1
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Wayment LJ, Huang S, Chen H, Lei Z, Ley A, Lee SH, Zhang W. Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks Consisting of Tetraborate Nodes and Flexible Linkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410816. [PMID: 38990712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as versatile materials with many applications, such as carbon capture, molecular separation, catalysis, and energy storage. Traditionally, flexible building blocks have been avoided due to their potential to disrupt ordered structures. Recent studies have demonstrated the intriguing properties and enhanced structural diversity achievable with flexible components by judicious selection of building blocks. This study presents a novel series of ionic COFs (ICOFs) consisting of tetraborate nodes and flexible linkers. These ICOFs use borohydrides to irreversibly deprotonate the alcohol monomers to achieve a high degree of polymerization. Structural analysis confirms the dia topologies. Reticulation is explored using various monomers and metal counterions. Also, these frameworks exhibit excellent stability in alcohols and coordinating solvents. The materials have been tested as single-ion conductive solid-state electrolytes. ICOF-203-Li displays one of the lowest activation energies reported for ion conduction. This tetraborate chemistry is anticipated to facilitate further structural diversity and functionality in crystalline polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Ashley Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Se-Hee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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2
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Yu B, Tao Y, Yao X, Jin Y, Liu S, Xu T, Wang H, Wu H, Zhou W, Zhou X, Ding X, Wang X, Xiao X, Zhang YB, Jiang J. Single-Crystalline 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with Exceptionally High Specific Surface Areas and Gas Storage Capacities. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39392614 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Single-crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly desirable toward understanding their pore chemistry and functions. Herein, two 50-100 μm single-crystalline three-dimensional (3D) COFs, TAM-TFPB-COF and TAPB-TFS-COF, were prepared from the condensation of 4,4',4″,4‴-methanetetrayltetraaniline (TAM) with 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)bimesityl (TFPB) and 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)bimesityl (TAPB) with 4,4',4″,4‴-silanetetrayltetrabenzaldehyde (TFS), respectively, in 1,4-dioxane under the catalysis of acetic acid. Single-crystal 3D electron diffraction reveals the triply interpenetrated dia-b networks of TAM-TFPB-COF with atom resolution, while the isostructure of TAPB-TFS-COF was disclosed by synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction with Le Bail refinements. The nitrogen sorption measurements at 77 K disclose the microporosity nature of both activated COFs with their exceptionally high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas of 3533 and 4107 m2 g-1, representing the thus far record high specific surface area among imine-bonded COFs. This enables the activated COFs to exhibit also the record high methane uptake capacities up to 28.9 wt % (570 cm3 g-1) at 25 °C and 200 bar among all COFs reported thus far. This work not only presents the structures of two single-crystalline COFs with exceptional microporosity but also provides an example of atom engineering to adjust permanent microporous structures for methane storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Tao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yucheng Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Liang Y, Zhou Y. Low-dose electron microscopy imaging for beam-sensitive metal-organic frameworks. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:1270-1281. [PMID: 39387073 PMCID: PMC11460399 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724007192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional properties. Understanding the intricate relationship between the structure of a material and its properties is crucial for guiding the synthesis and application of these materials. (Scanning) Transmission electron microscopy (S)TEM imaging stands out as a powerful tool for structural characterization at the nanoscale, capable of detailing both periodic and aperiodic local structures. However, the high electron-beam sensitivity of MOFs presents substantial challenges in their structural characterization using (S)TEM. This paper summarizes the latest advancements in low-dose high-resolution (S)TEM imaging technology and its application in MOF material characterization. It covers aspects such as framework structure, defects, and surface and interface analysis, along with the distribution of guest molecules within MOFs. This review also discusses emerging technologies like electron ptychography and outlines several prospective research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liang
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron MicroscopyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron MicroscopyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210People’s Republic of China
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Guo L, Yu Z, Xie X, Zhang Q, Luo F. Linkage-Mixed Covalent Organic Frameworks Synthesized by a Liquid-Solid Two-Phase Strategy for Photoenhanced Uranium Extraction. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9854-9860. [PMID: 39082842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Synthesizing COFs with hybrid linkage coupling with both reversible and irreversible natures remains a challenging issue. Herein, we report the synthesis of two rare COFs constructed by both reversible and irreversible linkages through a liquid-solid two-phase strategy. A systematic study reveals a one-pot, two-step reaction mechanism for the two COFs, the first step being a reversible Schiff base reaction and the second step being an irreversible Knoevenagel reaction. Interestingly, this hybrid linkage COF is found to show an outstanding photoenhanced uranium extraction performance. The results not only provide a general and green approach to develop the linkage chemistry of COFs but also enrich the synthesis toolboxes and application of COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liecheng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqing Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbonhydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
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Bourda L, Bhandary S, Ito S, Göb CR, Van Der Voort P, Van Hecke K. Analysis of COF-300 synthesis: probing degradation processes and 3D electron diffraction structure. IUCRJ 2024; 11:510-518. [PMID: 38727171 PMCID: PMC11220877 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Although COF-300 is often used as an example to study the synthesis and structure of (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs), knowledge of the underlying synthetic processes is still fragmented. Here, an optimized synthetic procedure based on a combination of linker protection and modulation was applied. Using this approach, the influence of time and temperature on the synthesis of COF-300 was studied. Synthesis times that were too short produced materials with limited crystallinity and porosity, lacking the typical pore flexibility associated with COF-300. On the other hand, synthesis times that were too long could be characterized by loss of crystallinity and pore order by degradation of the tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAM) linker used. The presence of the degradation product was confirmed by visual inspection, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As TAM is by far the most popular linker for the synthesis of 3D COFs, this degradation process might be one of the reasons why the development of 3D COFs is still lagging compared with 2D COFs. However, COF crystals obtained via an optimized procedure could be structurally probed using 3D electron diffraction (3DED). The 3DED analysis resulted in a full structure determination of COF-300 at atomic resolution with satisfying data parameters. Comparison of our 3DED-derived structural model with previously reported single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for this material, as well as parameters derived from the Cambridge Structural Database, demonstrates the high accuracy of the 3DED method for structure determination. This validation might accelerate the exploitation of 3DED as a structure determination technique for COFs and other porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Bourda
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281–S3, 9000Ghent, Belgium
- COMOC – Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis – Department of ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281–S39000GhentBelgium
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281–S3, 9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sho Ito
- Rigaku Corporation, Haijima, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- COMOC – Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis – Department of ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281–S39000GhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281–S3, 9000Ghent, Belgium
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O'Shaughnessy M, Glover J, Hafizi R, Barhi M, Clowes R, Chong SY, Argent SP, Day GM, Cooper AI. Porous isoreticular non-metal organic frameworks. Nature 2024; 630:102-108. [PMID: 38778105 PMCID: PMC11153147 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are useful synthetic materials that are built by the programmed assembly of metal nodes and organic linkers1. The success of MOFs results from the isoreticular principle2, which allows families of structurally analogous frameworks to be built in a predictable way. This relies on directional coordinate covalent bonding to define the framework geometry. However, isoreticular strategies do not translate to other common crystalline solids, such as organic salts3-5, in which the intermolecular ionic bonding is less directional. Here we show that chemical knowledge can be combined with computational crystal-structure prediction6 (CSP) to design porous organic ammonium halide salts that contain no metals. The nodes in these salt frameworks are tightly packed ionic clusters that direct the materials to crystallize in specific ways, as demonstrated by the presence of well-defined spikes of low-energy, low-density isoreticular structures on the predicted lattice energy landscapes7,8. These energy landscapes allow us to select combinations of cations and anions that will form thermodynamically stable, porous salt frameworks with channel sizes, functionalities and geometries that can be predicted a priori. Some of these porous salts adsorb molecular guests such as iodine in quantities that exceed those of most MOFs, and this could be useful for applications such as radio-iodine capture9-12. More generally, the synthesis of these salts is scalable, involving simple acid-base neutralization, and the strategy makes it possible to create a family of non-metal organic frameworks that combine high ionic charge density with permanent porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Shaughnessy
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph Glover
- Computational System Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Roohollah Hafizi
- Computational System Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mounib Barhi
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Graeme M Day
- Computational System Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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7
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Wayment LJ, Teat SJ, Huang S, Chen H, Zhang W. Dynamic Entwined Topology in Helical Covalent Polymers Dictated by Competing Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403599. [PMID: 38444217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polymeric structures often consist of 1D polymer chains intricately folded and entwined through non-covalent bonds, adopting precise topologies crucial for their functionality. The exploration of crystalline 1D polymers through dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) and supramolecular interactions represents a novel approach for developing crystalline polymers. This study shows that sub-angstrom differences in the counter-ion size can lead to various helical covalent polymer (HCP) topologies, including a novel metal-coordination HCP (m-HCP) motif. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis of HCP-Na revealed that double helical pairs are formed by sodium ions coordinating to spiroborate linkages to form rectangular pores. The double helices are interpenetrated by the unreacted diols coordinating sodium ions. The reticulation of the m-HCP structure was demonstrated by the successful synthesis of HCP-K. Finally, ion-exchange studies were conducted to show the interconversion between HCP structures. This research illustrates how seemingly simple modifications, such as changes in counter-ion size, can significantly influence the polymer topology and determine which supramolecular interactions dominate the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA-94720, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
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Guo Z, Zhang Z, Sun J. Topological Analysis and Structural Determination of 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312889. [PMID: 38290005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
3D covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) constitute a new type of crystalline materials that consist of a range of porous structures with numerous applications in the fields of adsorption, separation, and catalysis. However, because of the complexity of the three-periodic net structure, it is desirable to develop a thorough structural comprehension, along with a means to precisely determine the actual structure. Indeed, such advancements would considerably contribute to the rational design and application of 3D COFs. In this review, the reported topologies of 3D COFs are introduced and categorized according to the configurations of their building blocks, and a comprehensive overview of diffraction-based structural determination methods is provided. The current challenges and future prospects for these materials will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi'ang Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zeyue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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Huang W, Zhang W, Yang S, Wang L, Yu G. 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks from Design, Synthesis to Applications in Optoelectronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308019. [PMID: 38057125 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new class of crystalline materials connected by covalent bonds, have been developed rapidly in the past decades. However, the research on COFs is mainly focused on two-dimensional (2D) COFs, and the research on three-dimensional (3D) COFs is still in the initial stage. In 2D COFs, the covalent bonds exist only in the 2D flakes and can form 1D channels, which hinder the charge transport to some extent. In contrast, 3D COFs have a more complex pore structure and thus exhibit higher specific surface area and richer active sites, which greatly enhance the 3D charge carrier transport. Therefore, compared to 2D COFs, 3D COFs have stronger applicability in energy storage and conversion, sensing, and optoelectronics. In this review, it is first introduced the design principles for 3D COFs, and in particular summarize the development of conjugated building blocks in 3D COFs, with a special focus on their application in optoelectronics. Subsequently, the preparation of 3D COF powders and thin films and methods to improve the stability and functionalization of 3D COFs are summarized. Moreover, the applications of 3D COFs in electronics are outlined. Finally, conclusions and future research directions for 3D COFs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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10
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Wei L, Hai X, Xu T, Wang Z, Jiang W, Jiang S, Wang Q, Zhang YB, Zhao Y. Encoding ordered structural complexity to covalent organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2411. [PMID: 38499604 PMCID: PMC10948875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Installing different chemical entities onto crystalline frameworks with well-defined spatial distributions represents a viable approach to achieve ordered and complex synthetic materials. Herein, a covalent organic framework (COF-305) is constructed from tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2,3-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde, which has the largest unit cell and asymmetric unit among known COFs. The ordered complexity of COF-305 is embodied by nine different stereoisomers of its constituents showing specific sequences on topologically equivalent sites, which can be attributed to its building blocks deviating from their intrinsically preferred simple packing geometries in their molecular crystals to adapt to the framework formation. The insight provided by COF-305 supplements the principle of covalent reticular design from the perspective of non-covalent interactions and opens opportunities for pursuing complex chemical sequences in molecular frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Hai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Zidi Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Yingbo Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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11
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Ariga K. 2D Materials Nanoarchitectonics for 3D Structures/Functions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:936. [PMID: 38399187 PMCID: PMC10890396 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
It has become clear that superior material functions are derived from precisely controlled nanostructures. This has been greatly accelerated by the development of nanotechnology. The next step is to assemble materials with knowledge of their nano-level structures. This task is assigned to the post-nanotechnology concept of nanoarchitectonics. However, nanoarchitectonics, which creates intricate three-dimensional functional structures, is not always easy. Two-dimensional nanoarchitectonics based on reactions and arrangements at the surface may be an easier target to tackle. A better methodology would be to define a two-dimensional structure and then develop it into a three-dimensional structure and function. According to these backgrounds, this review paper is organized as follows. The introduction is followed by a summary of the three issues; (i) 2D to 3D dynamic structure control: liquid crystal commanded by the surface, (ii) 2D to 3D rational construction: a metal-organic framework (MOF) and a covalent organic framework (COF); (iii) 2D to 3D functional amplification: cells regulated by the surface. In addition, this review summarizes the important aspects of the ultimate three-dimensional nanoarchitectonics as a perspective. The goal of this paper is to establish an integrated concept of functional material creation by reconsidering various reported cases from the viewpoint of nanoarchitectonics, where nanoarchitectonics can be regarded as a method for everything in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan;
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Zhou Z, Xiong XH, Zhang L, Li Y, Yang Y, Dong X, Lou D, Wei Z, Liu W, Su CY, Sun J, Zheng Z. Linker-Guided Growth of Single-Crystal Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3449-3457. [PMID: 38268407 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The core features of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystallinity and porosity. However, the synthesis of single-crystal COFs with monomers of diverse reactivity and adjustment of their pore structures remain challenging. Here, we show that linkers that can react with a node to form single-crystal COFs can guide other linkers that form either COFs or amorphous polymers with the node to gain single-crystal COFs with mixed components, which are homogeneous on the unit cell scale with controlled ratios. With the linker-guided crystal growth method, we created nine types of single-crystal COFs with up to nine different components, which are more complex than any known crystal. The structure of the crystal adapted approximately to that of the main component, and its pore volume could be expanded up to 8.8%. Different components lead to complex and diverse pore structures and offer the possibilities to gain positive synergies, as exemplified by a bicomponent COF with 2200 and 733% SO2 uptake capacity of that of the two pure-component counterparts at 298 K and 0.002 bar. The selectivity for separation of SO2/CO2 ranges from 1230 to 4247 for flue gas based on ideal adsorbed solution theory, recording porous crystals. The bicomponent COF also exhibits a 1300% retention time of its pure-component counterparts for SO2 in a dynamic column breakthrough experiment for deep desulfurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xiong
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yonghang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Dongyang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhangwen Wei
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Junliang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 522000, China
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Jain C, Kushwaha R, Rase D, Shekhar P, Shelke A, Sonwani D, Ajithkumar TG, Vinod CP, Vaidhyanathan R. Tailoring COFs: Transforming Nonconducting 2D Layered COF into a Conducting Quasi-3D Architecture via Interlayer Knitting with Polypyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:487-499. [PMID: 38157305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Improving the electronic conductivity and the structural robustness of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is paramount. Here, we covalently cross-link a 2D COF with polypyrrole (Ppy) chains to form a quasi-3D COF. The 3D COF shows well-defined reflections in the SAED patterns distinctly indexed to its modeled crystal structure. This knitting of 2D COF layers with conjugated polypyrrole units improves electronic conductivity from 10-9 to 10-2 S m-1. This conductivity boost is affirmed by the presence of density of states near the Fermi level in the 3D COF, and this elevates the COF's valence band maximum by 0.52 eV with respect to the parent 2D pyrrole-functionalized COF, which agrees well with the opto-electro band gaps. The extent of HOMO elevation suggests the predominant existence of a polaron state (radical cation), giving rise to a strong EPR signal, most likely sourced from the cross-linking polypyrrole chains. A supercapacitor devised with COF20-Ppy records a high areal capacitance of 377.6 mF cm-2, higher than that of the COF loaded with noncovalently linked polypyrrole chains. Thus, the polypyrrole acts as a "conjugation bridge" across the layers, lowering the band gap and providing polarons and additional conduction pathways. This marks a far-reaching approach to converting many 2D COFs into highly ordered and conducting 3D ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ankita Shelke
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Thalasseril G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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