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Li J, Chen B. Flexible hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs): opportunities and challenges. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9874-9892. [PMID: 38966355 PMCID: PMC11220619 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02628d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible behavior is one of the most fascinating features of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), which represent an emerging class of porous materials that are self-assembled via H-bonding between organic building units. Due to their unique flexibility, HOFs can undergo structural changes or transformations in response to various stimuli (physical or chemical). Taking advantage of this unique structural feature, flexible HOFs show potential in multifunctional applications such as gas storage/separation, molecular recognition, sensing, proton conductivity, biomedicine, etc. While some other flexible porous materials have been extensively studied, the dynamic behavior of HOFs remains relatively less explored. This perspective highlights the inherent flexible properties of HOFs, discusses their different flexible behaviors, including pore size/shape changes, interpenetration/stacking manner, H-bond breaking/reconstruction, and local dynamic behavior, and highlights their potential applications. We believe that this perspective will not only contribute to HOF chemistry and materials science, but will also facilitate the ongoing extensive research on dynamic porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Fujian Normal University Fujian 350007 P. R. China
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Song Z, Liu L, Sun Q, Du J, Guan J, Dou P, Zhang R, Jiang Z, Liu J. Crystalline Porous Organic Cage Membranes Constructed Using Fortified Intermolecular Interactions for Molecular Sieving. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409296. [PMID: 38923710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Among the various types of materials with intrinsic porosity, porous organic cages (POCs) are distinctive as discrete molecules that possess intrinsic cavities and extrinsic channels capable of facilitating molecular sieving. However, the fabrication of POC membranes remains highly challenging due to the weak noncovalent intermolecular interactions and most reported POCs are powders. In this study, we constructed crystalline free-standing porous organic cage membranes by fortifying intermolecular interactions through the induction of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. To elucidate the driving forces behind, a series of terephthaldehyde building blocks containing different substitutions were reacted with flexible triamine under different conditions via interfacial polymerization (IP). Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that intramolecular hydrogen bonding can significantly boost the intermolecular interactions. The resulting membranes exhibited fast solvent permeance and high rejection of dyes not only in water, but also in organic solvents. In addition, the membrane demonstrated excellent performance in precise molecular sieving in organic solvents. This work opens an avenue to designing and fabricating free-standing membranes composed of porous organic materials for efficient molecular sieving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Linghao Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jingcheng Du
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pengjia Dou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Runnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Jiang C, Wang JX, Liu D, Wu E, Gu XW, Zhang X, Li B, Chen B, Qian G. Supramolecular Entanglement in a Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Enables Flexible-Robust Porosity for Highly Efficient Purification of Natural Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404734. [PMID: 38635373 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of porous materials with flexible-robust characteristics shows some unique advantages to target high performance for gas separation, but remains a daunting challenge to achieve so far. Herein, we report a carboxyl-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework (ZJU-HOF-8a) with flexible-robust porosity for efficient purification of natural gas. ZJU-HOF-8a features a four-fold interpenetrated structure with dia topology, wherein abundant supramolecular entanglements are formed between the adjacent subnetworks through weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds. This structural configuration could not only stabilize the whole framework to establish the permanent porosity, but also enable the framework to show some flexibility due to its weak intermolecular interactions (so-called flexible-robust framework). The flexible-robust porosity of ZJU-HOF-8a was exclusively confirmed by gas sorption isotherms and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, showing that the flexible pore pockets can be opened by C3H8 and n-C4H10 molecules rather by C2H6 and CH4. This leads to notably higher C3H8 and n-C4H10 uptakes with enhanced selectivities than C2H6 over CH4 under ambient conditions, affording one of the highest n-C4H10/CH4 selectivities. The gas-loaded single-crystal structures coupled with theoretical simulations reveal that the loading of n-C4H10 can induce an obvious framework expansion along with pore pocket opening to improve n-C4H10 uptake and selectivity, while not for C2H6 adsorption. This work suggests an effective strategy of designing flexible-robust HOFs for improving gas separation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jia-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Enyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environmental Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Guodong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Cui D, Bai F, Zhang L, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang K, Wu M, Sun C, Zang H, Zou B, Wang X, Su Z. Piezofluorochromism in Hierarchical Porous π-stacked Supermolecular Spring Frameworks from Aromatic Chiral Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319815. [PMID: 38299255 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Piezochromic materials that exhibit pressure-dependent luminescence variations are attracting interest with wide potential applications in mechanical sensors, anticounterfeiting and storage devices. Crystalline porous materials (CPMs) have been widely studied in piezochromism for highly tunable luminescence. Nevertheless, reversible and high-contrast emission response with a wide pressure range is still challenging. Herein, the first example of hierarchical porous cage-based πOF (Cage-πOF-1) with spring structure was synthesized by using aromatic chiral cages as building blocks. Its elastic properties evaluated based on the bulk modulus (9.5 GPa) is softer than most reported CPMs and the collapse point (20.0 GPa) significantly exceeds ever reported CPMs. As smart materials, Cage-πOF-1 displays linear pressure-dependent emission and achieves a high-contrast emission difference up to 154 nm. Pressure-responsive limit is up to 16 GPa, outperforming the CPMs reported so far. Dedicated experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations illustrate that π-π interactions-dominated controllable structural shrinkage and porous-spring-structure-mediated elasticity is responsible for the outstanding piezofluorochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Fuquan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Min Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, P. R. China
| | - Chunyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Hongying Zang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
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Wang H, Wang D, Wu Y, Zhao Y. Macrocycle-Based Hierarchically Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303618. [PMID: 38117667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are porous crystalline materials. The pores in HOFs are usually non-covalent extrinsic pores constructed through the formation of the framework. Supramolecular macrocycles with intrinsic pores in their structures are good candidates for constructing HOFs with intrinsic pores from the macrocycles themselves, thus leading to hierarchically porous structures. Combining the macrocycle and HOFs will endow these hierarchically porous materials with enhanced properties and special functionalities. This review summarizes recent advances in macrocycle-based HOFs, including the macrocycles used for constructing HOFs, the hierarchically porous structures of the HOFs, and the applications induced by the hierarchically HOFs porous structures. This review provides insights for future research on macrocycle-based hierarchically porous HOFs and the appropriate applications of the unique structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China) Please change the image of the Frontispiece from the current image to the TOC image
| | - Danbo Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China) Please change the image of the Frontispiece from the current image to the TOC image
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
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Song X, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao X, Zhou Y, Chen B, Li P. Self-Healing Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks for Low-Concentration Ammonia Capture. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:627-634. [PMID: 38133431 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The self-healing behavior has been extensively used in intelligent sensing systems capable of molecular recognition. However, most rigid crystalline frameworks, once collapsed under external stimuli like pressure, heat, or vacuum, could hardly recover to their crystalline phases under ambient conditions. Here, we report the self-healing of a new microporous hydrogen-bonded organic framework, FDU-HOF-3 (FDU = Fudan University), for ammonia (NH3) capture and compared it with the established mesoporous HOF-101. With the introduction of low-concentration NH3 into the pores, the HOFs became disordered but were then simply heated under a vacuum to return to their original crystalline states after NH3 removal. Close characterizations revealed that the repeatable self-healing behavior of these HOFs was achieved due to the COOH-NH3 acid-base interactions accompanied by the breaking and regeneration of complementary COOH-COOH hydrogen bonds. FDU-HOF-3 showed a record-capturing capability for low-concentration NH3 (8.13 mmol/g at 25 mbar) among all HOFs and displayed a quick photocurrent decrease after exposure to 250 ppm NH3 for less than 10 s. These self-healing HOFs were used to capture and release NH3 for over 10 cycles without any decrease in the adsorption capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yaming Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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