1
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Granizo E, Kriukova I, Escudero-Villa P, Samokhvalov P, Nabiev I. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics in Strong Light-Matter Coupling Systems. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1520. [PMID: 39330676 PMCID: PMC11435064 DOI: 10.3390/nano14181520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The combination of micro- or nanofluidics and strong light-matter coupling has gained much interest in the past decade, which has led to the development of advanced systems and devices with numerous potential applications in different fields, such as chemistry, biosensing, and material science. Strong light-matter coupling is achieved by placing a dipole (e.g., an atom or a molecule) into a confined electromagnetic field, with molecular transitions being in resonance with the field and the coupling strength exceeding the average dissipation rate. Despite intense research and encouraging results in this field, some challenges still need to be overcome, related to the fabrication of nano- and microscale optical cavities, stability, scaling up and production, sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and real-time control and monitoring. The goal of this paper is to summarize recent developments in micro- and nanofluidic systems employing strong light-matter coupling. An overview of various methods and techniques used to achieve strong light-matter coupling in micro- or nanofluidic systems is presented, preceded by a brief outline of the fundamentals of strong light-matter coupling and optofluidics operating in the strong coupling regime. The potential applications of these integrated systems in sensing, optofluidics, and quantum technologies are explored. The challenges and prospects in this rapidly developing field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Granizo
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Kriukova
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pedro Escudero-Villa
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba 060108, Ecuador
| | - Pavel Samokhvalov
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
- BioSpectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpecT)-UR 7506, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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2
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Lai Y, Ying W, Huo P. Non-equilibrium rate theory for polariton relaxation dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:104109. [PMID: 39268826 DOI: 10.1063/5.0231396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We derive an analytic expression of the non-equilibrium Fermi's golden rule (NE-FGR) expression for a Holstein-Tavis-Cumming Hamiltonian, a universal model for many molecules collectively coupled to the optical cavity. These NE-FGR expressions capture the full-time-dependent behavior of the rate constant for transitions from polariton states to dark states. The rate is shown to be reduced to the well-known frequency domain-based equilibrium Fermi's golden rule (E-FGR) expression in the equilibrium and collective limit and is shown to retain the same scaling with the number of sites in non-equilibrium and non-collective cases. We use these NE-FGR to perform population dynamics with a time-non-local and time-local quantum master equation and obtain accurate population dynamics from the initially occupied upper or lower polariton states. Furthermore, NE-FGR significantly improves the accuracy of the population dynamics when starting from the lower polariton compared to the E-FGR theory, highlighting the importance of the non-Markovian behavior and the short-time transient behavior in the transition rate constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Wenxiang Ying
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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3
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Nelson JC, Weichman ML. More than just smoke and mirrors: Gas-phase polaritons for optical control of chemistry. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:074304. [PMID: 39145566 DOI: 10.1063/5.0220077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase molecules are a promising platform to elucidate the mechanisms of action and scope of polaritons for optical control of chemistry. Polaritons arise from the strong coupling of a dipole-allowed molecular transition with the photonic mode of an optical cavity. There is mounting evidence of modified reactivity under polaritonic conditions; however, the complex condensed-phase environment of most experimental demonstrations impedes mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon. While the gas phase was the playground of early efforts in atomic cavity quantum electrodynamics, we have only recently demonstrated the formation of molecular polaritons under these conditions. Studying the reactivity of isolated gas-phase molecules under strong coupling would eliminate solvent interactions and enable quantum state resolution of reaction progress. In this Perspective, we contextualize recent gas-phase efforts in the field of polariton chemistry and offer a practical guide for experimental design moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Marissa L Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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4
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Amin M, Koessler ER, Morshed O, Awan F, Cogan NMB, Collison R, Tumiel TM, Girten W, Leiter C, Vamivakas AN, Huo P, Krauss TD. Cavity Controlled Upconversion in CdSe Nanoplatelet Polaritons. ACS NANO 2024; 18:21388-21398. [PMID: 39078943 PMCID: PMC11328175 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons provide a versatile platform for investigating quantum electrodynamics effects in chemical systems, such as polariton-altered chemical reactivity. However, using polaritons in chemical contexts will require a better understanding of their photophysical properties under ambient conditions, where chemistry is typically performed. Here, we used cavity quality factor to control strong light-matter interactions and in particular the excited state dynamics of colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) coupled to a Fabry-Pérot optical cavity. With increasing cavity quality factor, we observe significant population of the upper polariton (UP) state, exemplified by the rare observation of substantial UP photoluminescence (PL). Excitation of the lower polariton (LP) states results in upconverted PL emission from the UP branch due to efficient exchange of population between the LP, UP and the reservoir of dark states present in collectively coupled polaritonic systems. In addition, we measure time scales for polariton dynamics ∼100 ps, implying great potential for NPL based polariton systems to affect photochemical reaction rates. State-of-the-art quantum dynamical simulations show outstanding quantitative agreement with experiments, and thus provide important insight into polariton photophysical dynamics of collectively coupled nanocrystal-based systems. These findings represent a significant step toward the development of practical polariton photochemistry platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Amin
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Eric R Koessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ovishek Morshed
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Farwa Awan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Nicole M B Cogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Robert Collison
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Trevor M Tumiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William Girten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Christopher Leiter
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, Colorado 80221, United States
| | - A Nickolas Vamivakas
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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5
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Dutta A, Tiainen V, Sokolovskii I, Duarte L, Markešević N, Morozov D, Qureshi HA, Pikker S, Groenhof G, Toppari JJ. Thermal disorder prevents the suppression of ultra-fast photochemistry in the strong light-matter coupling regime. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6600. [PMID: 39097575 PMCID: PMC11297929 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong coupling between molecules and confined light modes of optical cavities to form polaritons can alter photochemistry, but the origin of this effect remains largely unknown. While theoretical models suggest a suppression of photochemistry due to the formation of new polaritonic potential energy surfaces, many of these models do not account for the energetic disorder among the molecules, which is unavoidable at ambient conditions. Here, we combine simulations and experiments to show that for an ultra-fast photochemical reaction such thermal disorder prevents the modification of the potential energy surface and that suppression is due to radiative decay of the lossy cavity modes. We also show that the excitation spectrum under strong coupling is a product of the excitation spectrum of the bare molecules and the absorption spectrum of the molecule-cavity system, suggesting that polaritons can act as gateways for channeling an excitation into a molecule, which then reacts normally. Our results therefore imply that strong coupling provides a means to tune the action spectrum of a molecule, rather than to change the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Dutta
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Tiainen
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Luís Duarte
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nemanja Markešević
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- CNR-INO Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hassan A Qureshi
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Siim Pikker
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Jussi Toppari
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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6
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Chang WJ, Zeng H, Terry Weatherly CK, Provazza J, Liu P, Weiss EA, Stern NP, Tempelaar R. Dark State Concentration Dependent Emission and Dynamics of CdSe Nanoplatelet Exciton-Polaritons. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39042269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The recent surge of interest in polaritons has prompted fundamental questions about the role of dark states in strong light-matter coupling phenomena. Here, we systematically vary the relative number of dark states by controlling the number of stacked CdSe nanoplatelets confined in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. We find the emission spectrum to change significantly with an increasing number of nanoplatelets, with a gradual shift of the dominant emission intensity from the lower polariton branch to a manifold of dark states. Through accompanying calculations based on a kinetic model, this shift is rationalized by an entropic trapping of excitations by the dark state manifold, while a weak dark state dispersion due to local disorder explains their nonzero emission. Our results point toward the relevance of the dark state concentration to the optical and dynamical properties of cavity-embedded quantum emitters with ramifications for Bose-Einstein condensate formation, polariton lasing, polariton-based quantum transduction schemes, and polariton chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Je Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Hongfei Zeng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | - Justin Provazza
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pufan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Nathaniel P Stern
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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7
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Weight BM, Weix DJ, Tonzetich ZJ, Krauss TD, Huo P. Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics Enables para- and ortho-Selective Electrophilic Bromination of Nitrobenzene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16184-16193. [PMID: 38814893 PMCID: PMC11177318 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Coupling molecules to a quantized radiation field inside an optical cavity has shown great promise to modify chemical reactivity. In this work, we show that the ground-state selectivity of the electrophilic bromination of nitrobenzene can be fundamentally changed by strongly coupling the reaction to the cavity, generating ortho- or para-substituted products instead of the meta product. Importantly, these are products that are not obtained from the same reaction outside the cavity. A recently developed ab initio approach was used to theoretically compute the relative energies of the cationic Wheland intermediates, which indicate the kinetically preferred bromination site for all products. Performing an analysis of the ground-state electron density for the Wheland intermediates inside and outside the cavity, we demonstrate how strong coupling induces reorganization of the molecular charge distribution, which in turn leads to different bromination sites directly dependent on the cavity conditions. Overall, the results presented here can be used to understand cavity induced changes to ground-state chemical reactivity from a mechanistic perspective as well as to directly connect frontier theoretical simulations to state-of-the-art, but realistic, experimental cavity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary J. Tonzetich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at San
Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Todd D. Krauss
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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8
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Singh J, Garg P, Anand RV, George J. Cavity Catalysis of an Enantioselective Reaction under Vibrational Strong Coupling. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400607. [PMID: 38436868 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Strong light-matter interaction is emerging as an exciting tool for controlling chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate an L-proline-catalyzed direct asymmetric Aldol reaction under vibrational strong coupling. Both the reactants (4-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone) carbonyl bands are coupled to an infrared photon and react in the presence of L-proline. The reaction mixture is eluted from the cavity, and the conversion yields and enantiomeric excess are quantified using NMR and chiral HPLC. The conversion yields increase by up to 90 % in ON-resonance conditions. Interestingly, a large increase in the conversion yield does not affect the enantiomeric excess. Further control experiments were carried out by varying the temperature, and we propose that the rate-limiting step may not be the deciding factor in enantioselectivity. Whereas the formation of the enamine intermediate is modified by cavity coupling experiments. For this class of enantioselective reactions, strong coupling does not change the enantiomeric excess, possibly due to the large energy difference in chiral transition states. Strong coupling can boost the formation of enamine intermediate, thereby favouring the product yield. This gives more hope to test polaritonic chemistry based on enantioselective reactions in which the branching ratios can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaibir Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, 40306, India
| | - Pallavi Garg
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, 40306, India
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, 40306, India
| | - Jino George
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, 40306, India
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9
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Lee I, Melton SR, Xu D, Delor M. Controlling Molecular Photoisomerization in Photonic Cavities through Polariton Funneling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9544-9553. [PMID: 38530932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Strong coupling between photonic modes and molecular electronic excitations, creating hybrid light-matter states called polaritons, is an attractive avenue for controlling chemical reactions. Nevertheless, experimental demonstrations of polariton-modified chemical reactions remain sparse. Here, we demonstrate modified photoisomerization kinetics of merocyanine and diarylethene by coupling the reactant's optical transition with photonic microcavity modes. We leverage broadband Fourier-plane optical microscopy to noninvasively and rapidly monitor photoisomerization within microcavities, enabling systematic investigation of chemical kinetics for different cavity-exciton detunings and photoexcitation conditions. We demonstrate three distinct effects of cavity coupling: first, a renormalization of the photonic density of states, akin to a Purcell effect, leads to enhanced absorption and isomerization rates at certain wavelengths, notably red-shifting the onset of photoisomerization. This effect is present under both strong and weak light-matter couplings. Second, kinetic competition between polariton localization into reactive molecular states and cavity losses leads to a suppression of the photoisomerization yield. Finally, our key result is that in reaction mixtures with multiple reactant isomers, exhibiting partially overlapping optical transitions and distinct isomerization pathways, the cavity resonance can be tuned to funnel photoexcitations into specific reactant isomers. Thus, upon decoherence, polaritons localize into a chosen isomer, selectively triggering the latter's photoisomerization despite initially being delocalized across all isomers. This result suggests that careful tuning of the cavity resonance is a promising avenue to steer chemical reactions and enhance product selectivity in reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sarah R Melton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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10
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Chuang YT, Hsu LY. Microscopic theory of exciton-polariton model involving multiple molecules: Macroscopic quantum electrodynamics formulation and essence of direct intermolecular interactions. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114105. [PMID: 38501476 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and its extensions are widely used for the description of exciton-polariton systems. However, the exciton-polariton models based on CQED vary greatly within different contexts. One of the most significant discrepancies among these CQED models is whether one should include direct intermolecular interactions in the CQED Hamiltonian. To answer this question, in this article, we derive an effective dissipative CQED model including free-space dipole-dipole interactions (CQED-DDI) from a microscopic Hamiltonian based on macroscopic quantum electrodynamics. Dissipative CQED-DDI successfully captures the nature of vacuum fluctuations in dielectric media and separates them into free-space effects and dielectric-induced effects. The former include spontaneous emissions, dephasings, and dipole-dipole interactions in free space; the latter include exciton-polariton interactions and photonic losses due to dielectric media. We apply dissipative CQED-DDI to investigate the exciton-polariton dynamics (the population dynamics of molecules above a plasmonic surface) and compare the results with those based on the methods proposed by several previous studies. We find that direct intermolecular interactions are a crucial element when employing CQED-like models to study exciton-polariton systems involving multiple molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yan Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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11
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Xiang B, Xiong W. Molecular Polaritons for Chemistry, Photonics and Quantum Technologies. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2512-2552. [PMID: 38416701 PMCID: PMC10941193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from the hybridization between molecular and photonic modes. These composite entities, bearing characteristics inherited from both constituents, exhibit modified energy levels and wave functions, thereby capturing the attention of chemists in the past decade. The potential to modify chemical reactions has spurred many investigations, alongside efforts to enhance and manipulate optical responses for photonic and quantum applications. This Review centers on the experimental advances in this burgeoning field. Commencing with an introduction of the fundamentals, including theoretical foundations and various cavity architectures, we discuss outcomes of polariton-modified chemical reactions. Furthermore, we navigate through the ongoing debates and uncertainties surrounding the underpinning mechanism of this innovative method of controlling chemistry. Emphasis is placed on gaining a comprehensive understanding of the energy dynamics of molecular polaritons, in particular, vibrational molecular polaritons─a pivotal facet in steering chemical reactions. Additionally, we discuss the unique capability of coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy to dissect polariton and dark mode dynamics, offering insights into the critical components within the cavity that alter chemical reactions. We further expand to the potential utility of molecular polaritons in quantum applications as well as precise manipulation of molecular and photonic polarizations, notably in the context of chiral phenomena. This discussion aspires to ignite deeper curiosity and engagement in revealing the physics underpinning polariton-modified molecular properties, and a broad fascination with harnessing photonic environments to control chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries
of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San
Diego, California 92126, United States
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12
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Thomas PA, Tan WJ, Kravets VG, Grigorenko AN, Barnes WL. Non-Polaritonic Effects in Cavity-Modified Photochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309393. [PMID: 37997481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of molecules to vacuum fields is widely reported to lead to modified chemical properties such as reaction rates. However, some recent attempts to reproduce infrared strong coupling results have not been successful, suggesting that factors other than strong coupling may sometimes be involved. In the first vacuum-modified chemistry experiment, changes to a molecular photoisomerization process in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range are attributed to strong coupling of the molecules to visible light. Here, this process is re-examined, finding significant variations in photoisomerization rates consistent with the original work. However, there is no evidence that these changes need to be attributed to strong coupling. Instead, it is suggested that the photoisomerization rates involved are most strongly influenced by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the cavity. These results indicate that care must be taken to rule out non-polaritonic effects before invoking strong coupling to explain any changes of properties arising in cavity-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Wai Jue Tan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Vasyl G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - William L Barnes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
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13
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Fidler AP, Chen L, McKillop AM, Weichman ML. Ultrafast dynamics of CN radical reactions with chloroform solvent under vibrational strong coupling. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:164302. [PMID: 37870135 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polariton chemistry may provide a new means to control molecular reactivity, permitting remote, reversible modification of reaction energetics, kinetics, and product yields. A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work has already demonstrated that strong coupling between a molecular vibrational mode and the confined electromagnetic field of an optical cavity can alter chemical reactivity without external illumination. However, the mechanisms underlying cavity-altered chemistry remain unclear in large part because the experimental systems examined previously are too complex for detailed analysis of their reaction dynamics. Here, we experimentally investigate photolysis-induced reactions of cyanide radicals with strongly-coupled chloroform (CHCl3) solvent molecules and examine the intracavity rates of photofragment recombination, solvent complexation, and hydrogen abstraction. We use a microfluidic optical cavity fitted with dichroic mirrors to facilitate vibrational strong coupling (VSC) of the C-H stretching mode of CHCl3 while simultaneously permitting optical access at visible wavelengths. Ultrafast transient absorption experiments performed with cavities tuned on- and off-resonance reveal that VSC of the CHCl3 C-H stretching transition does not significantly modify any measured rate constants, including those associated with the hydrogen abstraction reaction. This work represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental study of an elementary bimolecular reaction under VSC. We discuss how the conspicuous absence of cavity-altered effects in this system may provide insights into the mechanisms of modified ground state reactivity under VSC and help bridge the divide between experimental results and theoretical predictions in vibrational polariton chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Fidler
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | - Marissa L Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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