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Singha S, Pan S, Tallury SS, Nguyen G, Tripathy R, De P. Recent Developments on Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:189-207. [PMID: 38882029 PMCID: PMC11177306 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, the evolution of cationic polymerization has taken a multidirectional approach, with the development of cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In contrast to the conventional cationic polymerization methods, which were typically carried out under inert atmospheres and low temperatures, various novel polymerization techniques have been developed where the reactions are carried out in open air, operate at room temperature, are cost-effective, and are environmentally friendly. Besides, several external stimuli, such as heat, light, chemicals, electrical potential, etc. have been employed to activate and control the polymerization process. It also enables the combination of cationic polymerization with other polymerization methods in a single reaction vessel, eliminating the necessity for isolation and purification during intermediate steps. In addition, significant advancements have been made through various modifications in catalyst systems, resulting in polymers with an exceptionally high level of stereoregularity. This review article comprehensively analyses the recent developments in cationic polymerization, encompassing their applications and offering insights into future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Singha
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Swagata Pan
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Syamal S Tallury
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, Texas 77520-2101, United States
| | - Giang Nguyen
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, Texas 77520-2101, United States
| | - Ranjan Tripathy
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, Texas 77520-2101, United States
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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2
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Sau S, Das KM, Mondal B, Thakur A. Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of γ-Diketones from Aryl Alkenes and Its Utilization in the Synthesis of Various Heterocyclic Compounds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7095-7108. [PMID: 38701377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An earth-abundant Co(II) salt-catalyzed mild and affordable synthetic route has been developed for the synthesis of industrially relevant 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds (or γ-diketones) via oxidative coupling between aryl alkenes and ketones (both cyclic and acyclic) using TBHP and DBU as the oxidant and base, respectively. 1,4-Dicarbonyl compounds are known to be synthesized using expensive metal catalysts, dual catalysts, or low-cost metal complexes combined with an additive or ligand template, which further needs to be synthesized. Herein, we report the synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds using cobalt(II) acetate as a catalyst without any expensive co-catalyst or ligand templates. This methodology has a broad substrate scope with significant yields and good functional group tolerance. Generation of unsymmetrical 1,4-dicarbonyls at room temperature and its versatile synthetic expansion to produce synthetically and biologically valuable heterocyclic compounds are salient features of this novel methodology. In addition, various controlled experiments such as primary kinetic isotope effect study, Hammett analysis with variation of the nature of the substituents on the styrene ring, and theoretical calculations (density functional theory) unravel the mechanistic intricacies involved in this new, simple, and atom-economic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Sau
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijan Mondal
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universität Strasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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3
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Das KM, Pal A, Surya T L, Roy L, Thakur A. Cu(II) Promoted C(sp 3 )-H Activation in Unactivated Cycloalkanes: Oxo-Alkylation of Styrenes to Synthesize β-Disubstituted Ketones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303776. [PMID: 38055713 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the Cu(II) catalyzed synthesis of β-disubstituted ketones from styrene via oxo-alkylation with unactivated cycloalkanes as the alkylating agent in presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) and 1-methylimidazole as oxidant and base respectively. β-disubstituted ketones are known to be synthesized by using either expensive Ru/Ir complexes, or low-cost metal complexes (e. g., Fe, Mn) with activated species like aldehyde, acid, alcohol, or phthalimide derivatives as the alkylating agent, however, use of unactivated cycloalkanes directly as the alkylating agent remains challenging. A wide range of aliphatic C-H substrates as well as various olefinic arenes and heteroarene (35 substrates including 14 new substrates) are well-tolerated in this method. Hammett analysis shed more light on the substitution effect in the olefinic part on the overall mechanism. Furthermore, the controlled experiments, kinetic isotope effect study, and theoretical calculations (DFT) enable us to gain deeper insight of mechanistic intricacies of this new simple and atom-economic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Adwitiya Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Lakshmi Surya T
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751013, India
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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4
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Galan NJ, Cobbold BE, Cromer CE, Brantley JN. Macromolecular Photoediting Using Single-Electron Logic. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1623-1628. [PMID: 37962989 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Accessing the chemistry of reactive intermediates under mild conditions has significantly expanded the available chemical space for molecular transformations. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the context of photoredox catalysis. Despite abundant literature precedents for using this powerful methodology to build complex targets, there are comparatively few reports that leverage photoredox catalysis for macromolecular editing. Here, we report a mild photoredox approach that enables both the functionalization and degradation of polyalkenamers to valuable feedstocks. Irradiation with visible light (including natural sunlight) in the presence of a pyrillium photoredox catalyst promoted facile chain scission in a variety of substrates. This metal-free approach transformed high molar mass materials (>300 kDa) to low molar mass species (<15 kDa) within 10 min. Moreover, we could completely degrade macromolecules into a range of useful targets (C16-C29 species) within 96 h. Mechanistic and kinetic experiments were carried out to understand this reactivity, which could be coupled with hydrofunctionalizations to create tailored products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Galan
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Boris E Cobbold
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Chase E Cromer
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Johnathan N Brantley
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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5
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Cheung CS, Qiu Z, Li D, Deng H, Zheng H, Gao H. Experimental and theoretical insights into palladium-mediated polymerization of para-N, N-disubstituted aminostyrene. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17573-17582. [PMID: 37966170 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03146b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical insights into polymerization of para-N,N-disubstituted aminostyrene monomers (St-4-NR2, R = Me, Et, Ph) using cationic α-diimine palladium complexes have been initially reported. The effects of the catalyst structure and monomer substituent were studied systematically. Polymerization turnover frequency (TOF) was shown to decrease in the order of monomer substituents Me > Et > Ph, whereas the molecular weight of the produced polymers showed an opposite trend (Me < Et < Ph). Methanol-mediated polymerization of para-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene (DMAS), along with polymer chain-end analysis, and palladium intermediate isolation proved that palladium-initiated DMAS polymerization obeyed a cationic mechanism. Comprehensive theoretical calculations further revealed that the carbocation was generated from the insertion of DMAS into the palladium center rather than the polarization of the methyl palladium intermediate with a coordinated DMAS. The produced amine-functionalized amorphous polystyrenes have low stereoregularity and exhibit good hydrophilic properties. The poly(para-N,N-disphenylaminostyrene) is a luminescent polymer and shows fluorescence properties, rendering this material a promising candidate for versatile potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Shing Cheung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zonglin Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Huiyun Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Handou Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Haiyang Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Chen K, Guo X, Chen M. Controlled Radical Copolymerization toward Well-Defined Fluoropolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310636. [PMID: 37581580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past 80 years, fluoropolymers have found broad applications in both industrial and academic settings, owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Copolymerizations of fluoroalkene feedstocks present an important avenue to obtain high-performance materials by merging intrinsic attributes of fluorocarbons and great versatility of comonomers. Recently, while massive investigations have disclosed the great potentials of precisely synthesized polymers, researchers have made considerable efforts to approach well-defined fluorinated copolymers. This minireview discusses challenges in controlled radical copolymerizations (CRCPs) of fluoroalkenes and provides a concise perspective on recent progress in CRCPs of fluoroalkenes (e.g., tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers) with non-fluorinated vinyl comonomers, which have enabled on-demand preparations of various main-chain fluoropolymers with predefined molar masses, low dispersities, as well as regulable chemical compositions and sequences. The synthetic advantages of CRCPs will promote controlled and facile access to customized fluoropolymers for high-tech applications such as batteries, coatings and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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7
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Hulnik M, Trofimuk D, Nikishau PA, Kiliclar HC, Kiskan B, Kostjuk SV. Visible-Light-Induced Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene: A Route toward the Synthesis of End-Functional Polyisobutylene. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1125-1131. [PMID: 37497867 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The visible-light-induced cationic polymerization of isobutylene with a dimanganese decacarbonyl (Mn2(CO)10)/diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Ph2I+PF6-) photoinitiating system in a CH2Cl2/n-hexane mixture at -30 °C was reported. It was shown that polymerization is initiated by chloromethylisobutyl carbocations generated by the oxidation of chloromethylisobutyl radicals by Ph2I+PF6-. The latter are formed via chlorine abstraction from solvent (CH2Cl2) by MnCO5· radicals, which are generated by the photoinduced decomposition of Mn2(CO)10, followed by single isobutylene addition. This initiating system allowed us to synthesize valuable low molecular weight polyisobutylene with a relatively low polydispersity (Mn = 2000-3000 g mol-1; Đ < 1.7) and high content of exo-olefin end groups (up to 90%). The molecular weight of polyisobutylenes could be easily controlled in the range from 2000 to 12000 g mol-1 by changing the diphenyl iodonium salt concentration. Poly(β-pinene) with Mn = 5000 g mol-1 and Đ ∼ 2.0 was successfully synthesized using the same photoinitiating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Hulnik
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya st., 220006 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Diana Trofimuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya st., 220006 Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya st., 220006 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Pavel A Nikishau
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya st., 220006 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Hüseyin Cem Kiliclar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sergei V Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya st., 220006 Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya st., 220006 Minsk, Belarus
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8
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Das A, Thomas KRJ. Tuning Selectivity in the Visible-Light-Promoted Coupling of Thiols with Alkenes by EDA vs TOCO Complex Formation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18275-18289. [PMID: 37251145 PMCID: PMC10210280 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The visible-light-promoted catalyst-free condition has been demonstrated for self- and cross-coupling reactions of thiols in an ambient atmosphere. Further, synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides is accomplished under very mild conditions involving the formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between a disulfide and an alkene. However, the direct reaction of thiol with alkene via the formation of a thiol-oxygen co-oxidation (TOCO) complex failed to produce the desired compounds in high yields. The protocol was successful with several aryl and alkyl thiols for the formation of disulfides. However, the formation of β-hydroxysulfides required an aromatic unit on the disulfide fragment, which supports the formation of the EDA complex during the course of the reaction. The approaches presented in this paper for the coupling reaction of thiols and the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides are unique and do not require toxic organic or metal catalysts.
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9
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Feng X, Liu R, Shao L, Xu X, Jin Y, Shi Q, Wu Y. Visible light‐catalyzed living cationic homopolymerization and copolymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether: Characteristics and mechanism. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Feng
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials Beijing Institute of of Petrochemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Ruofan Liu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials Beijing Institute of of Petrochemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Lei Shao
- International Department Beijing NO.80 High School Beijing China
| | - Xinghang Xu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials Beijing Institute of of Petrochemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yushun Jin
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials Beijing Institute of of Petrochemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Qisong Shi
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials Beijing Institute of of Petrochemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yibo Wu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials Beijing Institute of of Petrochemical Technology Beijing China
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10
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Preparation of nanogels through photopolymerization at 532 nm with dynamic exposure mode. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Yang Z, Chen J, Liao S. Monophosphoniums as Effective Photoredox Organocatalysts for Visible Light-Regulated Cationic RAFT Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1073-1078. [PMID: 35984378 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visible light-regulated metal-free polymerizations have attracted considerable attention for macromolecular syntheses in recent years. However, few organic photocatalysts show high efficiency and strict photocontrol in cationic polymerizations. Herein, we introduce monophosphonium-doped polycyclic arenes as an organic photocatalyst, which features the high tunability, broad redox window, long excited state lifetime, and excellent temporal control in the cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of vinyl ethers. A correlation of the catalytic performance and the photophysical and electrochemical properties of photocatalysts is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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12
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Luo MJ, Xiao Q, Li JH. Electro-/photocatalytic alkene-derived radical cation chemistry: recent advances in synthetic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7206-7237. [PMID: 35880555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkene-derived radical cations are versatile reactive intermediates and have been widely applied in the construction of complex functionalized molecules and cyclic systems for chemical synthesis. Therefore, the synthetic application of these alkene-derived radical cations represents a powerful and green tool that can be used to achieve the functionalization of alkenes partially because the necessity of stoichiometric external chemical oxidants and/or hazardous reaction conditions is eliminated. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of the electro-/photochemical alkene-derived radical cations, emphasizing the key single-electron oxidation steps of the alkenes, the scope and limitations of the substrates, and the related reaction mechanisms. Using electrocatalysis and/or photocatalysis, single electron transfer (SET) oxidation of the CC bonds in the alkenes occurs, generating the alkene-derived radical cations, which sequentially enables the functionalization of translocated radical cations to occur in two ways: the first involves direct reaction with a nucleophile/radical or two molecules of nucleophiles to realize hydrofunctionalization, difunctionalization and cyclization; and the second involves the transformation of the alkene-derived radical cations into carbon-centered radicals using a base followed by radical coupling or oxidative nucleophilic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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13
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Sifri RJ, Ma Y, Fors BP. Photoredox Catalysis in Photocontrolled Cationic Polymerizations of Vinyl Ethers. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1960-1971. [PMID: 35771008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusAdvances in photocontrolled polymerizations have expanded the scope of polymer architectures and structures that can be synthesized for various applications. The majority of these polymerizations have been developed for radical processes, which limits the diversity of monomers that can be used in macromolecular design. More recent developments of photocontrolled cationic polymerizations have taken a step toward addressing this limitation and have expanded the palette of monomers that can be used in stimuli-regulated polymerizations, enabling the synthesis of previously inaccessible polymeric structures. This Account will detail our group's studies on cationic polymerization processes where chain growth is regulated by light and highlight how these methods can be combined with other stimuli-controlled polymerizations to precisely dictate macromolecular structure.Photoinitiated cationic polymerizations are well-studied and important processes that have control over initiation. However, we wanted to develop systems where we had spatiotemporal control over both polymer initiation and chain growth. This additional command over the reaction provides the ability to manipulate the growing polymer with an external stimulus during a polymerization, which can be used to control structure. To achieve this goal, we set out to develop a method to photoreversibly generate a cation at a growing chain end that could participate in a controlled polymerization process. We took inspiration from previous work on cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerizations of vinyl ethers that used thiocarbonylthio chain transfer agents. These polymerizations were initiated by a strong acid and gave well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s. We posited that we could remove the acid initiator in these systems and reversibly oxidize the thiocarbonylthio chain ends in these reactions with a photocatalyst to give a photocontrolled cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers. This Account will focus on our journey to discover cationic photocontrolled polymerizations. We will summarize our initial developments and detail our mechanistic understanding of these reactions using both organic and inorganic based photocatalysts, and we will outline more recent efforts to expand cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerizations to other thioacetal initiators. Finally, we will detail how these photocontrolled cationic polymerizations can be used to switch monomer selectivity in situ using light to control polymer structure. At the end of the Account, we will discuss our vision for future potential applications of these photocontrolled cationic polymerizations in the synthesis of novel block copolymers and next generation cross-linked networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Sifri
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuting Ma
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P Fors
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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14
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Takagi K, Murakata H, Hasegawa T. Application of Thiourea/Halogen Bond Donor Cocatalysis in Metal-Free Cationic Polymerization of Isobutyl Vinyl Ether and Styrene Derivatives. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takagi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroto Murakata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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15
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Visible light-controlled living cationic polymerization of methoxystyrene. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3621. [PMID: 35750872 PMCID: PMC9232534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photo-controlled living polymerization has received great attention in recent years. However, despite the great success therein, the report on photo-controlled living cationic polymerization has been greatly limited. We demonstrate here a novel decolorable, metal-free and visible light-controlled living cationic polymerization system by using tris(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylium tetrafluoroborate as the photocatalyst and phosphate as the chain transfer agent (CTA) for polymerization of 4-methoxystyrene. This polymerization reaction under green LED light irradiation shows clear living characteristics including predictable molar mass, low molar-mass dispersity (Đ = 1.25), and sequential polymerization capability. In addition, the photocatalytic system exits excellent "on-off" photo switchability and shows the longest "off period" of 36 h up to now for photo-controlled cationic polymerization. Furthermore, the residual photo-catalyst is easily deactivated and decolored with addition of a base after the polymerization. The present study has extended the photo-controlled living cationic polymerization systems with new organic photocatalysts, phosphate CTA and polymerizable monomer as well as the new properties of excellent photostability and in-situ decolored capacity.
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16
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Aydogan C, Yilmaz G, Shegiwal A, Haddleton DM, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117377. [PMID: 35128771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemistry in polymer synthesis is of interest due to the unique possibilities offered compared to thermochemistry, including topological and temporal control, rapid polymerization, sustainable low-energy processes, and environmentally benign features leading to established and emerging applications in adhesives, coatings, adaptive manufacturing, etc. In particular, the utilization of photochemistry in controlled/living polymerizations often offers the capability for precise control over the macromolecular structure and chain length in addition to the associated advantages of photochemistry. Herein, the latest developments in photocontrolled living radical and cationic polymerizations and their combinations for application in polymer syntheses are discussed. This Review summarizes and highlights recent studies in the emerging area of photoinduced controlled/living polymerizations. A discussion of mechanistic details highlights differences as well as parallels between different systems for different polymerization methods and monomer applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Quan Q, Zhao Y, Chen K, Zhou H, Zhou C, Chen M. Organocatalyzed Controlled Copolymerization of Perfluorinated Vinyl Ethers and Unconjugated Monomers Driven by Light. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhi Quan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huyan Zhou
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengda Zhou
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Pyrylium-based porous organic polymers via Knoevenagel condensation for efficient visible-light-driven heterogeneous photodegradation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Takagi K, Sakakibara N, Hasegawa T, Hayashi S. Controlled/Living Cationic Polymerization of p-Methoxystyrene Using Tellurium-Based Chalcogen Bonding Catalyst─Discovery of a New Water-Tolerant Lewis Acid Catalyst. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takagi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Nao Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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20
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Aydogan C, Yilmaz G, Shegiwal A, Haddleton DM, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Controlled/Living Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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21
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Casadevall C, Pascual D, Aragón J, Call A, Casitas A, Casademont-Reig I, Lloret-Fillol J. Light-driven reduction of aromatic olefins in aqueous media catalysed by aminopyridine cobalt complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4270-4282. [PMID: 35509462 PMCID: PMC9006965 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A catalytic system based on earth-abundant elements that efficiently hydrogenates aryl olefins using visible light as the driving-force and H2O as the sole hydrogen atom source is reported. The catalytic system involves a robust and well-defined aminopyridine cobalt complex and a heteroleptic Cu photoredox catalyst. The system shows the reduction of styrene in aqueous media with a remarkable selectivity (>20 000) versus water reduction (WR). Reactivity and mechanistic studies support the formation of a [Co–H] intermediate, which reacts with the olefin via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Synthetically useful deuterium-labelled compounds can be straightforwardly obtained by replacing H2O with D2O. Moreover, the dual photocatalytic system and the photocatalytic conditions can be rationally designed to tune the selectivity for aryl olefin vs. aryl ketone reduction; not only by changing the structural and electronic properties of the cobalt catalysts, but also by modifying the reduction properties of the photoredox catalyst. A dual catalytic system based on earth-abundant elements reduces aryl olefins to alkanes in aqueous media under visible light. Mechanistic studies allow for rational tunning of the system for the selective reduction of aryl olefins vs ketones and vice versa.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Casadevall
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - David Pascual
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Aragón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Arnau Call
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Alicia Casitas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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22
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Jinnai K, Kabe R, Lin Z, Adachi C. Organic long-persistent luminescence stimulated by visible light in p-type systems based on organic photoredox catalyst dopants. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:338-344. [PMID: 34845362 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic long-persistent-luminescent (OLPL) materials demonstrating hour-long photoluminescence have practical advantages in applications owing to their flexible design and easy processability. However, the energy absorbed in these materials is typically stored in an intermediate charge-separated state that is unstable when exposed to oxygen, thus preventing persistent luminescence in air unless oxygen penetration is suppressed through crystallization. Moreover, OLPL materials usually require ultraviolet excitation. Here we overcome such limitations and demonstrate amorphous OLPL systems that can be excited by radiation up to 600 nm and exhibit persistent luminescence in air. By adding cationic photoredox catalysts as electron-accepting dopants in a neutral electron-donor host, stable charge-separated states are generated by hole diffusion in these blends. Furthermore, the addition of hole-trapping molecules extends the photoluminescence lifetime. By using a p-type host less reactive to oxygen and tuning the donor-acceptor energy gap, our amorphous blends exhibit persistent luminescence stimulated by visible light even in air, expanding the applicability of OLPL materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Jinnai
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- JST, ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Kabe
- JST, ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Organic Optoelectronics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Zesen Lin
- JST, ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Fukuoka, Japan
- Organic Optoelectronics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- JST, ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Fukuoka, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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24
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Wang W, Zhou Z, Sathe D, Tang X, Moran S, Jin J, Haeffner F, Wang J, Niu J. Degradable Vinyl Random Copolymers via Photocontrolled Radical Ring‐Opening Cascade Copolymerization**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Zefeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Devavrat Sathe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Xuanting Tang
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Stephanie Moran
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Fredrik Haeffner
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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25
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Yang Z, Xiao W, Zhang X, Liao S. Organocatalytic cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerization of vinyl ethers with excellent temporal control. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photo-controlled cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerization of vinyl ethers has been developed by using a bisphosphonium organophotocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenpei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Beijing 100190, China
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26
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Matsuda M, Uchiyama M, Itabashi Y, Ohkubo K, Kamigaito M. Acridinium salts as photoredox organocatalysts for photomediated cationic RAFT and DT polymerizations of vinyl ethers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01568k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of acridinium salts with high excited-state oxidative power are employed as photoredox organocatalysts for photomediated cationic RAFT and DT polymerizations under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Matsuda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mineto Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Itabashi
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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27
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Zhang DY, Han D, Li Y, Chen DF. Expanding monomer scope and enabling post-modification in photocontrolled radical ring-opening polymerization of vinylcyclopropanes by an iodine transfer strategy. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light-driven iodine transfer polymerization provides efficient and unique access to novel poly(vinylcyclopropanes) with enhanced material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yang Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hefei First People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dian-Feng Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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28
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29
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Chen ZH, Wang XY, Tang Y. Reversible complexation mediated polymerization: an emerging type of organocatalytically controlled radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reversible complexation mediated polymerization (RCMP) was developed as a new class of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) using organic catalysts. In particular, photo-RCMP is among the simplest, cheapest, and most robust photoinduced CRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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30
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Bao L, Cheng JT, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Pyrylium salts acting as both energy transfer and electron transfer photocatalysts for E → Z isomerization of activated alkenes and cyclization of cinnamic or biaryl carboxylic acids. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01623g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we report that 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium salts could perform both energy transfer and electron transfer photocatalysis modes for E → Z isomerization of activated alkenes and cyclization of cinnamic or biaryl carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Tang Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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31
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Zhang X, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Liao S. Organocatalytic, Stereoselective, Cationic Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:679-684. [PMID: 34967605 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tacticity is a crucial factor affecting the properties of synthetic polymer materials. Here, we introduce a type of chiral organic Brønsted acid catalyst, 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol-derived N,N'-bis(triflyl)phosphoramidimidates (PADIs), for the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers, which enables the development of the first organocatalytic, highly stereoselective, cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization of vinyl ethers with a trithiocarbonate chain-transfer agent. This metal-free RAFT process could afford isotactic poly(vinyl ethers) with high stereoselectivity, controllable molecular mass, and narrow dispersity at low catalyst loadings (as low as 200 ppm). Moreover, the trithiocarbonate chain-end allows for chain extension to synthesize diblock copolymers comprising an isotactic poly(vinyl ether) block, by a mechanistic switching from stereoselective cationic RAFT polymerization to visible-light-regulated cationic and radical RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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32
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Wang W, Zhou Z, Sathe D, Tang X, Moran S, Jin J, Haeffner F, Wang J, Niu J. Degradable Vinyl Random Copolymers via Photocontrolled Radical Ring-Opening Cascade Copolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113302. [PMID: 34890493 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Degradable vinyl polymers by radical ring-opening polymerization are promising solutions to the challenges caused by non-degradable vinyl plastics. However, achieving even distributions of labile functional groups in the backbone of degradable vinyl polymers remains challenging. Herein, we report a photocatalytic approach to degradable vinyl random copolymers via radical ring-opening cascade copolymerization (rROCCP). The rROCCP of macrocyclic allylic sulfones and acrylates or acrylamides mediated by visible light at ambient temperature achieved near-unity comonomer reactivity ratios over the entire range of the feed compositions. Experimental and computational evidence revealed an unusual reversible inhibition of chain propagation by in situ generated sulfur dioxide (SO2), which was successfully overcome by reducing the solubility of SO2. This study provides a powerful approach to degradable vinyl random copolymers with comparable material properties to non-degradable vinyl polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wang
- Boston College, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Devavrat Sathe
- University of Akron, School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Jing Jin
- Boston College, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Junpeng Wang
- University of Akron, School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Jia Niu
- Boston College, Department of Chemistry, 2609 Beacon St., Merkert Chemistry Center 214B, 02467, Chestnut Hill, UNITED STATES
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33
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Zhu Y, Egap E. Light-Mediated Polymerization Induced by Semiconducting Nanomaterials: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:76-99. [PMID: 36855427 PMCID: PMC9954404 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct capture of solar energy for chemical transformation via photocatalysis proves to be a cost-effective and energy-saving approach to construct organic compounds. With the recent growth in photosynthesis, photopolymerization has been established as a robust strategy for the production of specialty polymers with complex structures, precise molecular weight, and narrow dispersity. A key challenge in photopolymerization is the scarcity of effective photomediators (photoinitiators, photocatalysts, etc.) that can provide polymerization with high yield and well-defined polymer products. Current efforts on developing photomediators have mainly focused on organic dyes and metal complexes. On the other hand, nanomaterials (NMs), particularly semiconducting nanomaterials (SNMs), are suitable candidates for photochemical reactions due to their unique optical and electrical properties, such as high absorption coefficients, large charge diffusion lengths, and broad absorption spectra. This review provides a comprehensive insight into SNMs' photomediated polymerizations and highlights the roles SNMs play in photopolymerizations, types of polymerizations, applications in producing advanced materials, and the future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- †Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eilaf Egap
- †Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States,
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34
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Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: discovery, development and perspectives. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1956332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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35
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36
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Zhu Y, Jin T, Lian T, Egap E. Enhancing the efficiency of semiconducting quantum dot photocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization by ligand shell engineering. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204903. [PMID: 34241152 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the ligand shell of semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) has proven to be a promising strategy to enhance their photocatalytic performance for small molecule transformations, such as H2 evolution and CO2 reduction. However, ligand-controlled catalysis for macromolecules, which differ from small molecules in penetrability and charge transfer behavior due to their bulky sizes, still remains undiscovered. Here, we systematically investigate the role of surface ligands in the photocatalytic performance of cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs in light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by using thiol-based ligands with various polarities and chain lengths. A highly enhanced polymerization efficiency was observed when 3-mercapto propionic acid (MPA), a short-chain and polar ligand, was used to modify the CdSe QDs' surface, achieving high chain-end fidelity, good temporal control, and a dispersity of 1.18, while also tolerating a wide-range of functional monomers ranging from acrylates to methacrylates and fluorinated monomers. Transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence studies reveal interesting mechanistic details of electron and hole transfers from the excited QDs to the initiators and 3-MPA capping ligands, respectively, providing key mechanistic insight of these ligand controlled and QD photocatalyzed ATRP processes. The thiolate ligands were found to serve as an efficient hole acceptor for QDs, which facilitates the formation of a charge-separated state, followed by electron transfer from the conduction band edge to initiators and ultimately suppressing charge recombination within the QD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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37
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Li J, Kerr A, Song Q, Yang J, Häkkinen S, Pan X, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Perrier S. Manganese-Catalyzed Batch and Continuous Flow Cationic RAFT Polymerization Induced by Visible Light. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:570-575. [PMID: 35570764 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust manganese-catalyzed cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization induced by visible light. Well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s with controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distributions (MWDs) can be conveniently prepared at room temperature without monomer purification. The commercially available manganese carbonyl bromide is used as the photocatalyst for cationic RAFT polymerization. Moreover, this method has been further applied in both batch and continuous flow systems, providing a visible light induced flow cationic polymerization under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao Song
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Satu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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38
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Jin Y, Lin X, Chen M. Recent Advances in Living Cationic Polymerization with Emerging Initiation/Controlling Systems. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100148. [PMID: 33969566 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While the conventional living cationic polymerization (LCP) provided opportunities to synthesizing well-defined polymers with predetermined molecular weights, desirable chemical structures and narrow dispersity, it is still important to continuously innovate new synthetic methods to meet the increasing requirements in advanced material engineering. Consequently, a variety of novel initiation/controlling systems have be demonstrated recently, which have enabled LCP with spatiotemporal control, broadened scopes of monomers and terminals, more user-friendly operations and reaction conditions, as well as improved thermomechanical properties for obtained polymers. In this work, recent advances in LCP is summarized with emerging initiation/controlling systems, including chemical-initiated/controlled cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, photoinitiated/controlled LCP, electrochemical-controlled LCP, thionyl/selenium halide-initiated LCP, organic acid-assisted LCP, and stereoselective LCP. It is hoped that this summary will provide useful knowledge to people in related fields and stimulate new ideas to promote the development and application of LCP in both academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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39
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Zhang X, Jiang Y, Ma Q, Hu S, Liao S. Metal-Free Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers with Strict Temporal Control by Employing an Organophotocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6357-6362. [PMID: 33900068 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of spatiotemporal control over the chain propagating, visible-light-regulated organocatalytic photoredox cationic polymerization provides an appealing approach for the construction of metal-free, well-defined polymers and materials. However, so far, organic photocatalysts capable of mediated cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers are quite limited, and the photocontrol or efficiency is often eroded due to the difficulty in achieving a good activation-deactivation balance, which is greatly dependent on the redox property of the catalyst. Here, we introduce a new type of organic photocatalysts, bisphosphonium salts, which show high performance in the photoregulated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers and allow the synthesis of poly(vinyl ethers) with predictable molecular weights and narrow dispersities at low ppm catalyst loadings under visible light. In particular, the tunable redox potential and excellent stability endow the bisphosphonium salts strict temporal control, thus enabling the metal-free polymerization with a halt in a long dark period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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40
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Huang J, Li X, Wen H, Ouyang L, Luo N, Liao J, Luo R. Substrate-Controlled Cu(OAc) 2-Catalyzed Stereoselective Semi-Reduction of Alkynes with MeOH as the Hydrogen Source. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11740-11749. [PMID: 34056327 PMCID: PMC8154033 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A substrate-controlled stereoselective semi-reduction of alkynes with MeOH as the hydrogen source has been developed, and readily available Cu(OAc)2 (copper acetate) is utilized as an optimal catalyst. The detailed investigation of the mechanism revealed distinct catalytic processes for the (Z)- and (E)-alkenes, respectively. As a result, a diversity of alkynes (including terminal, internal alkynes etc.) were compatible under the mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the high proportion of deuterium in Z-alkenes (up to 96%) was obtained using d 4-methanol as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuzhong Huang
- School
of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Key
Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan
Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Wen
- School
of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Lu Ouyang
- School
of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Luo
- School
of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Liao
- School
of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Renshi Luo
- School
of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
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41
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Hola E, Ortyl J. Pyrylium salt as a visible-light-induced photoredox catalyst for polymer and organic synthesis – Perspectives on catalyst design and performance. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Pokhriyal A, Singh Karki B, Kant R, Rastogi N. Redox-Neutral 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 2 H-Azirines with 2,4,6-Triarylpyrylium Salts under Visible Light Irradiation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4661-4670. [PMID: 33677969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel visible light mediated redox-neutral 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2H-azirines with 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate salts providing tetrasubstituted pyrroles has been developed. The 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium salt acts as dipolarophile as well as photosensitizer in the reaction, under blue light irradiation. The control experiments indicated single electron oxidation of 2H-azirines by photoexcited pyrylium salts, followed by coupling between an azaallenyl radical cation and triarylpyranyl radical as the key mechanistic feature. The mild conditions, wide substrate scope, and complete regioselectivity are the noticeable attributes of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhupal Singh Karki
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Namrata Rastogi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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43
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Sambiagio C, Ferrari M, van Beurden K, Ca’ ND, van Schijndel J, Noël T. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Pyrylium Tetrafluoroborates: Application to Synthesis of Katritzky Salts and Photoinduced Cationic RAFT Polymerization. Org Lett 2021; 23:2042-2047. [PMID: 33650879 PMCID: PMC8041383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Katritzky salts have emerged as effective alkyl radical sources upon metal- or photocatalysis. These are typically prepared from the corresponding triarylpyrylium ions, in turn an important class of photocatalysts for small molecules synthesis and photopolymerization. Here, a flow method for the rapid synthesis of both pyrylium and Katrizky salts in a telescoped fashion is reported. Moreover, several pyrylium salts were tested in the photoinduced RAFT polymerization of vinyl ethers under flow and batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Koen van Beurden
- Research
Group Biopolymers/Green Chemistry, Avans
University of Applied Science, 4818 CR Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola della Ca’
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jack van Schijndel
- Research
Group Biopolymers/Green Chemistry, Avans
University of Applied Science, 4818 CR Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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44
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Spring SW, Smith-Sweetser RO, Rosenbloom SI, Sifri RJ, Fors BP. Sustainable thermoplastic elastomers produced via cationic RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01640c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymerization enables production of sustainable thermoplastic elastomers constructed from renewable vinyl ethers and -p-methoxystyrene with properties consistent with their petroleum-derived counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Spring
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | | | | | - Renee J. Sifri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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45
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Wang G, Li X, Wang X, Zhang K. Efficient cascade reactions for luminescent pyrylium biolabels catalysed by light rare-earth elements. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01793d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent pyrylium salts have been efficiently synthesized from cascade reactions, coupled to supramolecular assembly and used for protein labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 345 Lingling Road
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 345 Lingling Road
| | - Xuepu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 345 Lingling Road
| | - Kaka Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 345 Lingling Road
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46
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Zhu Y, Ramadani E, Egap E. Thiol ligand capped quantum dot as an efficient and oxygen tolerance photoinitiator for aqueous phase radical polymerization and 3D printing under visible light. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00705j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here a rapid visible-light-induced radical polymerization in aqueous media photoinitiated by only ppm level thiol ligand capped cadmium selenide quantum dots. The photoinitiation system could be readily employed for photo 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, USA
| | - Emira Ramadani
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
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47
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Li J, Chen M, Lin X, Li Q, Zhang W, Jin G, Pan X, Zhu J, Zhu X. Near-Infrared, Light-Induced Cationic and Radical RAFT Polymerization Catalyzed by Iron Complex. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1799-1805. [PMID: 35653684 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) light induced controlled cationic polymerization is presented here. The halide abstraction reaction between the cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer (Fe2(Cp)2(CO)4) and an organic halide is utilized to generate initial radicals or cations under mild conditions, which can be further combined with both radical and cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s and polyacrylates are prepared successfully under NIR light by this method. The excellent penetration ability of NIR light through thick barriers has been verified by polymerization in the presence of an A4 paper. In addition, iron-based radical polymerization has been used for three-dimensional (3D) printing to fabricate materials with different thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xia Lin
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qilong Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Guoqing Jin
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Global Institute of Software Technology, No 5. Qingshan Road, Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, Suzhou 215163, China
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48
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Doerr AM, Burroughs JM, Gitter SR, Yang X, Boydston AJ, Long BK. Advances in Polymerizations Modulated by External Stimuli. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Justin M. Burroughs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Sean R. Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xuejin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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49
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Xiang JC, Wang Q, Zhu J. Radical-Cation Cascade to Aryltetralin Cyclic Ether Lignans Under Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21195-21202. [PMID: 32744786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of concise, sustainable, and cost-effective synthesis of aryltetralin lignans, bearing either a fused lactone or cyclic ether, is of significant medicinal importance. Reported is that in the presence of Fukuzumi's acridinium salt under blue LED irradiation, functionalized dicinnamyl ether derivatives are converted into aryltetralin cyclic ether lignans with concurrent generation of three stereocenters in good to high yields with up to 20:1 diastereoselectivity. Oxidation of an alkene to the radical cation is key to the success of this formal Diels-Alder reaction of electronically mismatched diene and dienophile. Applying this methodology, six natural products, aglacin B, aglacin C, sulabiroin A, sulabiroin B, gaultherin C, and isoshonanin, are synthesized in only two to three steps from readily available biomass-derived monolignols. A revised structure is proposed for gaultherin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen Xiang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Potapov KV, Denisov DA, Glushkova VV, Novikov RA, Tomilov YV. Donor-Acceptor Bicyclopropyls as 1,6-Zwitterionic Intermediates: Synthesis and Reactions with 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and Terminal Acetylenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15562-15576. [PMID: 33175521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The bicyclopropyl system activated by incorporation of donor and acceptor groups in the presence of Lewis acids was used as a synthetic equivalent of 1,6-zwitterions. Opening of both cyclopropane rings in 2'-aryl-1,1'-bicyclopropyl-2,2-dicarboxylates (D-A bicyclopropyl, ABCDs) in the presence of GaI3 + Bu4N+GaI4- results in 5-iodo-5-arylpent-2-enylmalonates as products of HI formal 1,6-addition to the bicyclopropyl system. The use of GaCl3 or GaBr3 as a Lewis acid and terminal aryl or alkyl acetylenes as 1,6-zwitterion interceptors allows the alkyl substituent to be grown to give the corresponding acyclic 7-chloro(bromo)-hepta-2,6-dienylmalonates. The reaction of ABCDs with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) catalyzed by Yb(OTf)3 also results in the opening of both cyclopropane rings. The reaction products are tetrahydropyridazine derivatives - (7,9-dioxo-1,6,8-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-en-2-ylmethyl)malonates - containing one more PTAD moiety in the malonyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Potapov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Denisov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriia V Glushkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman A Novikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury V Tomilov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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