simulations. While we find qualitative agreement with critical experimental observations, especially with regard to the changes in kinetics, we also find differences in comparison with previous theoretical predictions. The features for which the ML-accelerated and ab initio simulations agree show the experimentally estimated kinetic behavior. Conflicting features indicate that a contribution of dynamic electronic polarization to the reaction process is more relevant than currently believed. Our work demonstrates the practical use of ML for polaritonic chemistry, discusses limitations of common approximations, and paves the way for a more holistic description of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Lindgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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6
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Kadyan A, Suresh MP, Johns B, George J. Understanding the Nature of Vibro-Polaritonic States in Water and Heavy Water. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300560. [PMID: 38117002 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Very recent experiments on vibrational strong coupling tend to modify chemical reactivity, energy transfer, and many other physical properties of the coupled system. This is achieved without external stimuli and is very sensitive to the vibrational envelope. Water is an excellent vibrational oscillator, which is being used for similar experiments. However, the inhomogeneously broad OH/OD stretching vibrational band make it complicated to characterize the vibro-polaritonic states spectroscopically. In this paper, we performed vibrational strong coupling and mapped the evolution of vibro-polaritonic branches from low to high concentration of H2 O and measured the on-set of strong coupling. The refractive index dispersion is correlated with the cavity tuning experiments. These results are further compared with transfer matrix simulations. Simulated data deviate as noted in the dispersion spectra as the system enters into ultra-strong coupling due to enhanced self-dipolar interactions. Hopfield coefficients calculation shows that even at ±400 cm-1 detuning, the vibro-polaritonic states still possess hybrid characteristics. We systematically varied the concentration of H2 O and mapped the weak, intermediate, and strong coupling regimes to understand the role of inhomogeneously broad OH/OD stretching vibrational band. Our finding may help to better understand the role of H2 O/D2 O strong coupling in the recent polaritonic chemistry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Kadyan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Monu P Suresh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Ben Johns
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jino George
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
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7
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Castagnola M, Haugland TS, Ronca E, Koch H, Schäfer C. Collective Strong Coupling Modifies Aggregation and Solvation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1428-1434. [PMID: 38290530 PMCID: PMC10860139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular (Coulombic) interactions are pivotal for aggregation, solvation, and crystallization. We demonstrate that the collective strong coupling of several molecules to a single optical mode results in notable changes in the molecular excitations around a single perturbed molecule, thus representing an impurity in an otherwise ordered system. A competition between short-range coulombic and long-range photonic correlations inverts the local transition density in a polaritonic state, suggesting notable changes in the polarizability of the solvation shell. Our results provide an alternative perspective on recent work in polaritonic chemistry and pave the way for the rigorous treatment of cooperative effects in aggregation, solvation, and crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Castagnola
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor S. Haugland
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universitá
degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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Thomas PA, Tan WJ, Kravets VG, Grigorenko AN, Barnes WL. Non-Polaritonic Effects in Cavity-Modified Photochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309393. [PMID: 37997481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of molecules to vacuum fields is widely reported to lead to modified chemical properties such as reaction rates. However, some recent attempts to reproduce infrared strong coupling results have not been successful, suggesting that factors other than strong coupling may sometimes be involved. In the first vacuum-modified chemistry experiment, changes to a molecular photoisomerization process in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range are attributed to strong coupling of the molecules to visible light. Here, this process is re-examined, finding significant variations in photoisomerization rates consistent with the original work. However, there is no evidence that these changes need to be attributed to strong coupling. Instead, it is suggested that the photoisomerization rates involved are most strongly influenced by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the cavity. These results indicate that care must be taken to rule out non-polaritonic effects before invoking strong coupling to explain any changes of properties arising in cavity-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Wai Jue Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Vasyl G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - William L Barnes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
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9
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Fukushima T, Yoshimitsu S, Murakoshi K. Unlimiting ionic conduction: manipulating hydration dynamics through vibrational strong coupling of water. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11441-11446. [PMID: 37886096 PMCID: PMC10599459 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03364c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy states of molecules and the vacuum electromagnetic field can be hybridized to form a strong coupling state. In particular, it has been demonstrated that vibrational strong coupling can be used to modify the chemical dynamics of molecules. Here, we propose that ion dynamics can be altered through modifications of the dynamic hydration structure in a cavity vacuum field. We investigated the effect of different electrolyte species on ionic conductivity. Infrared spectroscopy of aqueous electrolyte solutions within the cavity confirmed the formation of vibrational ultrastrong coupling of water molecules, even in the presence of electrolytes. Interestingly, we observed significant enhancements in ionic conductivity, for specific alkali cations, particularly those classified as structure-breaking cations. These enhancements cannot be explained within the current theoretical framework for liquid electrolytes. Our analysis suggests that the vibrational strong coupling modifies the local dielectric friction experienced by hydrated ions. In addition, we propose the enthalpic and entropic modification of ionic conductivity through the systematic investigation of the hydration properties of different electrolytes. This study unveils the potential role of polaritons for exploring uncharted spaces in the design of materials with enhanced ionic conduction. Harnessing the unique properties of strong coupling and its influence on hydration dynamics could lead to the development of novel electrolytes and advancements in the field of ionic conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Soushi Yoshimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kei Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
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