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Wayment LJ, Teat SJ, Huang S, Chen H, Zhang W. Dynamic Entwined Topology in Helical Covalent Polymers Dictated by Competing Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403599. [PMID: 38444217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polymeric structures often consist of 1D polymer chains intricately folded and entwined through non-covalent bonds, adopting precise topologies crucial for their functionality. The exploration of crystalline 1D polymers through dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) and supramolecular interactions represents a novel approach for developing crystalline polymers. This study shows that sub-angstrom differences in the counter-ion size can lead to various helical covalent polymer (HCP) topologies, including a novel metal-coordination HCP (m-HCP) motif. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis of HCP-Na revealed that double helical pairs are formed by sodium ions coordinating to spiroborate linkages to form rectangular pores. The double helices are interpenetrated by the unreacted diols coordinating sodium ions. The reticulation of the m-HCP structure was demonstrated by the successful synthesis of HCP-K. Finally, ion-exchange studies were conducted to show the interconversion between HCP structures. This research illustrates how seemingly simple modifications, such as changes in counter-ion size, can significantly influence the polymer topology and determine which supramolecular interactions dominate the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA-94720, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
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Wayment LJ, Wang X, Huang S, McCoy MS, Chen H, Hu Y, Jin Y, Sharma S, Zhang W. 3D Covalent Organic Framework as a Metastable Intermediate in the Formation of a Double-Stranded Helical Covalent Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37406308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of intricate artificial architectures have been pursued for decades. Helical covalent polymer (HCP) was recently reported as an unexpected topology that consists of chiral 1D polymers assembled through weak hydrogen bonds from achiral building blocks. However, many questions remained about the formation, driving force, and the single-handedness observed in each crystal. In this work, we reveal a metastable, racemic, fully covalently cross-linked, 3D covalent organic framework (COF) as an intermediate in the early stage of polymerization, which slowly converts into single-handed HCP double helices through partial fragmentation and self-sorting with the aid of a series of hydrogen bonding. Our work provides an intriguing example where weak noncovalent bonds serve as the determining factor of the overall product structure and facilitate the formation of a sophisticated polymeric architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xubo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew S McCoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Xu Q, Wang X, Huang S, Hu Y, Teat S, Settineri N, Chen H, Wayment LJ, Jin Y, Sharma S, Zhang W. Dynamic Covalent Self-sorting in Molecular and Polymeric Architectures Enabled by Spiroborate Bond Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202304279. [PMID: 37146103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-sorting is commonly observed in complex reaction systems, which has been utilized to guide the formation of single major by-design molecules. However, most studies have been focused on non-covalent systems, and using self-sorting to achieve covalently bonded architectures is still relatively less explored. In this work, we first demonstrated the dynamic nature of spiroborate linkage and systematically studied the self-sorting behavior observed in the transformation between spiroborate-linked well-defined polymeric and molecular architectures, which are enabled by spiroborate bond exchange. The scrambling between a macrocycle and a 1D helical covalent polymer led to the formation of a molecular cage, whose structures are all unambiguously elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the molecular cage is the thermodynamically favored product in this multi-component reaction system. This work represents the first example that a 1D polymeric architecture transforms into a shape-persistent molecular cage, driven by dynamic covalent self-sorting. This study will further guide the design of spiroborate-based materials and open the possibilities for the development of novel complex yet responsive dynamic covalent molecular or polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiucheng Xu
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Xubo Wang
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Yiming Hu
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Simon Teat
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory: E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Light Source, UNITED STATES
| | - Nicholas Settineri
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory: E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Advanced Light Source, UNITED STATES
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Yinghua Jin
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Wei Zhang
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry and Biochemistry, 215 UCB, 80309, Boulder, UNITED STATES
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Lei Z, Wayment LJ, Cahn JR, Chen H, Huang S, Wang X, Jin Y, Sharma S, Zhang W. Cyanurate-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Enabled by Dynamic Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17737-17742. [PMID: 36165690 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, highly crystalline cyanurate-linked covalent organic frameworks synthesized via dynamic nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The high crystallinity is enabled by the bond exchange reaction (self-correction) between 2,4,6-triphenoxy-1,3,5-triazine and diphenols via reversible SNAr catalyzed by triazabicyclodecene. The CN-COFs contain flexible backbones that exhibit a unique AA'-stacking due to interlayer hydrogen bonding interactions. The isoreticular expansion study demonstrates the general applicability of this synthetic method. The resulting CN-COFs exhibited good stability, as well as high CO2/N2 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jackson R Cahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xubo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Lu Y, Zhong H, Li J, Dominic AM, Hu Y, Gao Z, Jiao Y, Wu M, Qi H, Huang C, Wayment LJ, Kaiser U, Spiecker E, Weidinger IM, Zhang W, Feng X, Dong R. sp-Carbon Incorporated Conductive Metal-Organic Framework as Photocathode for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208163. [PMID: 35903982 PMCID: PMC9804563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted increasing interest for broad applications in catalysis and gas separation due to their high porosity. However, the insulating feature and the limited active sites hindered MOFs as photocathode active materials for application in photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen generation. Herein, we develop a layered conductive two-dimensional conjugated MOF (2D c-MOF) comprising sp-carbon active sites based on arylene-ethynylene macrocycle ligand via CuO4 linking, named as Cu3 HHAE2 . This sp-carbon 2D c-MOF displays apparent semiconducting behavior and broad light absorption till the near-infrared band (1600 nm). Due to the abundant acetylene units, the Cu3 HHAE2 could act as the first case of MOF photocathode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation and presents a record hydrogen-evolution photocurrent density of ≈260 μA cm-2 at 0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode among the structurally-defined cocatalyst-free organic photocathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Haixia Zhong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyTeknikringen 5610044StockholmSweden
| | - Anna Maria Dominic
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO 80309USA
| | - Zhen Gao
- College of PhysicsHebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and ApplicationHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang050024China
| | - Yalong Jiao
- College of PhysicsHebei Key Laboratory of Photophysics Research and ApplicationHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang050024China
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF)Department of Materials Science and EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergCauerstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany,Central Facility of Materials Science Electron MicroscopyUniversität Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | - Chuanhui Huang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Lacey J. Wayment
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO 80309USA
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron MicroscopyUniversität Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF)Department of Materials Science and EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergCauerstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Inez M. Weidinger
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO 80309USA
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany,Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics06120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany,Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
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Hu Y, Dunlap N, Long H, Chen H, Wayment LJ, Ortiz M, Jin Y, Nijamudheen A, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Lee SH, Zhang W. Helical Covalent Polymers with Unidirectional Ion Channels as Single Lithium-Ion Conducting Electrolytes. CCS Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.31635/ccschem.021.202101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Nathan Dunlap
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Hai Long
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Lacey J. Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Abdulrahiman Nijamudheen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Se-hee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
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7
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Thurston JH, Hunter NM, Wayment LJ, Cornell KA. Urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride (u-g-C 3N 4) films with highly enhanced antimicrobial and sporicidal activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:910-918. [PMID: 28675870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we describe the fabrication of photoactive biocidal or sporicidal films from urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride (u-g-C3N4). Co-deposited films of u-g-C3N4 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (IC50=14.1±0.2mJ) or Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant IC50=33.5±0.2mJ, methicillin sensitive IC50=42.7±0.5mJ) demonstrated significantly enhanced bactericidal behavior upon administration of visible radiation (400nm≤λ≤426nm). In all cases, complete eradication of the microbial sample was realized upon administration of 100mJ of visible radiation, while no antimicrobial activity was observed for non-irradiated samples. In contrast, Bacillus anthracis endospores were more resistant to u-g-C3N4 mediated killing with only a ca. 25% reduction in spore viability when treated with a 200mJ dose of visible radiation. Characterization of u-g-C3N4 reveals that the improved activity results from enhancements of both the surface area and reduction potential of the material's conduction band edge, coupled with fast injection of charge carriers into localized states and a decline in radiative recombination events. The results of this study demonstrate that g-C3N4-based materials offer a viable scaffold for the development of new, visible light driven technologies for controlling potentially pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Thurston
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID 83605, USA.
| | - Necia M Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID 83605, USA
| | - Kenneth A Cornell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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