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Ni S, Spinnato D, Cornella J. Reductive Cyclopropanation through Bismuth Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39102564 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
We present here a catalytic method based on a low-valent Bi complex capable of cyclopropanation of double bonds under blue LED irradiation. The catalysis features various unusual Bi-based organometallic steps, namely, (1) two-electron inner sphere oxidative addition of Bi(I) complex to CH2I2, (2) light-induced homolysis of the Bi(III)-CH2I bond, (3) subsequent iodine abstraction-ring-closing, and (4) reduction of Bi(III) to Bi(I) with an external reducing agent to close the cycle. Stoichiometric organometallic experiments support the proposed mechanism. This protocol represents a unique example of a reductive photocatalytic process based on low-valent bismuth radical catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Ni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Davide Spinnato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
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2
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Sen N, Sarkar P, Meena Y, Tothadi S, Pati SK, Khan S. Synthesis and catalytic application of a donor-free bismuthenium cation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6877-6880. [PMID: 38873969 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and catalytic application of a new N,N'-dineopentyl-1,2-phenylenediamine-based bismuthenium cation (3). 3 has been synthesized via the treatment of chlorobismuthane LBiCl [L = 1,2-C6H4{N(CH2tBu)}2] (2) with AgSbF6, and was further used as a robust catalyst for the cyanosilylation of ketones under mild reaction conditions. Experimental studies and DFT calculations were performed to understand the mechanistic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India.
| | - Yadram Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, UP, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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3
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Zhang T, Rabeah J, Das S. Red-light-mediated copper-catalyzed photoredox catalysis promotes regioselectivity switch in the difunctionalization of alkenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5208. [PMID: 38890327 PMCID: PMC11189478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling regioselectivity during difunctionalization of alkenes remains a significant challenge, particularly when the installation of both functional groups involves radical processes. In this aspect, methodologies to install trifluoromethane (-CF3) via difunctionalization have been explored, due to the importance of this moiety in the pharmaceutical sectors; however, these existing reports are limited, most of which affording only the corresponding β-trifluoromethylated products. The main reason for this limitation arises from the fact that -CF3 group served as an initiator in those reactions and predominantly preferred to be installed at the terminal (β) position of an alkene. On the contrary, functionalization of the -CF3 group at the internal (α) position of alkenes would provide valuable products, but a meticulous approach is necessary to win this regioselectivity switch. Intrigued by this challenge, we here develop an efficient and regioselective strategy where the -CF3 group is installed at the α-position of an alkene. Molecular complexity is achieved via the simultaneous insertion of a sulfonyl fragment (-SO2R) at the β-position. A precisely regulated sequence of radical generation using red light-mediated photocatalysis facilitates this regioselective switch from the terminal (β) position to the internal (α) position. Furthermore, this approach demonstrates broad substrate scope and industrial potential for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Rostock, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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4
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Yan W, Poore AT, Yin L, Carter S, Ho YS, Wang C, Yachuw SC, Cheng YH, Krause JA, Cheng MJ, Zhang S, Tian S, Liu W. Catalytically Relevant Organocopper(III) Complexes Formed through Aryl-Radical-Enabled Oxidative Addition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15176-15185. [PMID: 38770641 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Stepwise oxidative addition of copper(I) complexes to form copper(III) species via single electron transfer (SET) events has been widely proposed in copper catalysis. However, direct observation and detailed investigation of these fundamental steps remain elusive owing largely to the typically slow oxidative addition rate of copper(I) complexes and the instability of the copper(III) species. We report herein a novel aryl-radical-enabled stepwise oxidative addition pathway that allows for the formation of well-defined alkyl-CuIII species from CuI complexes. The process is enabled by the SET from a CuI species to an aryl diazonium salt to form a CuII species and an aryl radical. Subsequent iodine abstraction from an alkyl iodide by the aryl radical affords an alkyl radical, which then reacts with the CuII species to form the alkyl-CuIII complex. The structure of resultant [(bpy)CuIII(CF3)2(alkyl)] complexes has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Competition experiments have revealed that the rate at which different alkyl iodides undergo oxidative addition is consistent with the rate of iodine abstraction by carbon-centered radicals. The CuII intermediate formed during the SET process has been identified as a four-coordinate complex, [CuII(CH3CN)2(CF3)2], through electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies. The catalytic relevance of the high-valent organo-CuIII has been demonstrated by the C-C bond-forming reductive elimination reactivity. Finally, localized orbital bonding analysis of these formal CuIII complexes indicates inverted ligand fields in σ(Cu-CH2) bonds. These results demonstrate the stepwise oxidative addition in copper catalysis and provide a general strategy to investigate the elusive formal CuIII complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Andrew T Poore
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lingfeng Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Samantha Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yeu-Shiuan Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Stephen C Yachuw
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yu-Ho Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Shiliang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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5
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Hossain MM, Shaikh AC, Kaur R, Gianetti TL. Red Light-Blue Light Chromoselective C(sp 2)-X Bond Activation by Organic Helicenium-Based Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7922-7930. [PMID: 38498938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Chromoselective bond activation has been achieved in organic helicenium (nPr-DMQA+)-based photoredox catalysis. Consequently, control over chromoselective C(sp2)-X bond activation in multihalogenated aromatics has been demonstrated. nPr-DMQA+ can only initiate the halogen atom transfer (XAT) pathway under red light irradiation to activate low-energy-accessible C(sp2)-I bonds. In contrast, blue light irradiation initiates consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) to activate more challenging C(sp2)-Br bonds. Comparative reaction outcomes have been demonstrated in the α-arylation of cyclic ketones with red and blue lights. Furthermore, red-light-mediated selective C(sp2)-I bonds have been activated in iodobromoarenes to keep the bromo functional handle untouched. Finally, the strength of the chromoselective catalysis has been highlighted with two-fold functionalization using both photo-to-transition metal and photo-to-photocatalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mubarak Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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6
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Mato M, Cornella J. Bismuth in Radical Chemistry and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315046. [PMID: 37988225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Whereas indications of radical reactivity in bismuth compounds can be traced back to the 19th century, the preparation and characterization of both transient and persistent bismuth-radical species has only been established in recent decades. These advancements led to the emergence of the field of bismuth radical chemistry, mirroring the progress seen for other main-group elements. The seminal and fundamental studies in this area have ultimately paved the way for the development of catalytic methodologies involving bismuth-radical intermediates, a promising approach that remains largely untapped in the broad landscape of synthetic organic chemistry. In this review, we delve into the milestones that eventually led to the present state-of-the-art in the field of radical bismuth chemistry. Our focus aims at outlining the intrinsic discoveries in fundamental inorganic/organometallic chemistry and contextualizing their practical applications in organic synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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7
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Fan X, Zhang D, Xiu X, Xu B, Yuan Y, Chen F, Gao P. Nucleophilic functionalization of thianthrenium salts under basic conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:257-263. [PMID: 38352071 PMCID: PMC10862136 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, S-(alkyl)thianthrenium salts have become an important means of functionalizing alcohol compounds. However, additional transition metal catalysts and/or visible light are required. Herein, a direct thioetherification/amination reaction of thianthrenium salts is realized under metal-free conditions. This strategy exhibits good functional-group tolerance, operational simplicity, and an extensive range of compatible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Medicine Center, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liushi Road 257, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, China
| | - Xiangchuan Xiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Bin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Pan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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8
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Tsuruta T, Spinnato D, Moon HW, Leutzsch M, Cornella J. Bi-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of C(sp 2)-H Bonds under Light. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25538-25544. [PMID: 37963280 PMCID: PMC10690797 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We disclose a Bi-catalyzed C-H trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes using CF3SO2Cl under light irradiation. The catalytic method permits the direct functionalization of various heterocycles bearing distinct functional groups. The structural and computational studies suggest that the process occurs through an open-shell redox manifold at bismuth, comprising three unusual elementary steps for a main group element. The catalytic cycle starts with rapid oxidative addition of CF3SO2Cl to a low-valent Bi(I) catalyst, followed by a light-induced homolysis of Bi(III)-O bond to generate a trifluoromethyl radical upon extrusion of SO2, and is closed with a hydrogen-atom transfer to a Bi(II) radical intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tsuruta
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Davide Spinnato
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
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