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Espargaró A, Álvarez-Berbel I, Busquets MA, Sabate R. In Vivo Assays for Amyloid-Related Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:433-458. [PMID: 38598824 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-023326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are devastating conditions caused by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates known as amyloid fibrils. While assays involving animal models are essential for understanding the pathogenesis and developing therapies, a wide array of standard analytical techniques exists to enhance our understanding of these disorders. These techniques provide valuable information on the formation and propagation of amyloid fibrils, as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of candidate drugs. Despite ethical concerns surrounding animal use, animal models remain vital tools in the search for treatments. Regardless of the specific animal model chosen, the analytical methods used are usually standardized. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to categorize and outline the primary analytical methods used in in vivo assays for amyloid-related diseases, highlighting their critical role in furthering our understanding of these disorders and developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Espargaró
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
- 2Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Álvarez-Berbel
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
- 2Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabate
- 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
- 2Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Chisholm TS, Hunter CA. A closer look at amyloid ligands, and what they tell us about protein aggregates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1354-1374. [PMID: 38116736 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid fibrils is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Detecting these fibrils with fluorescent or radiolabelled ligands is one strategy for diagnosing and better understanding these diseases. A vast number of amyloid-binding ligands have been reported in the literature as a result. To obtain a better understanding of how amyloid ligands bind, we have compiled a database of 3457 experimental dissociation constants for 2076 unique amyloid-binding ligands. These ligands target Aβ, tau, or αSyn fibrils, as well as relevant biological samples including AD brain homogenates. From this database significant variation in the reported dissociation constants of ligands was found, possibly due to differences in the morphology of the fibrils being studied. Ligands were also found to bind to Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) fibrils with similar affinities, whereas a greater difference was found for binding to Aβ and tau or αSyn fibrils. Next, the binding of ligands to fibrils was shown to be largely limited by the hydrophobic effect. Some Aβ ligands do not fit into this hydrophobicity-limited model, suggesting that polar interactions can play an important role when binding to this target. Finally several binding site models were outlined for amyloid fibrils that describe what ligands target what binding sites. These models provide a foundation for interpreting and designing site-specific binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Chisholm
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1 EW, UK.
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3
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Bisi N, Pinzi L, Rastelli G, Tonali N. Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases: What Has Been Undertaken to Promote the Transition from PET to Fluorescence Tracers. Molecules 2024; 29:722. [PMID: 38338465 PMCID: PMC10856728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) represent two among the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. A common hallmark of these pathologies is the misfolding and consequent aggregation of amyloid proteins into soluble oligomers and insoluble β-sheet-rich fibrils, which ultimately lead to neurotoxicity and cell death. After a hundred years of research on the subject, this is the only reliable histopathological feature in our hands. Since AD and PD are diagnosed only once neuronal death and the first symptoms have appeared, the early detection of these diseases is currently impossible. At present, there is no effective drug available, and patients are left with symptomatic and inconclusive therapies. Several reasons could be associated with the lack of effective therapeutic treatments. One of the most important factors is the lack of selective probes capable of detecting, as early as possible, the most toxic amyloid species involved in the onset of these pathologies. In this regard, chemical probes able to detect and distinguish among different amyloid aggregates are urgently needed. In this article, we will review and put into perspective results from ex vivo and in vivo studies performed on compounds specifically interacting with such early species. Following a general overview on the three different amyloid proteins leading to insoluble β-sheet-rich amyloid deposits (amyloid β1-42 peptide, Tau, and α-synuclein), a list of the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches employed to date is discussed, with particular attention paid to the translation of fluorescence imaging into clinical applications. Furthermore, we also discuss how the progress achieved in detecting the amyloids of one neurodegenerative disease could be leveraged for research into another amyloidosis. As evidenced by a critical analysis of the state of the art, substantial work still needs to be conducted. Indeed, the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases is a priority, and we believe that this review could be a useful tool for better investigating this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Bisi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, Bat. Henri Moissan, 17, Av. des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Nicolò Tonali
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, Bat. Henri Moissan, 17, Av. des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
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4
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Wu W, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Wei J, Han J, Zhang Y, Zhao Z. Golgi-targeting viscosity probe for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1336. [PMID: 38228652 PMCID: PMC10791657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and intervention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are particularly important to delay the pathological progression. Although fluorescent probes have been widely employed for investigating and diagnosing AD, their biological applications are significantly restricted due to the low penetration ability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. In this study, we reported the first Golgi-targeted two-photon (TP) fluorescent probe, DCM-DH, for detecting viscosity in the Golgi apparatus. The probe was rationally designed to exhibit superior analytical performance including high sensitivity, specific Golgi-targeting, efficient BBB penetration ability, and deep tissue penetration (247 μm) in the brains of AD model mice. Using the probe, we demonstrated that the fluorescence intensity in the human liver cancer cell (HepG2 cells) was higher than that of human normal liver cell (LO2 cells), and the brain viscosity of AD model mice increased significantly. We anticipate that this competent tool could be easily extended to other AD biomarkers for fundamental research on this detrimental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juanjuan Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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5
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Hajda A, Grelich-Mucha M, Rybczyński P, Ośmiałowski B, Zaleśny R, Olesiak-Bańska J. BF 2-Functionalized Benzothiazole Amyloid Markers: Effect of Donor Substituents on One- and Two-Photon Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5676-5684. [PMID: 38060806 PMCID: PMC10731634 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of amyloids with the aid of fluorescence microscopy provides crucial insights into the development of numerous diseases associated with the formation of aggregates. Here, we present a series of BF2-functionalized benzothiazoles with electron-donating methoxy group(s), which are tested as amyloid fluorescent markers. We evaluate how the position of donor functional group(s) influences optical properties (fluorescence lifetime (τ) and fluorescence quantum yield (FQY)) in a solution and upon binding to amyloids. We elucidate the importance of surrounding environmental factors (hydrogen-bonding network, polarity, and viscosity) on the observed changes in FQY and evaluate how the localization of a donor influences radiative and nonradiative decay pathways. We conclude that a donor attached to the benzothiazole ring contributes to the increment of radiative decay pathways upon binding to amyloids (kr), while the donor attached to the flexible part of a molecule (with rotational freedom) contributes to a decrease in nonradiative decay pathways (knr). We find that the donor-acceptor-donor architecture allows us to obtain 58 times higher FQY of the dye upon binding to bovine insulin amyloids. Finally, we measure two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections (σ2) of the dyes and their change upon binding by the two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) technique. Measurements reveal that dyes that exhibit the increase/decrease of σ2 values when transferred from highly polar solvents to CHCl3 present a similar behavior upon amyloid binding. Our 2PA experimental values are supported by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations. Despite this trend, the values of σ2 are not the same, which points out the importance of two-photon absorption measurements of amyloid-dye complexes in order to understand the performance of 2P probes upon binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Hajda
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science
and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Manuela Grelich-Mucha
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science
and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Rybczyński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina Street 7, Toruń PL-87-100, Poland
| | - Borys Ośmiałowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina Street 7, Toruń PL-87-100, Poland
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science
and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Olesiak-Bańska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science
and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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6
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Wang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Ye X, Cheng W, Chen G, Zhu HL, Zhao J, Qian Y. 3D dynamic tracking Aβ plaques in live brains using vinyl-bridged dyes with two-photon excitation/NIR emission and large Stokes shifts. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 238:115563. [PMID: 37595474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Real-time studies of biomarkers for neurological disorders present significant opportunities for diagnosing and treating related diseases, and fluorescent probes offer a promising approach to brain imaging. However, intracerebral fluorescence imaging is often limited by blood-brain barrier permeability and penetration depth. Moreover, only very few probes have rapid intracerebral metabolic properties, which are critical for in vivo imaging. Here, we developed a novel class of fluorescent dyes with two-photon excitation and near-infrared (NIR) emission (920/705 nm). The representative WAPP-4 probe exhibits a large Stokes shift (Δλ = 324 nm in ethanol) and excellent blood-brain barrier permeability. Notably, using WAPP-4, we achieved in vivo 3D dynamic imaging of Aβ plaques in the brains of living mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, super-resolution imaging showed that WAPP-4 could effectively characterize the distribution and shape of Aβ plaques in isolated brain slices. This study demonstrates that newly developed fluorescent dyes with large Stokes shifts and blood-brain barrier permeability enable real-time imaging of amyloid plaques, which will contribute to the development of other valuable tools for near-infrared imaging and super-resolution imaging in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueao Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yani Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaolian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Avenue, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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7
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Zhuang ZM, Zhou Z, Chen X, Xu XR, Wang HX, Pan J. A Flexible Bivalent Approach to Comprehensively Improve the Performances of Stilbazolium Dyes as Amyloid-β Fluorescent Probes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44742-44751. [PMID: 37721982 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Exploring new ways to reconstruct the structure and function of inappropriate organic fluorophores for improving amyloid-β (Aβ) fluorescent imaging performance is desired for precise detection and early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With stilbazolium dyes as examples, here, we present a multipronged approach to comprehensively improved the Aβ fluorescent imaging performance through a flexible bivalent method, where a flexible carbon chain was introduced to link two monomers to form a homodimer. Our results reveal a mechanism wherein the flexible linker creates a well-defined probe with specific orientations and distinct photophysical properties. Applying this approach in combination with theoretical simulation, the homodimers exhibited a comprehensive improvement of the Aβ fluorescent imaging performance of the dye monomers, including better photostability and higher signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, higher "off-on" near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) response sensitivity, higher specificity and affinity to Aβ deposits, and more reasonable lipophilicity for blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrability. The results demonstrate that flexible homodimers offer a multipronged approach to obtaining high-performance NIRF imaging reagents for the detection of Aβ deposits both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Min Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules (MOE), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Neurology Department, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xian Chen
- College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ru Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules (MOE), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Hang-Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules (MOE), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jie Pan
- Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules (MOE), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
- College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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8
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Dai M, Yang YJ, Sarkar S, Ahn KH. Strategies to convert organic fluorophores into red/near-infrared emitting analogues and their utilization in bioimaging probes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6344-6358. [PMID: 37608780 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic fluorophores aided by current microscopy imaging modalities are essential for studying biological systems. Recently, red/near-infrared emitting fluorophores have attracted great research efforts, as they enable bioimaging applications with reduced autofluorescence interference and light scattering, two significant obstacles for deep-tissue imaging, as well as reduced photodamage and photobleaching. Herein, we analyzed the current strategies to convert key organic fluorophores bearing xanthene, coumarin, and naphthalene cores into longer wavelength-emitting derivatives by focussing on their effectiveness and limitations. Together, we introduced typical examples of how such fluorophores can be used to develop molecular probes for biological analytes, along with key sensing features. Finally, we listed several critical issues to be considered in developing new fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchong Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
- CEDAR, Knight Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA.
| | - Yun Jae Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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9
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Warerkar OD, Mudliar NH, Ahuja T, Shahane SD, Singh PK. A highly sensitive hemicyanine-based near-infrared fluorescence sensor for detecting toxic amyloid aggregates in human serum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125621. [PMID: 37392920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of an accurate and sensitive sensor for detecting amyloid plaques, which are responsible for many protein disorders like Alzheimer's disease, is crucial for early diagnosis. Recently, there has been a notable increase in the development of fluorescence probes that exhibit emission in the red region (>600 nm), aiming to effectively tackle the challenges encountered when working with complex biological matrices. In the current investigation, a hemicyanine-based probe, called LDS730, has been used for the sensing of amyloid fibrils, which belong to the Near-Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) family of dyes. NIRF probes provide higher precision in detection, prevent photo-damage, and minimize the autofluorescence of biological specimens. The LDS730 sensor emits in the near-infrared region and shows a 110-fold increase in fluorescence turn-on emission when bound to insulin fibrils, making it a highly sensitive sensor. The sensor has an emission maximum of ~710 nm in a fibril-bound state, which shows a significant red shift along with a Stokes' shift of ~50 nm. The LDS730 sensor also displays excellent performance in the complicated human serum matrix, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 103 nM. Molecular docking calculations suggest that the most likely binding location of LDS730 in the fibrillar structure is the inner channels of amyloid fibrils along its long axis, and the sensor engages in several types of hydrophobic interactions with neighboring amino acid residues of the fibrillar structure. Overall, this new amyloid sensor has great potential for the early detection of amyloid plaques and for improving diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin D Warerkar
- SVKM's Shri C. B. Patel Research Centre, Vile Parle, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Niyati H Mudliar
- SVKM's Shri C. B. Patel Research Centre, Vile Parle, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Tanya Ahuja
- SVKM's Shri C. B. Patel Research Centre, Vile Parle, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sailee D Shahane
- SVKM's Shri C. B. Patel Research Centre, Vile Parle, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Prabhat K Singh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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10
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Chen Y. Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for Amyloid-β Plaques Imaging In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:6184. [PMID: 37687013 PMCID: PMC10488448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, reactive astrocytes, high levels of metal ions, and upregulated monoamine oxidases are considered to be the primary pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among them, Aβ peptide deposition or Aβ plaques, is regarded as the initial factor in the pathogenesis of AD and a critical pathological hallmark in AD. This review highlights recently Aβ-specific fluorescent probes for two-photon imaging of Aβ plaques in vivo. It includes the synthesis and detection mechanism of probes, as well as their application to two-photon imaging of Aβ plaques in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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11
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Ding C, Ren T. Near infrared fluorescent probes for detecting and imaging active small molecules. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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12
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Yan C, Dai J, Yao Y, Fu W, Tian H, Zhu WH, Guo Z. Preparation of near-infrared AIEgen-active fluorescent probes for mapping amyloid-β plaques in brain tissues and living mice. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1316-1336. [PMID: 36697872 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillar aggregates of the amyloid-β protein (Aβ) are the main component of the senile plaques found in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Development of probes allowing the noninvasive and high-fidelity mapping of Aβ plaques in vivo is critical for AD early detection, drug screening and biomedical research. QM-FN-SO3 (quinoline-malononitrile-thiophene-(dimethylamino)phenylsulfonate) is a near-infrared aggregation-induced-emission-active fluorescent probe capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and ultrasensitively lighting up Aβ plaques in living mice. Herein, we describe detailed procedures for the two-stage synthesis of QM-FN-SO3 and its applications for mapping Aβ plaques in brain tissues and living mice. Compared with commercial thioflavin (Th) derivatives ThT and ThS (the gold standard for detection of Aβ aggregates) and other reported Aβ plaque fluorescent probes, QM-FN-SO3 confers several advantages, such as long emission wavelength, large Stokes shift, ultrahigh sensitivity, good BBB penetrability and miscibility in aqueous biological media. The preparation of QM-FN-SO3 takes ~2 d, and the confocal imaging experiments for Aβ plaque visualization, including the preparation for mouse brain sections, take ~7 d. Notably, acquisition and analyses for in vivo visualization of Aβ plaques in mice can be completed within 1 h and require only a basic knowledge of spectroscopy and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Yan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongkang Yao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqian Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Cao Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Liu Z, Fu Y, Zhang D, Zheng M, Zhang H, Xu MH. Design of a Coumarin-Based Fluorescent Probe for Efficient In Vivo Imaging of Amyloid-β Plaques. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:829-838. [PMID: 36749171 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the core constituent protein of senile plaques, which is one of the key pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of coumarin-derived small molecule fluorophores for Aβ imaging. By embedding the aromatic coumarin framework into π bridge of a push-pull chromophore, a novel fluorescence probe XCYC-3 applicable to efficient Aβ recognition was discovered. XCYC-3 displays higher fluorescent enhancement for aggregated Aβ than monomeric Aβ, and possesses good blood-brain barrier permeability. In vitro staining and in vivo imaging studies demonstrated that XCYC-3 could efficiently recognize Aβ plaques in the brain of AD transgenic mice. These results suggest that XCYC-3 is a promising fluorescence imaging agent for Aβ, which might provide important clues for the future development of potent NIR fluorescent probes for Aβ diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Cao
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming-Hua Xu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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14
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Hou SS, Yang J, Lee JH, Kwon Y, Calvo-Rodriguez M, Bao K, Ahn S, Kashiwagi S, Kumar ATN, Bacskai BJ, Choi HS. Near-infrared fluorescence lifetime imaging of amyloid-β aggregates and tau fibrils through the intact skull of mice. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:270-280. [PMID: 36747008 PMCID: PMC10040441 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive methods for the in vivo detection of hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease can facilitate the study of the progression of the disease in mouse models and may enable its earlier diagnosis in humans. Here we show that the zwitterionic heptamethine fluorophore ZW800-1C, which has peak excitation and emission wavelengths in the near-infrared optical window, binds in vivo and at high contrast to amyloid-β deposits and to neurofibrillary tangles, and allows for the microscopic imaging of amyloid-β and tau aggregates through the intact skull of mice. In transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, we compare the performance of ZW800-1C with that of the two spectrally similar heptamethine fluorophores ZW800-1A and indocyanine green, and show that ZW800-1C undergoes a longer fluorescence-lifetime shift when bound to amyloid-β and tau aggregates than when circulating in blood vessels. ZW800-1C may prove advantageous for tracking the proteinic aggregates in rodent models of amyloid-β and tau pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Hou
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Yang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeong Heon Lee
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yeseo Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Calvo-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Bao
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sung Ahn
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand T N Kumar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Dong J, Lu G, He B, Tu Y, Fan C. A novel NIR fluorescent probe for monitoring cysteine in mitochondria of living cells. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
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16
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Chen LJ, Cai ZB, Li SL, Liu SS, Ding L, He QJ, Chen LJ, Ye Q, Tian YP. Novel red light-emitting two-photon absorption compounds with large Stokes shifts for living cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 282:121660. [PMID: 35932604 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three novel donor-π-acceptor two-photon absorption compounds (1PZPy, 2PZIm, 3CZPy) bearing the 10-butyl-10H-phenothiazine (9-butyl-9H-carbazole) donor, the pyridinium (benzimidazolium) acceptor, and the 2,5-divinylthiophene π-bridge were synthesized and fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS. The linear and nonlinear photophysical properties were systematically investigated. Their absorption properties show a strong solvent dependence, while the emission properties are nearly independent of solvent polarity. All of them possess large Stokes shifts (Δλ=149-190 nm in H2O). 1PZPy and 3CZPy exhibit red fluorescence emission centered at about 635 and 660 nm, respectively. The two-photon absorption cross-sections measured by the open aperture Z-scan technique are determined to be 486 (1PZPy), 601 (2PZIm), and 753 GM (3CZPy) in DMF. The density functional theory calculations were further carried out to reveal their electronic structures. All the target compounds are verified to have low cytotoxicity in the working solution and good capability for one- and two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging, suggesting their potential application in bioimaging. Moreover, they show the organelle targeting ability in living cells with the high Pearson's coefficients above 0.94 for the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jie Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, PR China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qiao-Jun He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yu-Peng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, PR China
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17
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Evolving a novel red-emitting two-photon dye with optically tunable amino group for monitoring the degree of hypoxia during liver fibrosis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Zhang M, Fu H, Hu W, Leng J, Zhang Y. Versatile Dicyanomethylene-Based Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of β-Amyloid in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Theoretical Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158619. [PMID: 35955758 PMCID: PMC9369443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the growing demand for target chemosensors designed with diagnostic or therapeutic capability for fibrils related to amyloidosis diseases, we investigated in the present work the response mechanism of dicyanomethylene-based fluorescent probes for amyloid fibril using a combined approach, including molecular docking, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and the quantum chemical method. Various binding modes for the probes in β-amyloid (Aβ) are discussed, and the fibril environment-induced molecular optical changes at the most stable site are compared to the fibril-free situation in aqueous environments. The results reveal that the fluorescence enhancement for the probes in Aβ observed experimentally is an average consequence over multiple binding sites. In particular, the conformational difference, including conjugation length and donor effect, significantly contributes to the optical property of the studied probes both in water and fibril. To further estimate the transition nature of the molecular photoabsorption and photoemission processes, the hole-electron distribution and the structural variation on the first excited state of the probes are investigated in detail. On the basis of the calculations, structure–property relationships for the studied chemosensors are established. Our computational approach with the ability to elucidate the available experimental results can be used for designing novel molecular probes with applications to Aβ imaging and the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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19
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An J, Verwilst P, Aziz H, Shin J, Lim S, Kim I, Kim YK, Kim JS. Picomolar-sensitive β-amyloid fibril fluorophores by tailoring the hydrophobicity of biannulated π-elongated dioxaborine-dyes. Bioact Mater 2022; 13:239-248. [PMID: 35224305 PMCID: PMC8845109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological origin of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still shrouded in mystery, despite intensive worldwide research efforts. The selective visualization of β-amyloid (Aβ), the most abundant proteinaceous deposit in AD, is pivotal to reveal AD pathology. To date, several small-molecule fluorophores for Aβ species have been developed, with increasing binding affinities. In the current work, two organic small-molecule dioxaborine-derived fluorophores were rationally designed through tailoring the hydrophobicity with the aim to enhance the binding affinity for Aβ1-42 fibrils -while concurrently preventing poor aqueous solubility-via biannulate donor motifs in D-π-A dyes. An unprecedented sub-nanomolar affinity was found (K d = 0.62 ± 0.33 nM) and applied to super-sensitive and red-emissive fluorescent staining of amyloid plaques in cortical brain tissue ex vivo. These fluorophores expand the dioxaborine-curcumin-based family of Aβ-sensitive fluorophores with a promising new imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusung An
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Peter Verwilst
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hira Aziz
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sungsu Lim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Ilwha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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20
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Rai H, Gupta S, Kumar S, Yang J, Singh SK, Ran C, Modi G. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes as Imaging and Theranostic Modalities for Amyloid-Beta and Tau Aggregates in Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8550-8595. [PMID: 35759679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A person suspected of having Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clinically diagnosed for the presence of principal biomarkers, especially misfolded amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins in the brain regions. Existing radiotracer diagnostic tools, such as PET imaging, are expensive and have limited availability for primary patient screening and pre-clinical animal studies. To change the status quo, small-molecular near-infrared (NIR) probes have been rapidly developed, which may serve as an inexpensive, handy imaging tool to comprehend the dynamics of pathogenic progression in AD and assess therapeutic efficacy in vivo. This Perspective summarizes the biochemistry of Aβ and tau proteins and then focuses on structurally diverse NIR probes with coverages of their spectroscopic properties, binding affinity toward Aβ and tau species, and theranostic effectiveness. With the summarized information and perspective discussions, we hope that this paper may serve as a guiding tool for designing novel in vivo imaging fluoroprobes with theranostic capabilities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P.-221005, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Science Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sushil K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P.-221005, India
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P.-221005, India
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21
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Fluorescent probes and functional materials for biomedical applications. Front Chem Sci Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDue to their simplicity in preparation, sensitivity and selectivity, fluorescent probes have become the analytical tool of choice in a wide range of research and industrial fields, facilitating the rapid detection of chemical substances of interest as well as the study of important physiological and pathological processes at the cellular level. In addition, many long-wavelength fluorescent probes developed have also proven applicable for in vivo biomedical applications including fluorescence-guided disease diagnosis and theranostics (e.g., fluorogenic prodrugs). Impressive progresses have been made in the development of sensing agents and materials for the detection of ions, organic small molecules, and biomacromolecules including enzymes, DNAs/RNAs, lipids, and carbohydrates that play crucial roles in biological and disease-relevant events. Here, we highlight examples of fluorescent probes and functional materials for biological applications selected from the special issues “Fluorescent Probes” and “Molecular Sensors and Logic Gates” recently published in this journal, offering insights into the future development of powerful fluorescence-based chemical tools for basic biological studies and clinical translation.
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22
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Yu C, Wang S, Xu C, Ding Y, Zhang G, Yang N, Wu Q, Xiao Q, Wang L, Fang B, Pu C, Ge J, Gao L, Li L, Yao SQ. Two-Photon Small-Molecule Fluorogenic Probes for Visualizing Endogenous Nitroreductase Activities from Tumor Tissues of a Cancer Patient. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200400. [PMID: 35485404 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitroreductase (NTR), a common enzymatic biomarker of hypoxia, is widely used to evaluate tumor microenvironments. To date, numerous optical probes have been reported for NTRs detection. Approaches capable of concisely guiding the probe design of NTRs suitable for deep-tissue imaging, however, are still lacking. As such, direct optical imaging of endogenous NTR activities from tumors derived from cancer patients is thus far not possible. Herein, aided by computational calculations, the authors have successfully developed a series of two-photon (TP) small-molecule fluorogenic probes capable of sensitively detecting general NTR activities from various biological samples; by optimizing the distance between the recognition moiety and the reactive site of NTRs from different sources, the authors have discovered and experimentally proven that X4 displays the best performance in both sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, X4 shows excellent TP excited fluorescence properties capable of directly monitoring/imaging endogenous NTR activities from live mammalian cells, growing zebrafish, and tumor-bearing mice. Finally, with an outstanding TP tissue-penetrating imaging property, X4 is used, for the first time, to successfully detect endogenous NTR activities from the liver lysates and cardia tissues of a cancer patient. The work may provide a universal strategy to design novel TP small-molecule enzymatic probes in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Gaobin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Naidi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Qicai Xiao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Chibin Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE Future Technologies) Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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23
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Kim NH, Huh Y, Kim D. Benzo[
g
]
coumarin‐benzothiazole
hybrid: A fluorescent probe for the detection of amyloid‐beta aggregates. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbuhm Huh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, Biomedical Science Institute Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
- KHU‐KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
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24
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Lu X, Wu H, Zhang D, Zhu B, Huang S. Ultra-sensitive responsive near-infrared fluorescent nitroreductase probe with strong specificity for imaging tumor and detecting the invasiveness of tumor cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120634. [PMID: 34836811 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays an important role in cancer progression, which is a characteristic feature of the tumor micro-environment and reflects the invasiveness of tumor cells. Nitroreductase (NTR) is overexpressed in hypoxic tumors, which making it an efficient target for detecting the hypoxic state in tumor. In this work, a new type of nitro-based fluorescent probe, named HNT-NTR, has been proposed, HNT-NTR could detect specifically and rapidly the NTR degree, which reflects the level of hypoxia in bidimensional (2D) tumor cells, three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheres and even the real tumors in vivo without biological toxicity. Most importantly, according to the research, HNT-NTR even could distinguish tumor cells from other normal cells in vivo and reflect the invasiveness of tumor cells by the near-infrared fluorescence intensity, which provides a new way of clinical pathologic diagnosis. All in all, HNT-NTR not only is proven to be an ideal probe for detecting solid tumors in vivo, but also has great potential to distinguish if cells are benign or malignant and even guide therapeutic applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaoya Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Baocun Zhu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
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25
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Wootten MM, Le Bailly BAF, Tshepelevitsh S, Leito I, Clayden J. Inducing a pH-dependent conformational response by competitive binding to Zn 2+ of a series of chiral ligands of disparate basicity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2258-2269. [PMID: 35310487 PMCID: PMC8864710 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules that change shape in response to environmental conditions are central to biological molecular communication devices and their synthetic chemical analogues. Here we report a molecular system in which a series of chiral anionic ligands of differing basicity are selectively protonated according to the pH of the medium. A cationic circular dichroism (CD) reporter complex responds to anion binding by selecting one of two alternative enantiomeric conformations. Exploiting the principle that less basic anions have, in general, weaker electrostatic interactions than more basic anions, a set of three chiral acids with large (>5 unit) pKa differences and differing configurations were sequentially deprotonated in acetonitrile by addition of base, allowing the most basic anion in the mixture at any time to bind to the reporter complex. A characteristic CD output resulted, which changed in sign as the next-most basic anion was revealed by the next deprotonation in the series. Four cycles of switching between three ligand-bound states were achieved with minimal changes in signal magnitude, by alternating addition of base and acid. The pH-dependent conformational response was used to transduce a signal by appending to the binding site a 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) oligomer, whose M or P helical conformation depended on the chirality of the bound ligand, and was reported by a remote 13C-labelled NMR reporter group. The multicomponent system thus converts a pH signal into a programmable conformational response which induces a remote spectroscopic effect. A chemical system comprising a series of chiral acids of differing pKa, a metal, and a conformationally labile chromophore responds to pH with a CD spectrum that reports the absolute stereochemistry of the most basic anion in the mixture.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Wootten
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu Ravila 14a Tartu 50411 Estonia
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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Li Y, Liu F, Zhu D, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Li Y, Luo J, Kong L. A new near-infrared excitation/emission fluorescent probe for the detection of β-galactosidase in living cells and in vivo. Talanta 2022; 237:122952. [PMID: 34736678 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of noninvasive bioimaging fluorescent probes for detecting particular enzyme activity is greatly recommendable for preclinical diagnosis of cancer. Given that the elevated β-gal activity is positively correlated with several tumors, developing a fluorescent probe for the sensing of β-gal is therefore highly desirable for cancer diagnosis. Herein, a new enzyme-activatable near-infrared (NIR) turn-on fluorescent probe (DMC-βgal) was developed for accurately detecting β-gal activity characterized by excellent selectivity, high sensitivity (LOD = 0.298 U/L), and low toxicity. More importantly, DMC-βgal qualifies remarkable NIR excitation (725 nm) and emission wavelength (770 nm), an ideal tool for restrained photodamage and suppressed autofluorescence. The above excellent performance of DMC-β-gal allowed for the accurate monitoring of endogenous β-gal in living cells. Moreover, the probe was successfully applied to detect intracellular β-gal activity in different types of cancer cells, verifying that SKOV-3 cells had a higher level of β-gal activity than those of A549, HCT-116, MCF-7, and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, DMC-βgal could real-time visualize endogenously β-gal in tumor-bearing nude mice with low auto-fluorescence interference. All results fully demonstrated that DMC-βgal has potential value as a promising strategy for diagnosis of β-gal-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Feiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Dongrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yalin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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27
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Zheng Y, Zhang XX, Shi L, Ren TB, Yuan L, Zhang XB. Reversal of Solvatochromism: A New Strategy to Construct Activatable Two-photon Fluorescent Probes for Sensing. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101197. [PMID: 34751508 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon (TP) imaging with a donor-acceptor (D-A) type fluorophore is an emerging tool for bioimaging and sensing. However, current TP probes suffer from serious solvatochromic quenching in aqueous solution due to their strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in excited states. In this work, based on solvatochromism reversal, we report a novel strategy to develop TP probes for bioimaging. Specifically, compared with the normal two-photon probes that showed a fluorescence off with ICT suppressed, the novel probes exhibited strong fluorescence in the aqueous solution when their ICT was inhibited. This strategy not only provides a new way for the design of high-performance TP probes, but also expands the biological analysis toolbox for use in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Bing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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28
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Phukan K, Sarma RR, Dash S, Devi R, Chowdhury D. Carbon dot based nucleus targeted fluorescence imaging and detection of nuclear hydrogen peroxide in living cells. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 4:138-149. [PMID: 36132963 PMCID: PMC9416979 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the intracellular generation of H2O2, one of the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS), is crucial for preventing various diseases since it is closely linked with different physiological and complex cell signaling pathways. Despite the development of various fluorescent probes, the majority of the fluorescent probes cannot move across the nuclear membrane. However, detection of the nuclear level of H2O2 is very important since it can directly cause oxidative DNA damage which ultimately leads to various diseases. Therefore, in this study, p-phenylenediamine based carbon quantum dots (B-PPD CDs) have been synthesized and integrated with 4-formylbenzeneboronic acid as a doping agent for the detection of H2O2. The detection mechanism showed that, upon exposure to H2O2, the fluorescence of the B-PPD CDs was immediately quenched. Further investigation has been done in the in vitro RAW 264.7 cell line by both exogenous and endogenous exposure of H2O2 to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. It is shown successfully that the exogenous presence and endogenous generation of H2O2 in RAW 264.7 cells can be detected using B-PPD CDs. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.242 μM. The development of such imaging probes using carbon quantum dots will lead to live-cell imaging as well as ROS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabyashree Phukan
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division India +91 3612270095
| | - Ritwick Ranjan Sarma
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division India +91 3612270095
| | - Somarani Dash
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk Guwahati-781035 India
| | - Rajlakshmi Devi
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk Guwahati-781035 India
| | - Devasish Chowdhury
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division India +91 3612270095
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29
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Santra M, Owens M, Birch G, Bradley M. Near-Infrared-Emitting Hemicyanines and Their Photodynamic Killing of Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8503-8508. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Santra
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Owens
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Birch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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30
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Xu S, Pan W, Ren T, Huan S, Yuan L, Zhang X. Molecular Engineering of Novel Fluorophores for
High‐Contrast
Bioimaging. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Tian‐Bing Ren
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shuang‐Yan Huan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
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31
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Xie X, Liu G, Niu Y, Xu C, Li Y, Zhang J, Jiao X, Wang X, Tang B. Dual-Channel Imaging of Amyloid-β Plaques and Peroxynitrite To Illuminate Their Correlations in Alzheimer's Disease Using a Unimolecular Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15088-15095. [PMID: 34729977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves multiple pathological factors that mutually cooperate and closely contact to form interaction networks for jointly promoting the AD progression. Therefore, the comonitoring of different factors is particularly valuable for elucidating their level dynamics and complex interactions. However, such significant investigations remain a major challenge due to the lack of unimolecular fluorescent probes capable of simultaneous and discriminative visualization of multiple targets. To address this concern, as proof of principle, we rationally designed a unimolecular fluorescent probe to discriminate and simultaneously profile amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which are both the pronounced AD pathological factors. Herein, a novel ONOO- reaction trigger was installed onto an Aβ plaque binding fluorophore to generate a dual functional fluorescent probe, displaying completely separate spectral responses to Aβ plaques and ONOO- with high selectivity and sensitivity. With this probe, for the first time, we comonitored the distribution and variation of Aβ plaques and ONOO- through two independent fluorescence channels, demonstrating their close apposition and tight correlation during AD course in live cell and mouse models through two-photon imaging mode. Notably, Aβ aggregates induce the neuronal ONOO- generation, which conversely facilitates Aβ aggregation. The two critical events, ONOO- stress and Aβ aggregation, mutually amplify each other through positive feedback mechanisms and jointly promote the AD onset and progression. Furthermore, by coimaging of the level dynamics of Aβ plaques and ONOO-, we found that the cerebral ONOO- is a potential biomarker, which emerges earlier than Aβ plaques in transgenic mouse models. Overall, the dual-channel responsive performance renders this probe as a powerful imaging tool to decipher Aβ plaque-ONOO- interactions, which will facilitate AD-associated molecular pathogenesis elucidation and multitarget drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Chenghui Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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32
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Li Y, Qin C, Song Y, Yan H, Han S, Zhou H, Wei A, Zhang G, Chen R, Hu J, Jing M, Xiao L, Jia S. Great enhancement on two-photon photoluminescence imaging contrast of Au nanoparticles via double-pulse femtosecond laser excitation with controlled phase differences. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:22855-22867. [PMID: 34614564 DOI: 10.1364/oe.428428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Au nanoparticles are attractive contrast agents for noninvasive living tissue imaging with deep penetration because of their strong two-photon photoluminescence (TPPL) intensity and excellent biocompatibility. However, the inevitable phototoxicity and huge auto-fluorescence are consistently associated with laser excitation. Therefore, enhancement of TPPL intensity and suppression of backgrounds are always highly desired under the demand of reducing excitation powers. In this work, we develop a double-pulse TPPL (DP-TPPL) scheme with controlled phase differences (Δφ) between the double pulses to significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of TPPL imaging. Under the modulated phase (Δφ periodically varying between 0-2π), our results show that SNR can be improved from 4.3 to 1715, with an enhancement of up to 400 folds at the integration of 50 ms. More importantly, this enhancement can be unlimitedly lifted by increasing the number of photons or integration times in principle. Further boosting has been achieved by reducing the magnitude of background noises; subsequently, SNR is improved by more than 104 times. Our schemes offer great potential for reducing phototoxicity and extracting extremely weak signals from huge backgrounds and open up a new possibility for a rapid, flexible, and reliable medical diagnosis by TPPL imaging with diminished laser powers.
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33
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Rahman MS, Uddin MS, Rahman MA, Samsuzzaman M, Behl T, Hafeez A, Perveen A, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. Exploring the Role of Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4017-4029. [PMID: 34126892 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210612051713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a family of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes that exert a crucial role in the metabolism of neurotransmitters of the central nervous system. The impaired function of MAOs is associated with copious brain diseases. The alteration of monoamine metabolism is a characteristics feature of aging. MAO plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) - a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with an excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Activated MAO has played a critical role in the development of amyloid plaques from Aβ, as well as the formation of the NFTs. In the brain, MAO mediated metabolism of monoamines is the foremost source of reactive oxygen species formation. The elevated level of MAO-B expression in astroglia has been reported in the AD brains adjacent to amyloid plaques. Increased MAO-B activity in the cortical and hippocampal regions is associated with AD. This review describes the pathogenic mechanism of MAOs in aging as well as the development and propagation of Alzheimer's pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sohanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Trust University, Ruiya, Nobogram Road, Barishal 8200, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul. Korea
| | - Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513. Korea
| | - Tapan Behl
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick. Ireland
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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34
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Saini A, Singh J, Kumar S. Optically superior fluorescent probes for selective imaging of cells, tumors, and reactive chemical species. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5208-5236. [PMID: 34037048 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent chemical probes have become powerful tools to study biological events in living cells. They provide a great opportunity to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the physiological and biochemical properties of living cells in real time. The ability of researchers to manipulate these probes for a desired specific purpose has turned many heads in the scientific community. Despite a slow start, fluorescent probe research has seen exponential growth over the last decade in the world. This change required some adventurous and creative scientists from different fields-like biology, medicine, and chemistry-to come together to facilitate the constant expansion of this field. This review article introduces some fundamental concepts related to fluorescent probe designing and development. It also summarizes various fluorescent probes with superior optical properties used in fields like cell biology, cellular imaging, medical research, and cancer diagnosis. It is hoped that this article will encourage more young and creative scientists to contribute their talents to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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35
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The ability of 2,5-disubstituted oxazole dyes derivatives to generate two-photon upconversion photoluminescence and its brightness evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Mao GJ, Wang YY, Dong WP, Meng HM, Wang QQ, Luo XF, Li Y, Zhang G. A lysosome-targetable two-photon excited near-infrared fluorescent probe for visualizing hypochlorous acid-involved arthritis and its treatment. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119326. [PMID: 33360565 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome of phagocyte is the main site of hypochlorous acid (HClO) production, and HClO can be employed as the biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of arthritis. In recent years, developing fluorescent probes for lysosomal HClO has attracted considerable attention, but most of them still have some defects, such as autofluorescence, phototoxicity and photobleaching because of their excitation and emission located in short-wavelength region. Due to the advantages of two-photon fluorescent probes with near-infrared emissions, a lysosome-targetable two-photon fluorescent probe (Lyso-TP-HClO) with a near-infrared emission was reported in this paper. Lyso-TP-HClO has a high selectivity and a high sensitivity to HClO in the linear range (10.0 × 10-8 to 5.0 × 10-6 M), with a detection limit of 3.0 × 10-8 M. Due to the two-photon excited near-infrared emission, Lyso-TP-HClO has excellent imaging performances, such as small autofluorescence, excellent photostability, and large imaging depth. Furthermore, Lyso-TP-HClO was successfully employed for visualizing lysosomal HClO in bacteria-infected cells. At last, we have successfully used Lyso-TP-HClO to image the arthritis and evaluate the treatment of arthritis in mice. All the results confirm that Lyso-TP-HClO is a useful chemical tool for imaging of lysosomal HClO, the diagnosis of arthritis, and treatment evaluation of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jiang Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Wen-Pei Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Meng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Luo
- Gansu Chemical Industry Research Institute CO., LTD., Gansu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, 1 Guchengping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
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37
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Zhang Y, Ding C, Li C, Wang X. Advances in fluorescent probes for detection and imaging of amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Clin Chem 2021; 103:135-190. [PMID: 34229849 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques generated from the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) fibrils in the brain is one of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a most common neurodegenerative disorder. Aβ aggregation can produce neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils, which has been widely accepted as the causative factor in AD pathogenesis. Accordingly, both soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils have been considered as diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Among the existing analytical methods, fluorometry using fluorescent probes has exhibited promising potential in quantitative detection and imaging of both soluble and insoluble Aβ species, providing a valuable approach for the diagnosis and drug development of AD. In this review, the most recent advances in the fluorescent probes for soluble or insoluble Aβ aggregates are discussed in terms of design strategy, probing mechanism, and potential applications. In the end, future research directions of fluorescent probes for Aβ species are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Cen Ding
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Changhong Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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38
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Wang X, Yuan W, Xu M, Li F. Two-Photon Excitation-Based Imaging Postprocessing Algorithm Model for Background-Free Bioimaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2551-2559. [PMID: 33445876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioimaging is a powerful strategy for studying biological activities, which is still limited by the difficulty of distinguishing obscured signals from high background. Despite the development of various new imaging materials and methods, target signals are still likely to be submerged in spontaneous fluorescence or scattering signals. Herein, a novel two-photon excitation-process-based imaging postprocessing algorithm model (2PIA) is introduced to minimize background noise, and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion metal-organic frameworks (UCMOFs) are chosen as demonstration. Through the collection of several image stacks, the related polynomial of the luminescence intensity and excitation power was established, following splitting the desired signals from noise and obtaining the background-free images definitely. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show that improved signal visibility is achieved through 2PIA and UCMOFs by removing the interference of scattering, bioluminescence, and other fluorescence materials. The imaging spatial resolution and tissue penetration depth were greatly enhanced. Benefiting from 2PIA, as low as 100 UCMOFs labeled cells can be identified from obscuring background easily after intravenous injection. This image postprocessing method combined with special two-photon excited luminescent materials can conduct biological imaging from complex background interference without using expensive instruments or delicate materials, which holds great promise for accurate biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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39
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Juvekar V, Lim CS, Lee DJ, Song DH, Noh CK, Kang H, Shin SJ, Kim HM. Near-Infrared Ratiometric Two-Photon Probe for pH Measurement in Human Stomach Cancer Tissue. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2135-2141. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Choong-Kyun Noh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | | | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, South Korea
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40
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Farat OK, Ananyev IV, Tatarets AL, Varenichenko SA, Zaliznaya EV, Markov VI. Influence of the amidine fragment on spectral properties of xanthene dyes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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41
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Gao L, Wang W, Wang X, Yang F, Xie L, Shen J, Brimble MA, Xiao Q, Yao SQ. Fluorescent probes for bioimaging of potential biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1219-1250. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes various types of fluorescent probes for PD and their applications for detection of various PD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Liuxing Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Radiology
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Shenzhen, 518107
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
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42
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Ma S, Chen G, Xu J, Liu Y, Li G, Chen T, Li Y, James TD. Current strategies for the development of fluorescence-based molecular probes for visualizing the enzymes and proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Zhou J, Jangili P, Son S, Ji MS, Won M, Kim JS. Fluorescent Diagnostic Probes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001945. [PMID: 32902000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating disorders that feature progressive and selective loss of function or structure of anatomically or physiologically associated neuronal systems. Both chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality along with the death of neurons in different areas of the brain; moreover, there are few or no effective curative therapy options for treating these disorders. There is an urgent need to diagnose neurodegenerative disease as early as possible, and to distinguish between different disorders with overlapping symptoms that will help to decide the best clinical treatment. Recently, in neurodegenerative disease research, fluorescent-probe-mediated biomarker visualization techniques have been gaining increasing attention for the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. A survey of fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases is provided. These imaging probes are categorized based on the different potential biomarkers of various neurodegenerative diseases, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Guides to develop new sensing strategies, recognition mechanisms, as well as the ideal features to further improve neurodegenerative disease fluorescence imaging are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Paramesh Jangili
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Subin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Myung Sun Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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Udayan S, Sherin DR, Vijaykumar S, Manojkumar TK, Nampoori VPN, Thomas S. Exploring the LDS 821 dye as a potential NIR probe for the two photon imaging of amyloid fibrils. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6082-6092. [PMID: 33000782 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00548g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a commercially available benzothiazolium based dye LDS 821 (Styryl 9M) as a near infrared fluorescent probe for the detection of lysozyme amyloid fibrils. Change in the photophysical properties of the dye with respect to the change in viscosity of the environment is investigated. Increment in fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield with increment in viscosity proves the dye as a molecular rotor. The dye, upon binding with lysozyme fibrils, exhibits a red shift in the absorption spectrum with increased quantum yield. Strong fluorescence emission near the biological window as compared with Thioflavin T makes the LDS 821 dye a potential probe for imaging amyloid fibrils in vivo. Molecular docking studies were carried out to understand the mode of interaction between the dye and amyloid fibrils. Nonlinear optical properties of the dye upon incorporation with amyloid fibrils were explored, and they show a sizeable enhancement in two photon absorption with an increase in the concentration of amyloid fibrils. The findings suggest that the nonlinear optical absorption of the LDS 821 dye can be used as an alternative marker for amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Udayan
- International School of photonics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India.
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45
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Fueyo-González F, González-Vera JA, Alkorta I, Infantes L, Jimeno ML, Aranda P, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Ruiz-Arias A, Orte A, Herranz R. Environment-Sensitive Probes for Illuminating Amyloid Aggregation In Vitro and in Zebrafish. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2792-2799. [PMID: 32551591 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant aggregation of certain peptides and proteins, forming extracellular plaques of fibrillar material, is one of the hallmarks of amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Herein, we have designed a new family of solvatochromic dyes based on the 9-amino-quinolimide moiety capable of reporting during the early stages of amyloid fibrillization. We have rationally improved the photophysical properties of quinolimides by placing diverse amino groups at the 9-position of the quinolimide core, leading to higher solvatochromic and fluorogenic character and higher lifetime dependence on the hydrophobicity of the environment, which represent excellent properties for the sensitive detection of prefibrillar aggregates. Among the different probes prepared, the 9-azetidinyl-quinolimide derivative showed striking performance in the following β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregation in solution in real time and identifying the formation of different types of early oligomers of Aβ, the most important species linked to cytotoxicity, using novel, multidimensional fluorescence microscopy, with one- or two-photon excitation. Interestingly, the new dye allowed the visualization of proteinaceous inclusion bodies in a zebrafish model with neuronal damage induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Our results support the potential of the novel fluorophores as powerful tools to follow amyloid aggregation using fluorescence microscopy in vivo, revealing heterogeneous populations of different types of aggregates and, more broadly, to study protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan A. González-Vera
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Infantes
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Jimeno
- Centro de Química Orgánica Lora Tamayo (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Aranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Dario Acuña-Castroviejo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento, Ibs. Granada, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alvaro Ruiz-Arias
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Orte
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Herranz
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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46
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Zhu M, Lu D, Lian Q, Wu S, Wang W, Lyon LA, Wang W, Bártolo P, Dickinson M, Saunders BR. Highly swelling pH-responsive microgels for dual mode near infra-red fluorescence reporting and imaging. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4261-4271. [PMID: 36132786 PMCID: PMC9419105 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Near infra-red (NIR) fluorescence is a desirable property for probe particles because such deeply penetrating light enables remote reporting of the local environment in complex surroundings and imaging. Here, two NIR non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) fluorophores (Cy5 and Cy5.5) are coupled to preformed pH-responsive poly(ethylacrylate-methacrylic acid-divinylbenzene) microgel particles (PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MGs) to obtain new NIR fluorescent probes that are cytocompatible and swell strongly. NIR ratiometric photoluminescence (PL) intensity analysis enables reporting of pH-triggered PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MG particle swelling ratios over a very wide range (from 1-90). The dispersions have greatly improved colloidal stability compared to a reference temperature-responsive NIR MG based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNP-5/5.5). We also show that the wavelength of maximum PL intensity (λ max) is a second PL parameter that enables remote reporting of swelling for both PEA-MAA-5/5.5 and PNP-5/5.5 MGs. After internalization the PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MGs are successfully imaged in stem cells using NIR light. They are also imaged after subcutaneous injection into model tissue using NIR light. The new NIR PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MGs have excellent potential for reporting their swelling states (and any changes) within physiological settings as well as very high ionic strength environments (e.g., waste water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingning Zhu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Qing Lian
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Shanglin Wu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Wenkai Wang
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University Orange CA 92866 USA
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Paulo Bártolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Mark Dickinson
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Brian R Saunders
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
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47
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Wang W, Xiong J, Song X, Wang Z, Zhang F, Mao Z. Activatable Two-Photon Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Tailored toward Peroxynitrite In Vivo Imaging in Tumors. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13305-13312. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xinjian Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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48
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Abeywickrama CS, Wijesinghe KJ, Plescia CB, Fisher LS, Goodson T, Stahelin RV, Pang Y. A pyrene-based two-photon excitable fluorescent probe to visualize nuclei in live cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1152-1159. [PMID: 32639494 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The two-photon absorption properties of a pyrene-pyridinium dye (1) were studied for potential application in two-photon spectroscopy. When probe 1 was used in cellular two-photon fluorescence microscopy imaging, it allowed the visualization of nuclei in live cells with a relatively low probe concentration (such as 1 μM). Spectroscopic evidence further revealed that probe 1 interacted with DNA as an intercalator. The proposed DNA intercalation properties of probe 1 were consistent with the experimental findings that suggested that the observed nucleus staining ability is dependent on the substituents on the pyridinium fragment of the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaveesha J Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Caroline B Plescia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Lloyd S Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, 44325, Akron, Ohio, USA. .,Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, 44325, Akron, Ohio, USA.
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49
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Mao GJ, Gao GQ, Dong WP, Wang QQ, Wang YY, Li Y, Su L, Zhang G. A two-photon excited near-infrared fluorescent probe for imaging peroxynitrite during drug-induced hepatotoxicity and its remediation. Talanta 2020; 221:121607. [PMID: 33076137 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been a hot issue of public health, owing to its unpredictability and serious harm to public health. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is an important biomarker for the assessment and diagnosis of DILI. In this article, based on a kind of rhodamine analogue with a near-infrared (NIR) emission (610 nm-800 nm) and a two-photon absorption cross section (54 GM), a two-photon excited NIR fluorescence probe (NIR-ONOO) for ONOO- was developed. With a high selectivity and a high sensitivity to ONOO-, NIR-ONOO has a linear range for detection of ONOO- from 5.0 × 10-8 to 1.0 × 10-5 M, a good detection limit (15 nM) and a large fluorescence enhancement (340-fold). In addition, NIR-ONOO has been used to monitor ONOO- in cells with satisfactory results. Because of its two-photon excied NIR emission, NIR-ONOO also showed excellent performances for imaging ONOO- including low autofluorescence, stable and persistent fluorescence, and a deep penetration (204 μm). Finally, NIR-ONOO was successfully employed to image ONOO- in inflammatory mouse, drug-induced hepatotoxicity in cells and its remediation. All the results indicated that NIR-ONOO is a powerful chemical tool to image ONOO- and assay drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jiang Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Guang-Qi Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Wen-Pei Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Li Su
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
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50
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Dai M, Lee H, Yang YJ, Santra M, Song CW, Jun YW, Reo YJ, Kim WJ, Ahn KH. Synthesis of Near‐Infrared‐Emitting Benzorhodamines and Their Applications to Bioimaging and Photothermal Therapy. Chemistry 2020; 26:11549-11557. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingchong Dai
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyori Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jae Yang
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Mithun Santra
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings David Brewster Road EH9 3FJ Edinburgh UK), E-mail
| | - Chang Wook Song
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Woong Jun
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Reo
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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